CHAPTER-III

Socio-Econom ic and Political background of sam ple.

It is generally argued that any act of communal violence does not occur in vacuum, nor does it happen in isolation. It necessarily takes place in certain context. And that context can be very-very wide and comprehensive. In short, communal riots can take place in socio-economic and political context. As we have seen in the previous chapter that at the state level communal riots are conditioned by the socio-economic and political factor. Same way we argue that in the samples also socio-economic and political factors tend to have bearing on communal disturbances. Therefore, we believe that it is necessary to outline the socio-economic, political and demographic background of the samples of the study. We have taken demographic factor, only to establish its bearing on the communal riots that have taken place in the samples. We thus argue that demographic factors also provide immediate reasons and contexts for the communal problems in M aharashtra. Here it is being argued that, along with socio­ economic factor, the density or lack of density in population supply reason to understand the immergence of communal riots in the society like M aharashtra. In order to get deeper view of communal problems, it is necessary to consider the socio-economic factors that also have bearing on the communal riots. In this thesis it is argued that socio-economic factors either prevent or promote communal harmony in the society and in addition to this it is also the political structure and forces that play a crucial role in either preventing or promoting communal harmony in the society or creating worst condition for communal tensions as well.

We would like to test this hypothesis with socio-economic and political development that has taken place in the sample.

51 Greater Mumbai;-

Greater Bombay district, which is entirely an urban area, has shown a phenomenal growth of 543.39 per cent compared to the State urban growth rate of

388.34 per cent. During 1961 to 1971 the largest decadal growth viz. 43.80 per cent is seen in Greater Bombay, which is the highest rate in the State. This growth is due to the industrial development of the district. The increase in population of

Greater Bombay can be attributed more to immigration than to the natural growth of population. Industrialization in Bombay gathered momentum in the post independence period. The percentage increased in the number of factory and factory employment in Greater Bombay showed continuously rising trend from

1950 onward. The growth rate of industries and factory employment was particularly higher in 1962 over that in 1939 and 1958. In 1962, there were 5,412 factories and workers working therein were 5,61,782. The increase in cotton industries, engineering industries, chemical industries, petroleum industries, machine-tool industries etc. recorded growth of employment in Bombay and as a result people from almost all states from came for employment in Bombay.

There is, therefore, influx of persons from all over India.^

Net m igration:

Due to rapid growth in industries in Bombay there is influx of workers from all other states outside Mumbai. The migration in M umbai from 1951 onwards is as follows:

In the year 1951 net migration was 0.95 million and that of the net m igration as percentage of decade increase is 79.7 per cent. In 1961 net migration is 0.60 million and the net migration as percentage of decade increase is 51.8 per cent. In

1971 net migration is 0.89 million and the net migration as percentage of decade increase is 48.7 per cent. In 1981 net migration is 1.07 million and the net migration as percentage of decade increase is 47.0 per cent. In 1991 net m igration is 0.28 m illion and the net migration as percentage of decade increase is 16.8 per cent. M igration contributed 17 per cent to the increase in population in 1981-91.

Between 1971 and 1981 migration have contributed 47 per cent to the increase in population.^ In all the age-groups, there has been a steady rise in male as well as female migration. About 35% of the migrants were residents of M umbai for over

20 y e a r s .'

Share of m igrants from m ajor states to M um bai

1981 1991

R u ra l Urban Total Rural Urban T o ta l

Maharashtra 48.84 31.66 43.51 4 7 .0 2 3 0 .5 8 4 2 .1 0

U tta r 18.49 11.69 16.38 2 2 .2 5 1 3 .7 3 1 9 .7

P ra d e s h

Gujarat 11.82 18.38 13.86 10.53 15.87 1 2 .1 3

K a rn a ta k a 5 .4 4 1 1 .7 8 7 .4 1 5 .1 9 10 .2 1 6 .6 9

T a m il N a d u 2.58 5.38 3.45 2.57 5.83 3 .5 4

Source:- Facts Book on Mumbai, vlaharashtra Economic Development Council, Year 2000.

Shares as per cent shares in total migrant source: Census of India 1981 and

1991

In 1991 , Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu accounted for over four fifth of m igrant population to the city.^

53 Population by religion (1991 Census)

C a t e g o r y Greater Bombay M aharashtra % share in M u m b a i ’s p o p u l a t i o n B u d d h ist 0.6 5.0 6.1

C h ris tia n 0 .4 0 .9 4 .0

H in d u s 6 .7 6 4 .0 68.0

J a in s 0 .4 1.0 4 .0

M u s lim s 1.7 7 .6 1 7 .2

S ik h s 0.1 0.2 1.0

Other religions 0.6 0.1 0 .6 1 and persuasions R e lig io n n o t 0.02 0.1 0.2 s ta te d TOTAL 9 .9 7 8 .9 100.0

Source: Statistical abstract of M aharashtra, various issues.

Thus the above table shows that the M umbai is home to people belonging to several religions. ^

Density of Population : The density of population in Greater Bombay district in 1991 is 22,654 persons per Sq.Km. as compared to 257 persons per Sq.Km. that of M aharashtra

State and 274 persons per Sq.Km. that of India. M umbai accounts for about 1 per cent of the total population in India. M umbai’s per capita income is almost four times that of India.^ It is reported that, in Bombay 54 per cent of its total population in condensed into 10 per cent of the total land area of Bom bay and this saturation of life leads to all kinds of tensions including communal tensions.^ The following map will show the sites that are affected by communal tension in

M u m b a i.

54 MUMBAI Communally Sensitive Places

Mumbai Central Byculla r,p.(*Jo»9 T ardeo D ongri Hyper Sensitive N agpada A gripada S e n s itiv e

55 Industrial Landscape :

Greater Bombay, as a whole, has ^ 6 1 2 )2 2 ) of enterprises. Out of the total num ber of enterprises in M aharashtra about 14.7 per cent enterprises are located in

Mumbai. (Includes Mumbai city and M umbai suburban district) The adult workers including female and children are 27,99,292 are working in enterprises in M umbai.

O f the total number of persons working, 26.8 per cent persons are working in enterprises located in Mumbai. (Mumbai city and M umbai Suburban district) In

Mumbai, in the year 1997 there were 7724 factories in which 4568 workers were working. As compared to number of factories in M aharashtra, the percentage is 24, and about the workers it is 30 per cent. In respect of large and medium scale industries in the year 1998 there were 1089 industries in Greater M umbai. 37% of the large and medium industries in the state of Maharashtra were located in

M umbai in 1998, down from 44 % in 1983.^® Cotton textile and machinery and equipment other than transport equipment were the major employing segments in

M um bai’s factory sector in 1995.^^ Among the m ajor industries basic chemical and chemical products generate the highest value added for employee.(2.37 lakh)

Cotton textile ranks the lowest (among these industries) with value added per employee amounting to Rs.50,000/-.^^ Eleven per cent of the outstanding investment in the State are in Mumbai. A bulk of investment in Mumbai are directed towards the hotel, chemicals and petroleum and roadways sector.The city has 75% o f foreign financial collaboration as against 60% in the state. M umbai accounts for almost 30% of FDI in the state. The highest (40%) number of collaborations as well as the highest amount (50% ) is directed towards the services sector.^"* Am ong the metropolitan cities, M umbai ranks first as the deposit center.

In M arch 1999, the city’s share in total deposit was 14%.^^ In terms of credit by

56 scheduled commercial banks Mumbai occupy the first position. In M arch 1999,

M umbai share in total credit was 21% /^ In the age of globalization M umbai has received a great recession in industrial growth. The globalization has led to the closure of more than 180 textile mills. The displacement and joblessness norm ally breed frustration and ultimately communal consciousness in certain groups.

B h i v a n d i :

The caste and sect wise break up of the main religious groups inhabiting the areas under study is as follows:

In Bhivandi the main sects amongst the Muslim religious groups are the

Konkanis, who are local inhabitants and are engaged in services and business.

Earlier, these Muslims were landlords and agriculturists. Momin and Momin

Ansars [migrated from Uttar Pradesh] are engaged mainly in activities connected with power looms and weaving.

In Bhivandi, the main castes among the Hindu religious group are M arathas

[most of whom are hawkers, petty traders, small services employees and power loom workers] Prabus and Brahmins [mainly involved in trading and services],

Marwari and Gujarati Banias [most of whom are traders and merchant manufactures] and Padmashalis [white collar workers and power loom owners and workers] Migrants in Bhivandi are mostly employed as skilled, semi-skilled or unskilled workers in the textile industry. The proportion of m igrant workers to the total number of workers is very high in Bhivandi. From out field survey it can be estimated that more than 80 percent of the workers on the power looms are migrants. They have come mostly from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, W est Bengal and

57 Andhra Pradesh to earn their livelihood. The migrants are mostly poor Muslims.^*

M ost of the migration is a single-unit, instead of a family as a whole. M any loom owners and merchant manufacturers are also migrants. M ost of these migrants are

Momins and Momin Ansars from the Muslim religious group and Padmashalis from the Hindu religious group.

M omins are those migrants who fled from different States of Northern India, particularly Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, to escape the terror of British armies following the rebellion of 1857. On the other hand Momin Ansars are those migrants who came to Bhivandi after the partition of the country in 1947. M om ins and Momin Ansars are called ‘outsiders’ even today and despite decades of permanent residence in Bhivandi these groups consider themselves as ‘outsiders’.

This indicates the pervasiveness of the ‘sons of the soil’ ideology of regional chauvinism.

Migrants, particularly single-unit ones, are more likely to fall prey to communal propaganda and to participate in rioting as they have no socio-cultural roots and are assured anonymity at the place of migration. The kind of violence

19 they get involved in is anomic m nature.

Economic Profile of Area Under Study:

It is full of workers. The number of main workers in Bhivandi was 39.23 percent of the total population according to census carried out in 1981. In Bhivandi many people are engaged in activities related to the decentralized sector comm only known as power loom sector, or the textile industry. The competition among power loom workers and for market among trading sections often provides the background for the social appeal of communalism.

58 Textile industrial units are heavily concentrated in Thane district. Such units include manufacturing wool, silk and synthetic textiles of Thane districts. M any people mostly Muslims from U.P. and Bihar are working in textile mills, so also some Maharashtrains from western Maharashtra and some from Ratnagiri and

Raigad are working in textile industry in Thane district. The other important industries in Thane district are chemicals and chemical products, machinery and machine tool etc. W orkers belonging to different communities are working in these industries.

Cloth Production in Powerloom Industry at Bhivandi

Since Bhivandi is close to M umbai city, the main market in India for yam, this facilitated the expansion of this industry. According to the Government report there were around 5173 textiles weaving and sizing units out of the 5236 small- scale registered units at Bhivandi in 1977. Out of these unite more than 65 percent were owned by entrepreneurs who happen to be M uslims. 70 percent power looms manufactured cotton fabric, 20 percent polyester and blended fabrics and the remaining manufactured viscose and nylon fabrics. Almost 90000 workers are estimated to employed in the textile industry at Bhivandi, out of which about

69000 are weavers. The steady growth of Bhivandi as a major power loom centre of India is evident from the fact that in 1951 there were only 32000 power looms.

The number went upto 36500 in 1960 and in 1970 the number of power looms touched almost 50000. Most of the units with less than 50 power looms are with owners who happened to be from ‘M omin’ and ‘Momin Ansars’ castes amongst the Muslims. Just a few loom-owners are Padmashalis and Sindhis amongst the

Hindus. These loom-owners generally weave cloth for the master-weavers, m ost of who happened to be ‘Banias’ from Marwar and Gujarat. Units, which have more

59 than 50 powerlooms, are owned by Banias from M arwar and Gujarat, who happen

to be amongst the Hindus.

In Bhivandi today 30 percent of the looms produce varieties of clothes. Due

to closure of certain mills in Mumbai, the power looms have made the demand for

fine cloth. In Bhivandi, it is observed that the workers engaged in working at

power loom are paid lower than those workers who are engaged in textile mills for

m anufacturing final varieties of fabrics.

The main sections involved in the power loom industry of Bhivandi are

owners of looms, the master-weavers, the merchant manufacturers, traders and w o rk e rs .

Thus, persons mostly Muslims from U.P. and Bihar are engaged to manufacture clothes in power loom at Bhivandi, So also Marwari and Gujarati belonging to the Hindu community are engaged in manufacturing of clothes in power looms at Bhivandi. A majority of powerloom owners is belonging to

M uslim community mostly from U.P. and Bihar.

Population settlement pattern and comm unal rioting:

The settlement pattem in Bhivandi can be divided into Mohallas. In

Bhivandi, we identified 55 mohallas. Out of these 19 were identified as Hindu majority mohallas, 35 mohallas had a majority of inhabitants who belonged to

M uslim religious group and rest were identified as mixed mohallas.

Anjoor Phata, Basant Nagar, Brahmin Ali, Chauvindra, Dhaman ka Naka,

Gokul Nagar and Kaneri are some of the Hindu majority mohallas. Nizampura,

Rasulabad, Sudagar Mohalla, Bangal Pura etc. were identified as M uslim majority

60 mohallas. From Mohallas some mohallas having a mixed population are Naibasti,

Narpoli, Nagaon pada, Shantinagar, Banjara Patti etc.

On the basis of the survey conducted by researchers, it is observed that in

Bhivandi clusters are formed on the basis on religious group affiliation of people

and the occupations pursued by them. In Bhivandi it was found that one third of the population live in slums. M ost of the hutment dwellers are power loom workers

and are those who engaged in unskilled jobs. The trend to form clusters on religion and caste lines within the slums are also observed.

In Bhivandi, 22-riot hit and 11 sensitive mohallas were identified. Out of these riot-hit mohallas 6 were consisting of Hindu majority, 12 were consisting of

Muslim majority and rest mohallas were having mixed population. Details of riot-hit and sensitive mohallas are shown in the attached map :

61 62 Communal rioting is more intense and frequent in areas where lower strata of different religious or caste group live in adjacent mohallas. As per the survey conducted by some researchers it is revealed that the intensity of comm unal riots is generally high in those mohallas or areas in which the frequency of criminal activities, such as stabbing, teasing of girls, feuds between two crim inal groups etc. is high. For instance, in Bhivandi these areas were identified as Gaibi Nagar,

Teenbatti, Anjoor Phata, Gouripada and Kaneri.

J a l n a :

Jalna is basically a rural District and has the historical background of the

Nizam state. It belongs to the M arathwada region. This district was created out of

Aurangabad District more than a decade ago. This district consists of five taluka :

Jalna, Bhokardan, Jafrabad, Partur and Ambad. The religious population according to rough estimation Hindus form the largest chunk of this district. However, we have significant presence of Muslims in Jafrabad and Ambad taluka. In terms of the caste structures this district has Marwari, Sindhi, Gujarati, OBCs, Gawalis,

Christians and Telgu.

Even though industrially M aharashtra is one of the advanced states in the country, Jalna in industrially one of the less advanced district in the state. Entire

Marathwada is considered to be an underdeveloped area. Jalna is mainly agricultural rather than industrial district. Certain arts like gold lace m aking owned their growth to royal patronage. The brazier, the blacksmith, the carpenter, the weaver, the potter, the oil presser etc. were practicing the hereditary family occupation. But the recent past has shown significant change in this direction, a few organised sector such as cotton textile mill and sugar factories are functioning

63 in the district, They are the major and perennial in private sector in the district.

Other small-scale industries are also in existence, which mainly carry out- processing and job work. In the district industrialization has to be based to a large extent on locally available raw materials. The raw m aterials available in the district are mostly agricultural products like cotton, groundnut, linseed, safflower, sugarcane, cereals, pulses etc. these materials have encouraged the establishment of a num ber of ginning and pressing factories, oil mills, sugar factories, Dal mills etc. The most important small-scale industries in the district are handlooms factories, bidi making, carpentry, oil mills, bricks preparing, etc. Nowadays most of the industries in the district use electric power. With the help of these institutions many factories are started functioning in the district. M ain am ong them are flour-mills, oil mills, cotton-ginning mills, cotton thread manufacturing mills

* 2 4 etc.

Ahmednagar;

Ahmednagar district has had a chequered history of evolution in as much as in 1891 it included the sub-divisions of Jamkhed, Nevasa, , Shevgaon,

Sangamner, Nagar, , Akola, Karjat, Pam er and Rahuri. In 1931 Pathardi

Peta was created and the remaining part of Jamkhed taluka was renamed as

Jamkhed Mahal. Subsequently, was down graded as Karjat Peta during 1931-41. 1941-51 was marked by the upgrading of Pathardi and Karjat

Petas as Kaijat Talukas. In 1945 Srirampur taluka came into being. Jurisdictional changes of 1950 resulted in the transfer of 21 villages from Bid district to

Ahmadnagar district on the contrary the district had to lose 26 villages to Bid district and one village to Aurangabad district. W it the reorganization of States;

64 the district was incorporated into Bombay State in 1956. However, since 1960 it constitutes a part of M aharashtra State.

ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

The relative importance of the main spheres of economic activity may be argued from the pattern of distribution of main workers according to the broad four-fold classification namely, cultivation, agricultural labour, household industry and other economic activity of the district is primarily dependent of agriculture which is supported by the fact that the cultivators (47.35%) and agricultural labourers (25.69%) together constitute 73.94 per cent of the total main workers of the district as against the state average of 59.62 per cent. The agricultural sector has absorbed about three-fourth of the total main workers; this is so because there is no alternative employment available in the district. The ratio between cultivators and agricultural labourers of 10.6 in the district differs from the State average of

10.8. The Proportion in other categories is lower in the district than the corresponding proportion of workers in the State. Tahsilwise distribution of workers in nine industrial categories of economic activities it may be seen that only one -fourth of the workers are engaged in the work other than agriculture. Among them the major categories are manufacturing, processing, servicing and repairs in other than household industry (7.56%), trade and commerce (5.05%), and other services (7.07%)^^

POPULATION BY RELIGION;

In as per 1971 census, out of total population of

22,69,117 , Buddhist community were 57984, Christian 56003, Hindus 1997033,

65 Jains 28331, M uslims 125290, Sikhs 415. The comparative position of religion in

1901, 1961 and 1971 is as under:

There were no Buddhists community as on 1901, however, in 1961 there percentage were 2.87 and in 1971 it was 2.55. As for the Hindu community the percentage was 90.31 in 1901, 87.69 in 1961 and 88.01 in 1971, that of the

M uslims were 5.22 in 1901, 5.26 in 1961 and 5.52 in 1971. That of the percentage of Christian was 2.49 in 1901, 2.72 in 1961 and 2.47 in 1971. That of the percentage of Jains was 1.94 in 1901, 1.32 in 1961 and 1.25 in 1971. The proportion of MusHms has remained fairly constant over the last 70 years. The proportion of Christians slightly increased in 1961 but decreased in 1971. The percentage of Hindus went down from 90.31 in 1901 to 87.69 in 1961, because some persons belonging to Hindu scheduled caste returned their religion as

Buddhist or Nav-Buddha. In 1971 it increased slightly to 88 per cent.^^

INDUSTRIES

Industrially, Maharashtra is one of the advance States in the country but

Ahmadnagar district is not much advance like other district of the State, due to vagaries of the rains, agriculture resources were not enough for the necessary encouragement for industrialization. The district is also not rich with minerals or forest resources. Ahmednagar is not an industrialized district in the strict sense of the term. Being traditionally a famine-stricken district, agriculture resources could not provide the necessary encouragement for industrialization. Under development in agriculture in the past was probably the principle reason for lack of industrial growth. The district is also not endowed with minerals, forest resources or adequate water supply, which are essential for resource-based industries. The necessary infrastructure for industrialization is hardly available in the district.

66 However, the growth of sugar and gul industries has brought about condition of

prosperity to a section of the population in Kopargaon, Rahuri, Srirampur,

Sanganmer and Ahmednagar talukas. At present (in 1974-75) there are 13 sugar

factories and refineries, which provided employment to a large num ber of persons.

The other industries in the district are ginning and pressing, cotton spinning and

weaving, oil extraction and engineering works. Most of these industries are

confined to northern region of the district, along with the M anmad-Daund Railway

line. There are 3 co-operative and 5 private sugar factories and two spinning mills

2 8 and other some small-scale industries in the district.

TRADE AND COMMERCE

The district is well known for the sugarcane and sugar factories. The

sugarcane produce is seen all over district and big sugar factories are located in

Kopargaon, and Rahuri tahsils. The chief export articles of the district

are Luna Moped, Videocon T.V., Engine spare parts, Agriculture equipments.

Sugar, Jowar, Fruits, Pulses, Tobacco, W heat, Groundnut, Cotton, Thread, Milk,

Bidi, Tractors Trolley and Alcohol. They are mainly exported to Bombay, Pune

and other district of the State. Luna M oped and Videocon T.V. are exported all

2 9 over India and abroad.

As per 1991 Census the number of persons engaged in trade and commerce in the district are 72,370 which constitutes the proportion of 5.05 per cent of the main workers. Above 464 banking institutions were functioning in the district in

1988-89. Out of these 76.51 per cent are working in rural areas and 23.49 per cent were in urban areas of the district. The banking facility was available to 224 villages and most of the towns in the district. There were 14 banking institutions p e r 100,000 populations in the district.

67 Traditionally the economy of the Ahmednagar district is characterized by capricious rainfall and unprofitable agriculture. It is palpable paradox that agriculture, though uneconomic and unstable as a source of livelihood is the m ain­ stay of the majority of the population.

Sugarcane cultivation in its turn gave rise to the growth of agro- industries, which have contributed towards the prosperity of the region in general and sugarcane cultivators in particular.

The northern parts of Ahmednagar district are generally regarded as industrially developed. A good number of sugar factories and gul manufacturing units which have sprung up after the availability of irrigation facilities have been instrumental in bringing about industrial as well as general economic prosperities to the areas around Srimpur, Kopargaon, Rahuri, and Ahmednagar.

Parbhani - Hingoli

Hingoli has the background of Nizam of Hyderabad. At last on September

13, 1948 the Government of India moved into Nizam ’s estate and after a brief but brilliant action put an end to the intolerable conditions prevailing in the state. The state of Hyderabad thus acceded to the Indian union. Palam taluka, the part of

Nizam ’s estate was abolished in 1949 under Surg-e-Khas (merger) regulations.

H in g o li

The population of Hingoli city is 62,500 in 1991

Hindu - 34,500

Muslim - 19,000

Boudha - 8,000

68 The following Map shows the area namely Hingoli, Aundha, Basmat, and

Kalamnuri which are communally hypersensitive places.

iiiNC.oLi i)is r i( i{ .:r Conuuunnlly Sciisidyc I'Incvs

♦ •r\ _ r (.’(Hounoii

C'-'-J

f I. « \ N:»isi

Knl.'tiiiiiiiri \/V

s «■ Auii(lli:i

r - /'

1J)Km r

I Ilypt'*' Sensitive

,Sciisi(ivc j ' ^ r ( j " - '

69 POLITICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SAMPLE

During the last fifty years, M aharashtra has experienced the emergence of number of political parties, groups, new forms of social movements and different civil society organizations . We can easily observe there are few important parties which include Congress (I) NCP, BJP, Peasants & Worker Party of India,

Marxists, Shiv Sena, Muslim League, Bahujan Samaj Party, etc. We also have experienced the rise and decline of some parties like Praja Socialist Party. W e can also observe that these parties represent in our sample for example in M umbai, we have Congress (I) Nationah'st Congress, BJP, Shiv Sena, Muslim League,

Samajwadi Party, Peasants & W orkers Party, RPI (Athawale Group), Republican

Party of India, (Gavai Group, Jogendra Kawade Group, Ambedkar Group) Apart from this, there are religious organisations such as Hindu Ekta Organization,

Students Islamic Organisations, SIMI, Bajrang Dal, VHP, Jamat-e-Islami,

Rashtraya Swaink Sevek Sangh, Hindu M ahasabha, Patitpawan Sanghatna, Hindu

Ekta Andolan, Majlis Tamir-e-Milat, Jameyet-Ulema, Muslim Masjid-e-

Mushabarat. Dalit Muslim Suraksha Mahasangh, In addition to this, city civil organisations like Lions Club, Rotary Club, Business M erchants Associations,

Maratha Chamber of Commerce, Vakil Associations, Medical Practitioners

Association, Mumbai.

In the Bhiwandi town, which is multi-religious town, also has experienced, the emergency of different political parties. This parties include Congress (I),

National Congress Party, Shiv Sena, BJP, Samajwadi Party, Bahujan Samajwadi

Party, Rashtriya Janta Dal, Rashtriya Janta Dal, Republican Party of India,

(Athawale Group, Gavai Group, Dr.Ambedkar Group), Muslim League, VHP,

RSS, Jamat-e-elslami etc. In addition tothis, Bhiwandi also has communal

70 organisations, like VHP, RSS, BJP, M uslim League, SIMI, Hindu Ekata Andolan,

Jamat-e-Ulema, Patitpawan, Bajrang Dal, Raza Academy. Bhiwandi also have city civil organizations such as Lions Club, Rotary Club, Gain Club, M erchants

Associations, Hotel Associations, Jewellery shop Associations, Hawkers Union

Taximen Union, Vegetable Fruit Market Associations, Grocery shops

Associations. Various M ahila M andals, cloth market associations, various Labour

Union, various power loom Association.^^

In Hingoli, there are following major political party, P.W.Party,

Communists Part of India, CPI, RPI , Congress, NCP,CPI(M ), BJP, Janta Dal ,

Muslim League, Shiv Sena. In Hingoli Region, Shiv Sena BJP has hold over electoral politics . This combination has won 3 seats in the Assembly level.

In Ahmednagar there are following major political party, Peasants &

W orkers Association, Communists of Party of India, Com m unist Party of India (L)

Republican Party of India, Congress, Akhil Bhartiya Hindu M ahasabha , National

Congress Party, Communist Party of India (M), Bhartiya Janta Party, Janta Dal,

M uslim League, Shiv Sena etc.

In Jalna District there are following major political parties, such as Shiv

Sena, BJP, Congress (I), Bahujan Mahasangh, R.P. United Janta Dal, Bhartiya

Boudh M ahasangh, and various organizations like BJP Yuvak Sanghatana, Yuvak

Congress (I) Organization, Akhil Bhartiya Vidhyarthi Sansad, Students Islamic

Organizations of India, Akhil Bhartiya Matang Yuvak Sangh, Chatra Bharti

Vidhyarti Sanghatana, Students Islamic M ovement of India, Raza Academy, Dalit

Panther, Shiv Shakti Organizations, Vishva Hindu Parishad. In Jalna District BJP

71 has a control over the electoral politics, because it has won three seats out of five at the Assembly level.

W hile political parties are supposed to contest election for gaining political powers at various level. And it can be considered as legitimate as aim of these parties. But these parties, seems to have tried extra parliamentary method to marshal political support for the electoral victory. This includes, the communal mobilizations of communities for the consideration of food in the election. It is alleged that both the M uslims parties and the Hindus tried to mobilizes the masses for flaring up communal fashions in the respective communities. ' However, political parties do not directly engage in this communal propaganda. On the contrary, they use the religious organizations, to achieve the goal of communal mobalizations.^^ However, we are going to argue in the next chapters that factors like unemployment, poverty and special factors like density of population creates tensions among the communities. But these factors do not directly lead to communalization of masses. These factors fmd the articulation only in the cultural realm. In other words, cultural background provides immediate occasions and reasons for communalization of consciousness. Therefore, it is important to go into cultural context of riots.

72 REFERENCES OF CHAPTER-III

1) Gazetteer of India, M aharashtra State, Greater Bombay District Volume-II, p .8 2 7 - 8 2 8

2) Source- Socio-economic review of Greater Bombay (1993-94), Centre for research and development, Mumbai, Fact book on Mumbai, published by Bombay first, compiled by Maharashtra economic development council, first edition, M arch 2000, page 6 .

3) ibid, p. 6

4) ibid, p.7

5) Fact-Book on Mumbai, published by Bombay first. Compiled by- M aharashtra Economic Development Council, p.l 1

6) Fact-Book on Mumbai, published by Bombay first. Compiled by- M aharashtra Economic Development Council, p. 1

7) An interview with Mr. M adhav Prabhu, Bombay.

8) Fact-Book on Mumbai, published by Bombay first, Compiled by- M aharashtra Economic Development Council. p.51.

9) ibid,p.52.

10)ibid, p.52.

11)ibid,p.55.

12)ibid, p.57

13)ibid, p.58

14)ibid, p.61

15)ibid,p.62

73 16) ibid, p.63

17) Report of the Commission of Enquiry in to Communal disturbances of Bhivandi, Jalgaon, Mahad in M ay 1970 by D.P.M adan, Vol. I, Part I to III, p. 150-151.

18)Nootan savera-Hindi W eekly, dated 20 to 26*'' October, 1996-M umbai, p. 27

19) Center for research in rural and industrial development, 2-A, Sector 19-A, M andhya Marg, Chandigarh, India, p. 1.

20) ibid, p. 4

2 1 ) ibid, p. 6

22) ibid, p. 7-8

23) ibid, p. 9

24) Census of India Series - 14, M ahrashtra, Part X II- A&B, District Census Hand Book, Jalna, Compiled by, The M aharashtra Census Directorate 1995, p . 4 1 -4 2 .

25)Census of India Series - 14, Part X II- A&B, District Census Hand Book, Ahmadnagar, Compiled by. The M aharashtra Census Directorate 1995, p. 15.

26) ibid, pp. 40, 44

27) Gazetteer of India, Maharashtra State, District Ahmadnagar (Revised Edition), Bombay, 1976, p. 179

28)Census of India Series - 14, Part X II- A&B, District Census Hand Book, Ahmadnagar, Compiled by. The M aharashtra Census Directorate 1995, pp. 5 6 , 5 7 .

29)ibid, pp. 56, 58

30)ibid,p. 58

74 31)ibid,p. 605,619

32)Report from Superintendent of police, Parbhani District, letter No. 2361/1981, dt. 18/09/1981.

33)Report from Deputy Commissioner of Police, Zone II, Bhivandi, letter No. DCP/ZoneII/Riot/Informationy407/2001, dt. 18/10/2001.

34) Report from Electoral officer. General Election to Legislative Assembly of M aharashtra, Poll Statistics 1995, p. 287.

35)ibid, pp. 290-293.

36)Dr. Gopal Guru.

3 7 ) ib id

75