DOCSLIB.ORG

Chihuahua Update

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chihuahua Update K PMS 485 PURINA Pro Club Chihuahua UpdVol. 7, Noa. 1 ■ teJune 2008 Oral Disease Considered Common Problem in Chihuahuas n her 30 years’ experience as a of lack of dental care. Over the years, that periodontal disease decreases Chihuahua breeder, Linda George I’ve done everything possible to keep significantly as dogs increase in size. Ihas had many proud moments. She my dogs’ teeth healthy and still some- The report, published in the October bred the only Chihuahua to win the times had problems.” 1994 issue of the Journal of Veteri- Toy Group at Westminster, CH Ouachitah Oral disease is the No. 1 health nary Dentistry, documented that toy For Your Eyes Only, a Smooth-Coat problem diagnosed in dogs. Without breeds have high rates of disease when Chihuahua who won in 1984. She also compared with small, medium and bred the top two sires in the history large breeds. Not surprisingly, periodon- of the breed — CH Ouachitah Beau Signs of Oral Disease tal disease was shown to increase Chiene and his littermate brother, CH significantly as dogs age. • Bad breath Ouachitah Kodiak. Plaque accumulation, gingivitis and • Loose teeth or teeth that are More than once, George has seen calculus formation initiate a more discolored or covered in tartar dental disease cut short the show serious canine oral problem. Perio - • Shying away when the mouth career of a potentially outstanding dontal disease, or gum disease, can area is touched Chihuahua. “Dental disease can be occur causing bacteria in the mouth • Drooling or dropping food one of the most devastating health to permeate into the surrounding from the mouth problems in Chihuahuas,” says George bone, resulting in bone destruction • Bleeding from the mouth of Waukesha, Wis. “Just about the and the possibility of more serious • Loss of appetite or loss of time they start coming into their own, health problems should bacteria weight when you have a mature dog in won- enter the bloodstream. derful condition and full coat, they “Usually when dogs are less than Source: American Veterinary Dental start losing their teeth.” 20 pounds, we begin to see more College (www.avdc.com) Dental disease also creates havoc dental disease,” explains Bill Gengler, by affecting an animal’s overall health D.V.M., DAVDC, associate dean of and well-being. “Bad teeth can be proper dental care, 80 percent of dogs clinical affairs at the University of catastrophic,” George says. “These dogs show signs of oral disease by age 2, says Wisconsin-Madison School of Veteri - can suffer from kidney, liver and heart the American Veterinary Dental Society. nary Medicine. “This is because toy disease due to neglected teeth. I don’t Oral disease is a problem particularly dogs have a much higher ratio of think most people appreciate that other in toy breeds, such as Chihuahua. tooth to jaw that contributes to the health problems can occur because One study of 1,300 dogs showed Continued on page 2 New Vaccine and Natural Bone Product Available for Periodontal Disease eterinary dentistry has seen two noteworthy A dog will receive a booster three weeks later and an Vadvances in recent years. A new vaccine was first annual booster thereafter.” available in 2006, and a natural bone grafting material The new bone grafting material, called Osteo-Allorgraft, that helps to replace bone lost around teeth due to “is made of frozen canine cancellous and cortical bone periodontal disease was recently introduced. chips,” explains Manfra Marretta. “It is a combination The vaccine targets three species of Porphyromo of very small pieces of freeze-dried canine bone and bacteria found in 76 percent of dogs with periodontal demineralized powder that is placed in deep pockets disease. “An animal naturally produces saliva and cer- around a tooth when there is bone loss secondary to vicular fluid, a fluid rich in antibodies that fight these periodontal disease. bacterial organisms,” says Bill Gengler, D.V.M., DAVDC, “This product can actually help eliminate pockets that associate dean of clinical affairs at the University of were previously difficult to treat and can help provide Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine. “The greater strength to a jaw that has been weakened by vaccine encourages an animal to produce additional bone loss secondary to periodontal disease,” she says. antibodies to fight these bacteria.” “This product is placed in boney defects during a dental “The use of this vaccine in toy breeds is very impor- procedure performed by a veterinarian familiar with tant because they are so prone to periodontal disease,” advanced dental techniques. Not only does it help to says Sandra Manfra Marretta, D.V.M., DACVS, DAVDC, increase bone growth in areas of loss around a tooth professor and head of small animal dentistry at the thereby helping to prevent tooth loss, it also can prevent University of Illinois. “In small-breed dogs, we recom- fractures of the lower jaw by stimulating new bone mend the first vaccination at about 6 months of age. production in cases of severe bone loss.” K PMS 485 Oral Disease continued from page 1 Ten Steps to Brushing Your Dog’s Teeth 1. Use a dog toothbrush, human battery-powered spin toothbrush, nylon overcrowding of teeth. This makes it bristle child’s toothbrush, rubber finger brush, washcloth or piece of difficult for them to clean teeth natu- gauze and pet toothpaste. (Ask your veterinarian if your dog needs one rally through chewing or for an owner with special abrasives or extra enzymes.) to clean by brushing. Plaque containing 2. Position yourself on one side of your dog’s head and use one hand to bacteria can accumulate in inaccessible lift at the corner of the mouth and the other to manipulate the brush. areas, setting in motion the process that 3. Aim bristles at a 45-degree angle to the tooth, with bristles pointing results in gum disease and tooth loss. toward the gum line. Brush along the line where the gum and tooth “Keep in mind, too, canine incisor meet, which is where gingivitis starts. teeth have less bone covering them, 4. Brush with an oval motion. and periodontal disease can cause 5. Distribute toothpaste over each tooth as you brush. aggressive bone loss around teeth,” 6. Brush all sections of the mouth, including upper and lower incisors (front says Gengler, a board-certified veteri - teeth), upper and lower left arcades, and upper and lower right arcades. nary dentist. “With less bone covering 7. Brush each tooth, paying particular attention to common problem areas: teeth in the first place, incisors often upper canines (“fangs”) and upper fourth premolars, or the large shearing loosen and fall out early in the disease.” teeth toward the back of the mouth. Another potential contributor to 8. Brush outer surfaces of all teeth and, if possible, the inner surfaces periodontal disease in toy dogs is diet. though less plaque builds up on the inner surface. “Smaller dogs may be less involved in 9. Examine your dog’s mouth for any unusual swelling, chipped or broken chewing than larger dogs are,” Gengler teeth or bleeding gums. says. “Plus, owners may feed soft food, 10. Be patient and praise your dog. which does not have the abrasive qualities of a dry kibble that is needed Source: Animal Network (www.dogchannel.com) to loosen plaque from the teeth.” Plaque Buildup Problems are other signs. Any abnormality, such brush my dogs’ teeth with it. I’ve been Oral disease is an inflammatory as loose, broken or discolored teeth using the rinse for two years and have response to plaque bacteria that or facial swelling, warrants a visit to only had one dog lose one tooth dur- accumulates at the gingival margin, the veterinarian. ing this time.” or where the gum and teeth meet. If tartar accumulates, the gums Dental disease is a progressive While some dogs suffer only mild gin- begin to recede or pull away from the condition. Owners who get a good givitis without complications, others teeth. The resulting gaps between the start on practicing good oral hygiene develop irreversible periodontal dis- teeth and gums allow more bacteria help to reduce problems later in a ease, says Sandra Manfra Marretta, to accumulate. These bacteria cause dog’s life. As Linda George says, D.V.M., DACVS, DAVDC, professor and the loss of bone surrounding the teeth, “Dental hygiene can’t be emphasized head of small animal dentistry at the which leads to loosening of teeth and enough.” ■ University of Illinois. eventual tooth loss. The inflamed tissues “Periodontal disease results from also provide easy access for bacteria a buildup of soft dental plaque on the to enter the bloodstream and poten- Purina appreciates the support of surfaces of teeth around the gum,” tially lead to disease in other parts the Chihuahua Club of America explains Manfra Marretta. “Plaque is of the body. and particularly Kim Gramlisch, a filmy mixture comprised of accumu- chairwoman of the CCA Health lated food particles, saliva and bac- Daily Attention Is Key Related Issues Committee, in teria. If plaque accumulates, bacteria Preventive steps to avoid canine helping to identify topics for the can irritate the gum tissues, often periodontal disease are essential. The Purina Pro Club Chihuahua leading to infection in the bone sur- American Veterinary Dental College Update newsletter. rounding teeth.” recommends starting at an early age As saliva is deposited on plaque, with dental home care. Regular brush- calcium salts from the saliva harden ing and taking steps to prevent the into a yellow or brown dental tartar accumulation of dental plaque are known as calculus. Tartar forms within encouraged.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pathological and Therapeutic Approach to Endotoxin-Secreting Bacteria Involved in Periodontal Disease
    toxins Review Pathological and Therapeutic Approach to Endotoxin-Secreting Bacteria Involved in Periodontal Disease Rosalia Marcano 1, M. Ángeles Rojo 2 , Damián Cordoba-Diaz 3 and Manuel Garrosa 1,* 1 Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and INCYL, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; [email protected] 2 Area of Experimental Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University, 47012 Valladolid, Spain; [email protected] 3 Area of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and IUFI, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: It is widely recognized that periodontal disease is an inflammatory entity of infectious origin, in which the immune activation of the host leads to the destruction of the supporting tissues of the tooth. Periodontal pathogenic bacteria like Porphyromonas gingivalis, that belongs to the complex net of oral microflora, exhibits a toxicogenic potential by releasing endotoxins, which are the lipopolysaccharide component (LPS) available in the outer cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are released into the tissues causing damage after the cell is lysed. There are three well-defined regions in the LPS: one of them, the lipid A, has a lipidic nature, and the other two, the Core and the O-antigen, have a glycosidic nature, all of them with independent and synergistic functions. Lipid A is the “bioactive center” of LPS, responsible for its toxicity, and shows great variability along bacteria. In general, endotoxins have specific receptors at the cells, causing a wide immunoinflammatory response by inducing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the production of matrix metalloproteinases.
    [Show full text]
  • Desensitizing Agent Reduces Dentin Hypersensitivity During Ultrasonic Scaling: a Pilot Study Dentistry Section
    Original Article DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2015/13775.6495 Desensitizing Agent Reduces Dentin Hypersensitivity During Ultrasonic Scaling: A Pilot Study Dentistry Section TOMONARI SUDA1, HIROAKI KOBAYASHI2, TOSHIHARU AKIYAMA3, TAKUYA TAKANO4, MISA GOKYU5, TAKEAKI SUDO6, THATAWEE KHEMWONG7, YUICHI IZUMI8 ABSTRACT of the dentin hypersensitivity agent. Evaluation of effects on Background: Dentin hypersensitivity can interfere with optimal dentin hypersensitivity was determined by a questionnaire and periodontal care by dentists and patients. The pain associated visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores after ultrasonic scaling. with dentin hypersensitivity during ultrasonic scaling is intolerable The statistical analysis was performed using the paired Student for patient and interferes with the procedure, particularly during t-test and Spearman rank correlation coefficient. supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) for patients with gingival Results: The desensitizing agent reduced the mean VAS pain recession. score from 69.33 ± 16.02 at baseline to 26.08 ± 27.99 after Aim: This study proposed to evaluate the desensitizing effect of application. The questionnaire revealed that >80% patients the oxalic acid agent on pain caused by dentin hypersensitivity were satisfied and requested the application of the desensitizing during ultrasonic scaling. agent for future ultrasonic scaling sessions. Materials and Methods: This study involved 12 patients who Conclusion: This study shows that the application of the oxalic were incorporated in SPT program and complained of dentin acid agent considerably reduces pain associated with dentin hypersensitivity during ultrasonic scaling. We examined the hypersensitivity experienced during ultrasonic scaling. This availability of the oxalic acid agent to compare the degree of pain control treatment may improve patient participation and pain during ultrasonic scaling with or without the application treatment efficiency.
    [Show full text]
  • Peri-Implantitis: a Review of the Disease
    DENTISTRY ISSN 2377-1623 http://dx.doi.org/10.17140/DOJ-2-117 Open Journal Review Peri-Implantitis: A Review of the Disease *Corresponding author and Report of a Case Treated with Zeeshan Sheikh, Dip.Dh, BDS, MSc, PhD Department of Dentistry Allograft to Achieve Bone Regeneration University of Toronto Room 222 Fitzgerald Building 150 College Street Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada Haroon Rashid1#, Zeeshan Sheikh2#*, Fahim Vohra3, Ayesha Hanif1 and Michael Glogauer2 Tel. +1-416-890-2289 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] #These authors contributed equally Volume 2 : Issue 3 1Division of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan Article Ref. #: 1000DOJ2117 2Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Canada 3College of Dentistry, Division of Prosthodontic, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Article History Received: September 20th, 2015 Accepted: October 1st, 2015 ABSTRACT Published: October 5th, 2015 Dental implants offer excellent tooth replacement options however; peri-implantitis can limit their clinical success by causing failure. Peri-implantitis is an inflammatory process Citation around dental implants resulting in bone loss in association with bleeding and suppuration. Rashid H, Sheikh Z, Vohra F, Hanif A, Glogauer M. Peri-implantitis: a review Dental plaque is at the center of its etiology, and in addition, systemic diseases, smoking, and of the disease and report of a case parafunctional habits are also implicated. The pathogenic species associated with peri-implan- treated with allograft to achieve bone titis include, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Tanner- regeneration. Dent Open J. 2015; ella forsythia. The goal in the management of peri-implantitis is the complete resolution of 2(3): 87-97.
    [Show full text]
  • Intergeneric Communication in Dental Plaque Biofilms
    JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, Dec. 2000, p. 7067–7069 Vol. 182, No. 24 0021-9193/00/$04.00ϩ0 Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. NOTES Intergeneric Communication in Dental Plaque Biofilms HUA XIE,1* GUY S. COOK,2 J. WILLIAM COSTERTON,3 GREG BRUCE,4 4 5 TIMOTHY M. ROSE, AND RICHARD J. LAMONT School of Dentistry, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee1; Bacterin Inc.,2 and Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University,3 Bozeman, Montana; and Department of Pathobiology4 and Department of Oral Biology,5 University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Received 27 June 2000/Accepted 21 September 2000 Downloaded from Dental plaque is a complex biofilm that accretes in a series of discrete steps proceeding from a gram-positive streptococcus-rich biofilm to a structure rich in gram-negative anaerobes. This study investigated information flow between two unrelated plaque bacteria, Streptococcus cristatus and Porphyromonas gingivalis. A surface pro- tein of S. cristatus caused repression of the P. gingivalis fimbrial gene (fimA), as determined by a chromosomal fimA promoter-lacZ reporter construct and by reverse transcription-PCR. Signaling activity was associated jb.asm.org with a 59-kDa surface protein of S. cristatus and showed specificity for the fimA gene. Furthermore, P. gingivalis was unable to form biofilm microcolonies with S. cristatus. Thus, S. cristatus is capable of modulating virulence gene expression in P. gingivalis, consequently influencing the development of pathogenic plaque. at MONTANA STATE UNIV AT BOZEMAN on October 13, 2009 The study of the ability of bacterial cells to communicate which were grown in Trypticase Peptone broth supplemented with one another and coordinate behavior is a burgeoning field with yeast extract (5 mg/ml) and 0.5% glucose at 37°C aerobi- with relevance to a number of microbial ecosystems (5, 6, 11, cally; Treponema denticola GM-1, which was cultured for 5 12, 17).
    [Show full text]
  • Dental Plaque: a Host- Associated Biofilm
    DENTAL PLAQUE DENTAL PLAQUE: A HOST- ASSOCIATED BIOFILM • Dental plaque is a host-associated biofilm. • The significance of the biofilm environment has been increasingly recognized in recent years because the environment itself may alter properties of the microorganisms. • The biofilm community is initially formed through bacterial interactions with the tooth and then through physical and physiologic interactions among different species within the microbial mass . Macroscopic Structure and Composition of Dental Plaque • Dental plaque can be defined as the soft deposits that form the biofilm adhering to the tooth surface or other hard surfaces in the oral cavity, including removable and fixed restorations. • Materia alba refers to soft accumulations of bacteria and tissue cells that lack the organized structure of dental plaque and are easily displaced with a water spray. • Calculus is a hard deposit that forms by mineralization of dental plaque and is generally covered by a layer of unmineralized plaque. • Dental plaque is broadly classified as Supragingival plaque is found at or above the gingival margin; the supragingival plaque in direct contact with the gingival margin is referred to as marginal plaque. • Subgingival plaque is found below the gingival margin, between the tooth and the gingival sulcular tissue. • The different regions of plaque are significant to different processes associated with diseases of the teeth and periodontium. • For example, marginal plaque gingivitis. Supragingival plaque and tooth-associated subgingival plaque are critical in calculus formation and root caries . Subgingival plaque soft tissue destruction different forms of periodontitis. Dental plaque is composed primarily of microorganisms . Cultivation studies, in which bacteria are isolated and characterized in the laboratory, indicate that more than 500 distinct microbial species are found in dental plaque Nonbacterial microorganisms that are found in plaque include Mycoplasma species, yeasts, protozoa, and viruses .
    [Show full text]
  • DENTAL PLAQUE – CLASSIFICATION, FORMATION, and Identificationprophylaxis
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Directory of Open Access Journals DENTAL PLAQUE – CLASSIFICATION, FORMATION, AND IDENTIFICATIONProphylaxis DENTAL PLAQUE – CLASSIFICATION, FORMATION, AND IDENTIFICATION Viorica CHETRUŞ1, I.R. ION2 1. Assoc. prof. PhD, Therapeutical Dental Dept., Medical Dentistry Faculty, Chisinau, Rep. of Moldova 2. Assoc. resident IIIrd year Therapeutical Dental Dept., Medical Dentistry Faculty, Chisinau, Rep. of Moldova Contact person: Viorica Chetrus, e‑mail: [email protected] hard oral surfaces is considered the primary Abstract cause of dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis. The aim of this study was to present the most effective Massive deposits are regularly associated and easiest ways to diagnoze dental plaque, and to distin‑ with localized diseases of the subjacent hard or guish some modern and effective methods for its removal. 3 Materials and method. The study was performed on 34 soft tissues. In 1 mm of dental plaque weighing patients aged between 19‑42 years. For dental plaque approximately 1 mg, more than 108 bacteria are detection, the (QHT) index in two different ‑ initial and present. Although over 300 species have been final – stages, was used. For the removal of sub‑gingival and supra‑gingival soft and hard deposits, scaling was isolated and characterized in these deposits, it is used, as well as AIR FLOW professional brushing for still not possible to identify all present species. plauqe removal. Results and discussion. Evaluation of the [1] QHT index showed the presence of of dental plaque 100% of cases. All patients were subjected to post‑treatment, the QHT index showing a 100% removal of plaque after AIR CLASSIFICATION OF DENTAL PLAQUE FLOW application, and a 86% one, respectively, after pro‑ fessional cleaning.
    [Show full text]
  • Oral Care System Effective Oral Health Care
    Oral Care System Effective Oral Health Care This booklet will provide you with some surprising facts about effective oral health care—and what’s likely to happen in its absence. Develop good dental habits so your teeth will last a lifetime. Included are explanations about gum disease, which some researchers say is reaching epidemic proportions. Along the way, you’ll also learn about products that offer a totally integrated system of oral hygiene that’s so pleasant, it’s easy to develop good dental habits, which will help your teeth last a lifetime. Oral Health: It’s Time to Evaluate Step One: Honest Answers to Personal Questions • Do you brush your teeth every day? More than once a day? • Do you floss regularly—at least three to five times a week? • What about the rest of the day—do you do anything to clean your teeth and gums after meals and snacks? • Do you visit your dentist to have your teeth cleaned twice a year? Step Two: Risk Evaluation If you answered no to two of the four questions, there’s some good news and some bad news. The good news is you’re in the mainstream; the bad news is We all know we should you are a prime candidate for brush after every meal and floss daily. Yet the truth is, gum disease. for various reasons, most adults fail to comply with the basics of oral hygiene. Even if you answered no just once, you may be at risk. Fortunately, reducing the risk of gum disease isn’t hard to do.
    [Show full text]
  • Implant Diseases
    ADI GUIDELINES On Peri-implant Monitoring and Maintenance Ucer, C; Wright, S; Scher E; West, N; Retzepi, M; Simpson, S; Slade, K; Donos, N Scope of the Problem: During the last two decades implant treatment has become a part of mainstream dentistry as a predictable modality for replacing missing teeth. Nevertheless, most of the evidence supporting this predictability is based on survival statistics, which use “presence or absence” of implants as an end-point outcome measure. The survival rates, unfortunately, do not account for the slowly progressing, on-going biological problems such as peri-implant diseases. Long-term biological complications arising from peri-implant infection and inflammation result in progressive crestal bone loss (CBL), which places the implant at risk of being lost. Although the technical and mechanical complications have been reduced up to a certain extent due to advances in implant technology and design, there is still no clarity on how to manage biological complications around implants. History of periodontal disease, satisfactory plaque control, patient susceptibility, smoking, compliance and availability of adequate professional supportive therapies are important issues affecting implant patients. Monitoring and maintaining implants in function satisfactorily is therefore one of the biggest challenges that the implant team faces. The whole implant team; the implant surgeon, restoring dentist, the general dental practitioner, the hygienist/therapist, as well as the patient (by being compliant) all have individual responsibilities and duty of care in this respect. These guidelines are produced as a summary of ADI’s Expert Panel Consensus meeting, held on 19th November 2012 in London, on the management of peri-implant diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Chlorhexidine Mouthwash on the Oral Microbiome
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Efects of Chlorhexidine mouthwash on the oral microbiome Raul Bescos1*, Ann Ashworth1, Craig Cutler1, Zoe L. Brookes2, Louise Belfeld2, Ana Rodiles3, Patricia Casas-Agustench1, Garry Farnham4, Luke Liddle5,6, Mia Burleigh6, Desley White1, Chris Easton6 & Mary Hickson1 Following a single blind, cross-over and non-randomized design we investigated the efect of 7-day use of chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash on the salivary microbiome as well as several saliva and plasma biomarkers in 36 healthy individuals. They rinsed their mouth (for 1 min) twice a day for seven days with a placebo mouthwash and then repeated this protocol with CHX mouthwash for a further seven days. Saliva and blood samples were taken at the end of each treatment to analyse the abundance and diversity of oral bacteria, and pH, lactate, glucose, nitrate and nitrite concentrations. CHX signifcantly increased the abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, and reduced the content of Bacteroidetes, TM7, SR1 and Fusobacteria. This shift was associated with a signifcant decrease in saliva pH and bufering capacity, accompanied by an increase in saliva lactate and glucose levels. Lower saliva and plasma nitrite concentrations were found after using CHX, followed by a trend of increased systolic blood pressure. Overall, this study demonstrates that mouthwash containing CHX is associated with a major shift in the salivary microbiome, leading to more acidic conditions and lower nitrite availability in healthy individuals. Chlorhexidine (CHX) has been commonly used in dental practice as antiseptic agent since 1970, due to its long-lasting antibacterial activity with a broad-spectrum of action1. Since then, many clinical trials have shown efective results of CHX for the clinical management of dental plaque and gingival infammation and bleeding2–4.
    [Show full text]
  • PLAQUE:PLAQUE: What It Is and How to Get Rid of It
    Rx for Sound Teeth PLAQUE:PLAQUE: What it is and how to get rid of it People used to think that as you got older you naturally lost your teeth. We now know that’s not true. By following easy steps for keeping your teeth and gums –healthy plus seeing your dentist regularly—you can have your teeth for a lifetime! Plaque: What is it? Plaque is made up of invisible masses of harmful germs that live in the mouth and stick to the teeth. • Some types of plaque cause tooth decay. • Other types of plaque cause gum disease. Red, puffy or bleeding gums can be the first signs of gum disease. If gum disease is not treated, the tissues holding the teeth in place are destroyed and the teeth are eventually lost. Dental plaque is difficult to see unless it’s stained, You can stain plaque by chewing red “disclosing tablets,” found at grocery stores and drug stores, or by using a cotton swab to smear green food coloring on your teeth. The red or green color left on the teeth will show you where there is still plaque—and where you have to brush again to remove it. Stain and examine your teeth regularly to make sure you are removing all plaque. Ask your dentist or dental hygienist if your plaque removal techniques are o.k. Floss Use floss to remove germs and food particles between teeth. Rinse. Holding floss. Using floss between upper Using floss between lower teeth. teeth. NOTE! Ease the floss into place gently. Do not snap it into place—this could harm your gums.
    [Show full text]
  • Association of Tooth Scaling with Acute Myocardial Infarction and Analysis of the Corresponding Medical Expenditure: a Nationwide Population-Based Study
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Association of Tooth Scaling with Acute Myocardial Infarction and Analysis of the Corresponding Medical Expenditure: A Nationwide Population-Based Study Yi-Wei Kao 1,2,† , Ben-Chang Shia 1,2,†, Huei-Chen Chiang 1, Mingchih Chen 1,2,* and Szu-Yuan Wu 1,3,4,5,6,7,8,* 1 Graduate Institute of Business Administration, College of Management, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan; [email protected] (Y.-W.K.); [email protected] (B.-C.S.); [email protected] (H.-C.C.) 2 AI Development Centers, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan 3 Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan 4 Big Data Center, Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan 265, Taiwan 5 Division of Radiation Oncology, Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan 265, Taiwan 6 Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan 7 Cancer Center, Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan 265, Taiwan 8 Centers for Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.C.); [email protected] (S.-Y.W.) † These authors have contributed equally to this study (joint primary authors). Citation: Kao, Y.-W.; Shia, B.-C.; Abstract: Accumulating evidence has shown a significant correlation between periodontal diseases Chiang, H.-C.; Chen, M.; Wu, S.-Y. and systemic diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • Dental Plaque–Induced Gingival Conditions
    Received: 8 February 2017 Revised: 8 August 2017 Accepted: 19 August 2017 DOI: 10.1002/JPER.17-0095 2017 WORLD WORKSHOP Dental plaque–induced gingival conditions Shinya Murakami1 Brian L. Mealey2 Angelo Mariotti3 Iain L.C. Chapple4 1 Osaka University, Graduate School of Abstract Dentistry-Department of Periodontology, Osaka, Japan Objective: This review proposes revisions to the current classification system for gin- 2Department of Periodontics, The gival diseases and provides a rationale for how it differs from the 1999 classification University of Texas Health Science Center system. at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA 3Division of Periodontology, College of Importance: Gingival inflammation in response to bacterial plaque accumulation Dentistry, The Ohio State University, (microbial biofilms) is considered the key risk factor for the onset of periodontitis. Columbus, OH, USA Thus, control of gingival inflammation is essential for the primary prevention of peri- 4Department of Periodontology, University of Birmingham School of odontitis. Dentistry, Birmingham, UK Findings: The clinical characteristics common to dental plaque–induced inflamma- Correspondence Prof. Shinya Murakami, Osaka University, tory gingival conditions include: a) clinical signs and symptoms of inflammation Graduate School of Dentistry-Department of that are confined to the gingiva: b) reversibility of the inflammation by removing or Periodontology, Osaka, Japan. disrupting the biofilm; c) the presence of a high bacterial plaque burden to initiate Email: [email protected] the inflammation; d) systemic modifying factors (e.g., hormones, systemic disorders, The proceedings of the workshop were jointly and simultaneously published in the drugs) which can alter the severity of the plaque-induced inflammation and; e) sta- Journal of Periodontology and Journal of ble (i.e., non-changing) attachment levels on a periodontium which may or may not Clinical Periodontology.
    [Show full text]