Orchards Cultural Features

CARSE OF GOWRIE ORCHARDS CULTURAL FEATURES

Templehall Orchard looking South (© RCAHMS)

Medieval window tracery at Charlestown Farm (© RCAHMS)

Derek Hall January 2010

Introduction

For the desk based element of this document the author consulted the National Monuments Record at RCAHMS in Edinburgh and was provided with data from the local sites and monuments record courtesy of Perth and Kinross Heritage Trust. Following the desk based element field visits were made to selected monuments and features although this was curtailed by December and Januarys deep snow and ice.

The decision was made to identify sites in close proximity to each of the orchards that could meaningfully be connected when possible path networks were being considered. What is quite striking from this study is that there is also the potential for linking many of the orchard sites with each other as a few of the site types, Dovecots and Designed Landscapes for example, crop up quite frequently throughout the Carse. A set of suggested interpretative themes have been included in the appendix along with a named list of identified features by orchard and medieval documentary references to orchards and fruit trees. Each orchard entry has two maps, one from the First Edition Ordnance Survey of 1863 and a modern version which has been marked up with the orchard location (green for existing and red for no longer existing) and cultural features in the vicinity. The Ordnance Survey Landranger map supplied by the project team has also been marked up to indicate the position of cultural features using black crosses, orchard locations and extents were already marked on this map. The gazetteer is split into two sections, firstly by orchards that are still in use and then by orchards that no longer exist.

2 ORCHARDS THAT ARE STILL IN USE (18)

Bogmiln Wester Ballindean

Carse Grange, North of railway

Carse Grange, The Retreat

Carse Grange, South of the railway

Clashbenny

Errol Park

Fingask Castle

Flatfield

Friarton/Barnhill Toll

Inchyra Farm

Megginch Castle

Muirhouses

Mylnefield

Newbigging

Pitfour

Port Allen

Templehall

3 Bogmiln Orchard

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863

4 2

1 3

Ordnance Survey map 2009

Cultural Features

1. Bogmiln mill

2. Cropmark of Prehistoric enclosure

3. Powgavie harbour

5 Orchard Bogmiln

Current Owner David Hope, Powgavie Farm

Cultural Feature no 1 Bogmiln Mill

Parish Errol

NGR NO 283 256

NMRS site number No entry

SMR site number No entry

Site visits 18 th January 2010

History and Archaeology

On the 20 th December 1558 there is a Charter by Donald Abbot of Coupar and the convent thereof, granting to Thomas Turnbull and Elizabeth Kynnaird, his spouse, the lands of Carsegrange and the mylne of BOGMYLNE, in the sheriffdom of Perth (Easson 1947, 224).

One of the buildings at Bogmiln Farm is marked on the 19 th century Ordnance Survey map as being a corn mill.

Former Mill building at Bogmiln Farm

Cultural Feature no 2 Prehistoric enclosure (cropmark)

Parish Errol

NGR NO 287 257

NMRS site number N022NE 42

SMR site number Not Listed

History and Archaeology

The monument comprises a enclosed settlement of prehistoric date, visible as a cropmark on oblique aerial photographs. It lies on level ground in arable farmland at around 5m OD. Three sides of a rectilinear ditched enclosure are clearly visible on the aerial photographs, with a gap on the NW. The enclosure measures about 18m NE-SW by 14m, within a ditch about 1m wide. A further ditch leads N from the enclosure and several less well-defined cropmarks are also present around the enclosure itself.

Cultural Feature no 3 Powgavie Harbour

Parish Errol

NGR NO 2907 2533

NMRS site number NO22NE 20

SMR site number MPK4647

Site visits 18 th January 2010

History and Archaeology

Powgavie, Perthshire: this harbour occupied the mouth of the combined Powgavie Burn and Bogmill Pow, and in 1837 it ranked, along with Port Allen [NO22SE 15.00] as one of the principal harbours of the district. In 1792 and 1842 it was recorded as handling coal, lime, manure and farm produce.

Today the remains are overgrown, but the OS map surveyed in 1860-2 marks, on the right bank of the lowest meander of the stream, a quay about 135ft [41.1m] long, facing NW, with a returned portion, 40ft [12.2m] long, facing NNE. The former is in two straight sections, forming a blunt point on plan (Graham 1971).

On a site visit in was noted that the road down to this harbour is now closed off by a gate (January 2010).

Carse Grange, north of the railway

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863

Cultural Features

Same as for Carse Grange South of Road (see next entry)

9 Carse Grange (south of the road)

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863

10 1- 3

Cultural Features

1. Monastic Grange 2. Chapel site 3. Cultivation Remains

Orchard Carse Grange, South of the road

Current Owner Mr Romano Biondi

Cultural Feature 1 Monastic Grange

Parish Errol

NGR NO 272 253

NMRS site number N022NE 18

SMR site number MPK4656

Site visits 19 th January 2010

History and Archaeology

1187 x 1195 William I confirms to Coupar Angus Abbey the grant by William de Haya of the land of Eddepolles [ Grange , Erroll] ( RRS , ii, no 322).

c 1225 [poss c 1241] Richard Kai grants to Coupar Abbey for the causeway which the monks are making from the toun of Inchethore to the grange of the monks in the territory of the Cars a half of one toft in the toun of Inchethore on the east side ( Coupar Charters , i, no 37).

[c 1300] Grant to Coupar Abbey by Sir Alexander Abernethy of that ilk, of 20 plaustra of peats each year to be received from his peatery of Baltody for the fuel of the Granger of Cars Grange (Cupar Rental , i, 346).

2 May 1438 Notarial transumpt of [the grant by William de la Hay, lord of Admur to Coupar Abbey, of one carrucate of land, called the Murhouse, in the fee of Erole, on the south side of the grange of the monks in Carse 1241 x 1258] ( Coupar Charters , i, no 47).

c 1252 Roger son of Baudric grants to Coupar Abbey one bovate of land in Carse, namely that which lies on the south side of the grange of the monks nearer his own land on the east, but because Sir William de Hays hold that bovate from himself on lease from Martinmas 1252 for 5 years, Roger grants them another bovate, namely that which lies nearer to the mill of Sir Gilbert de Hay on the east ( Coupar Charters , i, no 57).

12 1298 x 1328 William de Haya, lord of Athmoris grants to Coupar Abbey two cruives on the River Tay, as well as free transit to the monks, their lay brothers and their men and servants through his land of Athmoris by all roads and paths by which his own men cross or are accustomed to cross to his own cruives, as well as carriage and transport of their goods from the River Tay through his land to their grange of Carse (Coupar Charters , i, no 82).

nd The Grange of Kerso is let to the husbandmen dwelling therein, for 7 years, in which grange are 52 acres ( jugera ), paying yearly for each acre 18s, and 2 hens, and in money £46- 16s. Likewise the said husbandmen shall pay yearly for the teind sheaves 5 chalders of meal with 8 bolls of oats, with the usual service ( Cupar Rental , i, 123-4).

nd Mwrhus of the same grange is let to the indwellers thereof for seven years with the teind sheaves for 10 merks, 20 bolls of corn and 24 hens ( Cupar Rental , i, 124).

Pentecost 1465 The half part of Westhorn of the Grange of Kerso is let for five years to Robert Kors, for annual payment in money, cocks, hens and services as before. The other half part is let to Ranald Jakson for a like period on the same terms ( Cupar Rental , i, 152).

Pentecost 1466 Grange of Kerso is let for five years to Jak Richardson, Paton Watson, Andraw Nicholson, Androu Vtyn, Thom Randal, Androu Broun, Thom Cudbert, Paton Cudbert, Nichol Quhithed, John Quhithed and John Jakson, for annual payment of moneys as formerly, with 16 capons, and the usual services. ‘Nevertheless, the lord abbot promises that the said tenants shall remain in their habitations as long as he shall live in the flesh’ (Cupar Rental , i, 152). [Jak Richarson held one fourth part of Grange of Kerso at his death before Pentecost 1469, when 3 new tenants were admitted, paying 22 merks, 4 bolls of horse corn and the ‘usual capons’, as well as for the teinds 6 bolls of corn, ‘more than that part is wont to give’, with the usual services ( Cupar Rental , i, 154-5).]

Pentecost 1470 Westhorn is let for five years to Robert Cors and Ranald Jackson for annual payment of 16 merks with 2 dozen capons, and usual services, and they shall pay for the teinds 4 bolls more corn than they were wont, with 4 bolls of horse corn. Moreover in regard to the statute de non impetrandis instanciis , from whatever cause, they shall give solemn oath, under ain of forfeiture of all their goods and assedations ( Cupar Rental , i, 155).

13 Pentecost 1472 Four bovates of Westhorn of the Grange of Kerso are let to William Clerk for annual payment of 6 merks with a dozen cocks and hens and 6 bolls of corn for teinds, with a boll of horse corn, and usual services; and he shall lay out the said land to advantage in buildins and plantings of trees, ashes, osiers and sauchs, gaining land as far as possible from submersion in water ( Cupar Rental , i, 161).

10 Jan 1473/4 Tack of the orchardis of Kersgrange together with 4 acres of land to Dauid Gardnar, with all pertinents, profits and easements pertaining to them as he enjoyed before, for all the terms of his life, paying yearly of standing mail 5 merks of usual money at two usual terms; Moreover he shall put the said orchards to all possible policy after his power, that is to say in building of houses, and enclosure, with digging of waterstanks about of such depth that ged (pike), eels and fishes being in them may be conserved and kept both summer and winter, and specially with more secure dyking and hedging of the orchards, to which labour and costs the abbot shall give him for once 2 bolls of meal; and likewise he shall have the doukat putting it to all possible profit for the benefit of the abbey, giving loyal count both of the doocot and the stanks, halchand nothing but with informing, and with licence of the abbot, with planting and sowing, with plantation of fruit trees of the best kind that may be gotten. And if the abbot charges him of his fruits, for the price he shall give him that he would sell them in the market or allow him in his mail. Moreover tack to David of his husband tak of the grange foresaid, with profits, pertinentsand easements as he had before, for all the days of his life, paying yearly his mail, all service and duties at usual terms as he did before; saving that he shall pay his part of wheat for the teind as the whole toun comes to 8 chalders, and likewise of horse corn as the toun comes to 2 chalders, which corn shall be sufficient as it falls off the sheaf, the chalff taken clean from it; And for his capons he shall pay of cock or hen always for a capon two cocks or hens; And he shall put both husband tak and zard tak to all possible policy in building of houses, plantation of trees, ashes, osiers and willows; And he shall keep the statutes of the parliament and the stautes of the abbeys courts; And he shall obey an ourman , whom the abbot assigns to the toun for keeping of gud and suet nichtburhed and for their common profit. The entry to be at Whitsunday next before the date of the present ( Cupar Rental , i, 188-90).

8 April 1478 Tack of all the lands of the Kersgrange with the lands of the Murhous to the tenants inhabiting them, that is to say, Paton Watson, Ranald Jakson, Wil Robertson, Henry Jakson, John Jakson, Thom Zestyr, Michal Quithed, Nichol Randale, Androu Nycholson, each their tacks as they enjoyed them before, for all the days of their lives. Those 2 acres of land and the toft that are assigned to the chapel free, the brewser’s houses and yards [of] Johon of Goury remaining to the abbey, he paying the mail to the officer, that mail allowed in the

14 husbands’ mail; They making the draughts as they were wont to be of old times for the water, and uphold them and adding to them if need be for the common profit of the toun. The foresaid tenants and also the tenants of the Westhorn and of the myl and the gardnar proportionately each one after his mail, shall pay yearly 40s to the chaplain there serving God. And each one a draught in the year for lead, timber or boards, if they be charged, with all other services owed and wont ( Cupar Rental , i, 211-12).

Cultural Feature 2 Chapel site

Parish Errol

NGR NO 272 253

NMRS site number NO22NE 19

SMR site number MPK4656

Site visits 19 th January 2010

History and Archaeology

There was a chapel, dedicated to St Mary and belonging to Coupar Angus abbey (NO23NW 13) at Carsegrange. In 18 July 1474 there is a notarial instrument recording [an agreement or decreet between Coupar Abbey and the Charterhouse of Perth concerning the Chapel of the Glorious Virgin Mary of Carsgrange , made in the Chapel of St Anne inside the burgh of Perth, 18 July1474] ( Coupar Charters , ii, no 143).

No traces of this chapel now remain, but there is a local belief that there was a burial ground in the orchard to the east of the smithy, which may also have been the site of the chapel.

Cultural Feature 3 Cultivation Remains

Parish Errol

NGR NO 272 253

NMRS site number NO22NE

SMR site number MPK17675

Site visits 19 th January 2010

History and Archaeology

The orchard contains upstanding traces of former rig and furrow cultivation.

Orchard at Carse Grange south of the road looking South West, The Retreat is also visible in the bottom right of the photo (© RCAHMS)

17 Carse Grange Orchard , The Retreat

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863

Ordnance Survey map 2009

Cultural Features

Same as for Carse Grange North of the railway and Carse Grange south of the road (see previous two entries)

19 Clashbenny Orchard

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863

20 3

Cultural Features

1. Gallowflat claypit

2. Clashbenny Farmhouse

3. The Grey Stone

4. Cropmarks (Prehistoric settlement)

21 Orchard Clashbenny

Current Owner Lewis Maitland, Clashbenny Farm

Cultural Feature 1 Gallowflat claypit

Parish Errol

NGR NO211208

NMRS site number None

SMR site number None

History and Archaeology

Cultural Feature 2 Clashbenny Farmhouse

Parish Errol

NGR NO 21842102

NMRS site number NO22SW 24

SMR site number MPK4714

History and Archaeology

FARMHOUSE

Mid 19th century . 2-storey , 3-bay , irregular U-plan traditional f armhouse. Coursed, squared and snecked red sandstone rubble with ashlar dressings.SE (PRINCIPAL) ELEVATION: symmetrical. Stone steps with ironwork railings lead to centre bay at ground with timber door and f ine horizontal 6-pane, margined f anlight, windows in f lanking bay s and regular fenestration to 1st f loor.SW ELEVATION: window to each f loor of gabled bay to right and bay to lef t.NE ELEVATION: gable to left with window at ground, f urther windows to long slightly set-back bay at right.NW (STEADING) ELEVATION: adv anced gable to lef t with small square window at ground and f urther gable to right f orming small courty ard with variety of openings.Mostly 12-pane glazing pattern in timber sash and case windows. Small grey slates. Coped rendered stacks with thackstanes and cans.INTERIOR: timber shutters; timber fireplace to ground right at SE. TERRACED GARDEN, BOUNDARY WALLS AND GATES: garden terraced to SE with coped red brick wall, stone steps and decorativ e ironwork gate. Further semicircular-coped brick boundaries; ironwork gate to SW. NOTES: Clashbenny Farm Cottages are listed separately . The adjacent altered steading has a range of 8 cart arches

23 Cultural Feature 3 The Grey Stone

Parish Errol

NGR NO 2217 2131

NMRS site number NO22SW 6

SMR site number MPK4734

History and Archaeology

This large standing stone is situated on the crest of a low ridge about 430m NE of Clashbenny farmhouse; very much thicker at the base than it is at the top, the stone is roughly triangular on plan with a pointed E end, and measures at least 2m from E to W by about 1.4m at the base and 2m in height.

Cultural Feature 3 Cropmarks

Parish Errol

NGR NO 2166 2048

NMRS site number NO22SW 13

SMR site number MPK5160

History and Archaeology

Cropmarks on air photographs have revealed a possible unenclosed settlement complex extending along the leading edge of a natural terrace. At the westernmost limit of the site, the cropmarks mainly comprise pits, while midway along the terrace a series of large subrectangular gravel-pits appears to have removed all earlier evidence. To the east, the character of the cropmarks change, discrete features giving way to an almost indecipherable mass of narrow carved markings. The arcs appear to overlap each other and few complete rings can be discerned. From here, the narrow band of ground upon which the cropmarks have formed swings northwards, to reveal further traces of narrow gullies and pits extending over a distance of 300m. The narrow carved markings at the core of the complex are almost certainly the foundation trenches for the walls of timber houses up to 15m in diameter, but the way in which they overlap implies a long and complex occupation.

25 Errol Park Orchard

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863

26 1

4 2

Cultural Features

1. Errol Park House

2. Errol Park House designed landscape

3. Logboats

4. Lawhill Motte

27 Orchard Errol Park Orchard

Current Owner Unknown

Cultural Feature 1 Errol Park House

Parish Errol

NGR NO2476122611

NMRS site number NO22SW 25

SMR site number MPK5382

History and Archaeology

Errol Park House, designed by Alexander Johnston 1875-7 is a two-storey house built in the 19th-century Renaissance style. The East Lodge and Entrance Gateway comprise a single- storey, late 19th-century lodge with hipped roof. The cast-iron gateway with a band of cartwheel decorations faces the village square. It provides an imposing screen which is extended by railings and stone piers on either side. The 19th-century South Lodge is single- storey sandstone under a slate roof with a stone parapet. The entrance gate has curved walls with cast-iron gates and railings. The piers are panelled and the central piers are topped by ball finialsA garden terrace runs around the south and west sides of the house. The Stables to the north take the form of a circular courtyard with clock tower. The stables block was constructed in 1811 to a design by John Paterson. The tall north tower sits over a pedimented entrance which is square at the base. This octagonal structure was built by Johnston and Baxter in 1899 with a clock by Vulliamy, London, dated 1830. The Farmyard and Offices north of the stables are in a diluted English vernacular style with barge-boards. A stone Folly Tower with Gothic windows is situated to the west of the mansion in an area of woodland called The Maze. The folly tower dates from c.1747 and apparently has been moated in the past. The two-compartmented Walled Garden lies to the west of the house. The compartment next to the house belongs to the mid 18th century, the period of the earlier house, and includes battered brick copings. The second compartment, which adjoins the former on the west, is 19th-century with stone wall copings and door quoins. Part of the south wall is opened up, incorporating a clairvoie (clear viewing area) with central entrance gateway consisting of stone pillars with ball finials and a simple wrought-iron gate. The 19th-century glass-houses have been partly demolished and replaced but the original tiled floor survives. A 19th-century octagonal stem Sundial stands in the rose garden which was created on the site of part of the demolished glass-houses. The estate is surrounded by a Stone Wall.

Cultural Feature 2 Errol Park Designed Landscape

Parish Errol

NGR NO2490122759

NMRS site number NO22SW 25.11

SMR site number

History and Archaeology

The approaches to Errol have been altered and added to over the years. Old estate plans of 1834 show an entrance from the north that curved through the park. This may relate to the 18th-century approach shown on General Roy's Military Survey c. 1750. Productive farmland now covers where this old drive was. An 1858 survey shows an avenue from the north, to the east of the entrance mentioned above, which is aligned on the stables. Although now redundant as an approach, part of this alignment still survives, with the 19th-century farm court built across it. To the east from the village of Errol a drive which joins the above at right angles is marked by a one-storey, 19th-century lodge, called North Lodge. To the south of thThe approaches to Errol have been altered and added to over the years. Old estate plans of 1834 show an entrance from the north that curved through the park. This may relate to the 18th-century approach shown on General Roy's Military Survey c. 1750. Productive farmland now covers where this old drive was. An 1858 survey shows an avenue from the north, to the east of the entrance mentioned above, which is aligned on the stables. Although now redundant as an approach, part of this alignment still survives, with the 19th-century farm court built across it. To the east from the village of Errol a drive which joins the above at right angles is marked by a one-storey, 19th-century lodge, called North Lodge. To the south of this another lodge, East Lodge, was built in the late 19th century, probably contemporary with the present house. This has a two-way drive: one to the stables and one to the main front of the house. In the 19th century a piece of land to the west was added to the policies. On this was built the West Lodge and a longer and more picturesque approach to the house provided an approach through the parkland and past a Wellingtonia avenue planted to commemorate the Battle of Waterloo. The South Lodge and driveway approach shown on the 1834 estate survey is probably of the same period as North Lodge. This is the main approach to the house today.

Parkland Despite later planting, the parkland at Errol still retains much 18th-century regularity. This is emphasised by the straight lines of the recent coniferous perimeter belt which contains the

29 policies to the north, and the estate boundary wall which serves the same purpose on the south. There does not seem to have been any deliberate attempt at planting trees in clumps within the parks, rather an even scatter, particularly oak, in the parks to the north. One of the old north approaches is now lost within a conifer plantation to the north. An old boundary plantation runs north-west from the South Lodge and then turns north, terminating in an area called The Maze. Contained within this is a moated Gothic folly tower. As the name suggests, a maze of yew surrounded the Gothic tower.

The Gardens The garden is roughly rectangular and lies to the south, east and west of the house. Certain elements within the garden, particularly the old yew walk running west from the house, confirm that this was the site of the garden of the 18th-century house. The 19th-century house has a stone terrace around the south and west fronts. There were originally steps at each of the terrace corners, now reduced to one central flight. The terrace wall is decorated with ball finials. The planting is of close clipped shrubs such as cotoneaster. The main area of garden runs westwards from the house alongside the two walled gardens, and includes an oval bowling green with turf banks, possibly 19th-century. A gently winding path runs from the west terrace through this main area of garden and links with a beech walk which leads to The Maze. The garden was planted with specimen conifers at the time of building of the new house. These include species such as Hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa `Crippsii'), Dunkeld larch ( Larix x eurolepis ), Umbrella pine (Sciadopitys verticillata ), Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ), and Dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides ). A small orchard stands at the far end of the garden next to a rustic summerhouse, beyond which a small area of trees and shrubs lies on the perimeter of garden and park. Outside the western end of the 19th-century walled garden is the remains of some old yew hedging which may relate to an earlier 18th-century garden. Judging from their appearance they have been trees which have been reduced to a hedge at quite a late stage. They possibly relate to the yew walk mentioned above. Other shrubberies have been planted by the present owners.

The Walled Gardens There are two adjoining walled gardens at Errol. The one nearer the house is probably contemporary with the earlier house and is now empty. Part of the 19th-century walled garden which was added with the building of the new house is used for growing vegetables and fruit for the house. The rest is fenced off and used for grazing.

Designed Landscape at Errol Park House

Cultural Feature 3 Logboats

Parish Errol

NGR NO2622

NMRS site number NO22SW 5

SMR site number

History and Archaeology

About 1869 a logboat was found in the estuarine sandbank known as the Habbiebank in the inner estuary of the River Tay about 230 yards (250m) from the Perthshire shore and 'near to' the findspot of NO22SE 4 (see below). No detailed record was made at the time, and there are apparently no surviving remains of the boat which was 'not in such good preservation' as that discovered subsequently.

A Hutcheson 1897; R J C Mowat 1996.

Errol 2 (NO22SE 4)

In July 1895 fishermen whose net had suffered damage removed what was thought to be a tree-trunk from the Habbiebank, a sandbank situated in the inner estuary of the River Tay about 250 yards (230m) from the Perthshire shore and near to where another logboat (NO22SE 5) had been discovered previously. The object was recognised as a logboat and was taken to Newburgh where it was recorded before removal to Dundee. The boat was found to measure 29'2" (8.9m) in length, 4'3" (1.3m) in beam at the stern and 3'2" (1m) in beam at a point 6' (1.8m) from the stem. The sides were about 4" (100mm) thick and up to 1'9" (0.5m) high internally above the bottom which was between 6" (150mm) and 7" (175mm) thick. The port side was almost complete but the after part of the starboard side had been lost; there were few toolmarks visible in the timber which was identified as 'oak'.

The pointed stem was seen to bear a 'rude but forcible resemblance to the head of an animal' and behind it there was noted a 'roughly semi-circular hollow' which was suggested as a possible base of a figurehead. The stern had been formed by a transom placed 10" (250mm) from the after extremity; this had measured about 3?" (90mm) in thickness but was only represented by its groove.

Within the interior of the boat, and at a point 7'4" (2.2m) forward of the transom, there was an indentation in one of the sides and across the bottom there was a 'very shallow depression'. The former was possibly intended to take a 'cross-piece of wood...tightly

32 jammed in' and the latter a board of unknown function. A further pair of indentations in the sides was noted a further 3'7" (1.1m) forward and were taken as evidence of a seat formed of a block of wood, measuring about 6" (150mm) or 8" (200mm) square, jammed in place; no transom-groove was noted in this case. Hutcheson also suggested that these boards or blocks were possibly used to expand the boat, although the method is unusual and the low position of the point of application of force makes this unlikely. This logboat is on display in Dundee Museum and Art Gallery under accession number DMAG 69-255; the bottom and the lower part of the starboard side were inaccessible at the date of visit. It has suffered badly from splitting and is held together by iron bands. There is no sign of warping but there are numerous deep impressions which were probably made with a metal pickaxe or similar tool during recovery operations. As reinforced for display, the boat measures 8.64m in length and up to 1.18m in beam. The floor measures up to 0.73m in breadth and the height of the sides varies around 0.3m internally and 0.5m externally. The bottom and sides measure between 90mm and 120mm and about 80mm in thickness respectively. The boat is roughly-formed of much-knotted timber and has probably been worked from a half-sectioned log. Extensive splitting has occurred along the junction of the floor with the flared sides where the timber has been left excessively thin. There are nine holes forming two transverse lines across the floor and sides about 2.3m and 5.8m respectively from the bow. These holes generally measure about 15mm in diameter and may have been drilled to receive thickness-gauges but their circular shape suggests that they have formed part of a post-shrinkage reinforcement operation. The single hole that is located on the centreline 4.4m from the bow measures 20mm in diameter and may be similarly explained. There are also numerous small holes of unknown function distributed around the boat.

The bow has probably been pointed externally in both horizontal and vertical planes but has been foreshortened by splitting and breakage; the internal form is rounded. The stern has suffered greatly from splitting and differential shrinkage, the port side being greatly reduced in height and the starboard held in place by modern ironwork. The worn and distorted remains of the groove for the (lost) transom are clearly visible; this has measured about 170mm and 120mm in breadth at top and bottom respectively, and about 60mm in depth.

On the basis of the dimensions recorded at the time of discovery, the boat was of relatively narrow form, having a slenderness index of 6.8. The beam/draught coefficient and the displacement were within the mid-range for Scottish logboats, having values of 1.3 and about 6.7 cubic metres respectively. Assuming the boat to have been worked from a whole log, as appears probable but not certain, the log conversion percentage is about 90%. The McGrail morphology code is 44a3:113:3x3 and the form is a variant of the dissimilar-ended type.

This vessel has yielded radiocarbon dates of 485 =/- 40 ad (Q-3121) and 430 +/- 45 ad (Q- 3141), which may be calibrated to about 599 and 548 cal AD respectively.

Scot Notes Queries 1896; A Hutcheson 1897; L Scott 1951; H Coutts 1971; S McGrail 1978; S McGrail 1987; R J C Mowat 1996, visited August 1987; information from Miss C Lavell.

34 Cultural Feature 4 Law Knowe Motte

Parish Errol

NGR NO23152238

NMRS site number NO22SW 2

SMR site number MPK5379

History and Archaeology

This motte is situated towards the W end of a broad ridge in the Carse of Gowrie. It stands to a height of 8m and its roughly-oval summit measures 13m by 11m. In the late 19th century a burial-vault was constructed within the motte and a stone cross erected upon the summit. There is no evidence for the existence of a bailey as is suggested by Armitage and the local author of New Statistical Account (NSA).

The motte has probably been the caput of the Hays of Errol, who received the lands from William I in 1178 x 82. The 'Mote' of Errol is on record in 1507, and in 1546 there is reference to the manor and fortalice, 'lie Moit', of Errol.

35 Fingask Castle orchard

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863

36 1

3, 4, 2 5

Cultural Features

1. Sawmill 7. Dovecot

2. St Peters wishing well 8. Standing stone

3. Fingask castle

4. Perth Mercat Cross

5. Medieval Window tracery

6. Fingask Castle designed landscape

37 Orchard Fingask Castle

Current Owner Andrew Thriepland, Fingask Castle

Cultural Feature 1 Sawmill

Parish Kilspindie

NGR NO22912793

NMRS site number NO22SW 7.11

SMR site number MPK5861

History and Archaeology

This sawmill was rebuilt by Sir James Henderson Stuart when he bought the Fingask estate in 1912. It is now derelict.

Sawmill at Fingask Castle looking North East

Cultural Feature 2 St Peters Wishing Well

Parish Kilspindie

NGR NO2258 27601

NMRS site number NO22NW 7.12

SMR site number MPK4665

History and Archaeology

A beautiful spring in the garden of Fingask Castle possibly of medieval origin. The tradition connected with it is that any person drinking the water and making a wish, would obtain what they desired. Above the door of the well-house is cut in the stone the following line:- ‘Drink weary pilgrim, drink & pray and bless St. Peter's Well. Which springs unscath'd by scorching ray or frost or thawing swell.’

39 Cultural Feature 3 Fingask Castle

Parish Kilspindie

NGR NO2278927468

NMRS site number NO22NW 7.00

SMR site number MPK5359

History and Archaeology

Fingask Castle is a stepped L-plan tower-house of late 16th-century date which was extended in 1674 and subsequently restored, remodelled and enlarged in the 18th and 19th centuries; a number of these additions were removed about 1925. The tower itself (1594 on skew) stands three storeys and a garret in height and is of a random rubble build with sandstone quoins and dressings; the entrance-doorway, which has been remodelled, is in the E re-entrant angle and is defined by a stout edge-roll (the yett is preserved within). A triangular-pediment is in re-use at third floor level in the wing, and at the S angle of the wing, at first-floor level, there is a perpendicular wall dial. There are several wide-mouthed gunloops at ground-floor level. The ground-floor is vaulted; the kitchen was in the wing and the fireplace, wrought with a bullnosed moulding, has a salt-box in the jamb. The first and second floor interiors have been remodelled; the drawing room, however, retains its 18th- century panelling and the fireplace, which may be earlier, is wrought with a stepped, stout edge-roll moulding. Opening from the drawing room there is a mural chamber or strongroom. In 1674 the tower was converted to the T-plan by the addition of a block to the W re-entrance angle; the evidence for the date comes from a dormer-pediment in re-use in the main blocks which bears the date and the initials of Patrick Threipland and Eupheme Conqueror his wife; a second pediment, bearing the same initials but the date 1676, is in re- use at the back of the garage block to the NNW of the house.

The lands of Fingask are on record by 1164; in 1399 the estate was the property of a branch of the Bruces of Clackmannan and in 1672 it passed to the Threipland family.

Fingask Castle

41 Cultural Feature 4 Perth Mercat Cross

Parish Kilspindie

NGR NO22802744

NMRS site number NO22NW 7.01

SMR site number MPK5360

History and Archaeology

Perth mercat cross (NO12SW 150) now stands at NO 2280 2744 on the lawn due S of Fingask Castle (NO22NW 7.00). It consists of a plain cylindrical shaft (2.07m high), with a bevelled head, supporting a crown and lion rampant. It was returned to Fingask Castle in 1982 having been removed to Caithness in 1960.

42 Cultural Feature 5 Medieval window tracery

Parish Kilspindie

NGR NO22822746

NMRS site number NO22NW 7.03

SMR site number MPK5360

History and Archaeology

Three fragments of tracery in re-use in the form of a cross-head are set on a modern shaft (at NO2287 2749), at the foot of a woodland walk (the Yew Walk) within the grounds of Fingask Castle. The tracery is of fine quality and probably of 15 th century date, its origin is unknown. Set on a pedestal beside it, there is an octagonal stone font which is said to have come from Kinnaird old parish church.

43 Cultural Feature 6 Fingask Castle Designed Landscape

Parish Kilspindie

NGR NO22802744

NMRS site number NO22NW 7.01

SMR site number

History and Archaeology

One of the oldest gardens in Scotland, the terraces and woodland around the category A listed Fingask Castle date from the late 17 th century. The 19 th century topiary and woodland gardens are of high artistic value.

Designed Landscape at Fingask Castle

45 Cultural Feature 7 Dovecot

Parish Kilspindie

NGR NO22662738

NMRS site number NO22NW 7.06

SMR site number

History and Archaeology

On rising ground some 130m to the WSW of Fingask Castle (NO22NW 7.00), there is a fragment of the S angle of a late 18th-century dovecot with gothic detail. The interior was originally fitted out with wooden bird-boxes, but these have been removed and only a scarcement remains.

46 Cultural Feature 8 Standing stone

Parish Kilspindie

NGR NO22932716

NMRS site number NO22NW 9

SMR site number MPK4688

History and Archaeology

This standing stone is situated about 320m SSE of Fingask Castle (NO22NW 7.00) and close to the SW corner of a walled garden (NO22NW 7.08). It measures 1.2m from NE to SW by 0.8m and 1.5m in height.

47 Flatfield Orchard

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863

Cultural Features

None

49 Friarton / Barnhill Toll Orchard

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863

50 2

1 3

Cultural Features

1. Friarton logboat

2. Barnhill Souterrain

3. Barnhill Tollhouse

4. Friarton Bridge

51 Orchard Friarton/ Barnhill Toll

Current Owner Donald Menzies / Network Rail

Cultural Feature 1 Friarton Logboat

Parish Perth

NGR NO11752192

NMRS site number NO12SW 210

SMR site number MPK3481

History and Archaeology

In 1878 or 1879 Geikie recorded the remains of the logboat that had been found 'a number of years' before during clay-digging at the Friarton brickworks, a short distance S of the City of Perth. The exact location of the discovery was not noted but an annotation on the 1932 edition of the OS 1:2500 map places it about 90m WNW of the present harbour, and at an altitude of about 10m OD. The boat had been considerably damaged before examination when the surviving fragment was found to measure 10' (3.1m) in length and 3' (0.9m) in depth between the highest surviving and the lowest points; the dugout cavity measured 6' (1.8m) long by 2' (0.6m) deep and was 1'6" (0.5m) broad at the bottom while the highest surviving part of the side of the boat was 3" (8mm) thick. The timber was identified as 'Scotch fir' and extensive charring was noted. It was locally remembered that on discovery the boat had measured at least 15' (4.6m) in length and Geikie suggests that it had formerly measured about 3'6" (1.1m) and 3' (0.9m) in beam externally and internally respectively. On the basis of the best available evidence for the dimensions of this boat, it was a medium- sized craft worked from a whole log and with proportional values within the mid-ranges of those normally found. The displacement was about 2.7 cubic metres while the slenderness and beam/draught coefficients were of the order of 4.3 and 1.2 respectively. The McGrail morphology code and the form of the boat cannot be ascertained on the basis of the available account. The boat was said to have been found 'resting on its bottom' on the upper surface of the peat and sand layers that underlie the deep brickearth deposit of what Geikie termed the 'second alluvial terrace of the Tay'. This peat was laid down on the surface of former estuarine sediments during the period of low sea levels that was followed by the period of marine transgression during which the brickearth was deposited; this transgression is dated regionally to between 8400/8100 bp and 6800/6500 bp but the reported location of the discovery at an altitude of about 6.6m OD suggests that the area was inundated at a

52 relatively late stage, probably in the later centuries of the 8th millennium bp. Assuming the account of the logboat being found at the base of the clay layer to be correct, a date within the later 6th millennium bc and in the later part of the Boreal climatic phase may be attributed to it. J Geikie 1880; Cullingford, Caseldine and Gotts 1980; R J C Mowat 1996; information from Dr M Armstrong and Dr DG Sutherland. OS 1:2500 map, Perthshire, 2nd ed. (1932), sheet xcviii.9

Cultural Feature 2 Barnhill Souterrain

Parish Kinnoull

NGR NO11752110

NMRS site number NO12SW67

SMR site number MPK3525

History and Archaeology

The Barnhill souterrain was discovered in April 1904 when a subsidiary road was being made in front of what is now St. Leonard's Manse. It stretched right across the new road, and it is clear that its western half had been destroyed when the main road from Perth to Dundee was widened.

The site is incorrectly shown on OS 6" as South of St. Leonard's Manse; it is some distance to the west of the manse, almost entirely on the road, and it extended only a few feet into the NW corner of what is now the garden of the manse.

54 Barnhill Souterrain looking North after excavation in 1904 (© RCAHMS)

Cultural Feature 3 Barnhill Tollhouse

Parish Kinnoull

NGR NO12482271

NMRS site number NO12SW67

SMR site number MPK8660

History and Archaeology

Barnhill Tollhouse, Dundee Road, early 19th century. A one-storey and basement ashlar building with projecting centre bay, Greek Doric columns and a table of dues.

J R Hume 1977.

Barnhill Tollhouse looking South West (© RCAHMS)

Cultural Feature 4 Friarton Bridge

Parish Kinfauns

NGR NO1307421652

NMRS site number NO12SW221

SMR site number MPK3468

History and Archaeology

Built in the late 1970’s this bridge carries the M90 motorway over the River Tay to the SE of Perth (NO12SW 100), at a point where the river forms the boundary between the parishes of Perth (to the S) and Kinfauns (to the N). It also crosses the Perth-Dundee railway line and the westbound carriageway of the A85 public road, in both cases to the N of the river. The S end of the bridge is significantly higher than the N.

57 Inchyra Farm Orchard

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863

58 6

4 5

1 2

Ordnance Survey map 2009

Cultural Features

1. Roman Brooch

2. Roman coin hoard

3. Inchyra harbour

4. Prehistoric house (cropmark)

5. Mill

6. Cropmark

59 Orchard Inchyra Farm

Current Owner David Imlay

Cultural Feature 1 Roman Brooch (findspot)

Parish St Madoes

NGR NO184203

NMRS site number NO12SE 73

SMR site number Not Listed

History and Archaeology

A (Romano-British) Collingwood Class R (ii) brooch with blue enamel inlay was found in river silt by the River Tay at Inchyra. The brooch has a central acanthus moulding, the head and lower bow being inlaid with blue enamel in triangular cells arranged in a geometric pattern. The top of the bow also bears two blue enamel trumpet scrolls of Celtic design. The pin is missing, but there is a loop on the head of the brooch for fastening a chain. It has been allocated to Perth Museum and Art Gallery as Treasure Trove under accession number PMAG 1992.600. M D King 1992.

Inchyra Roman Brooch (© SCRAN)

60 Cultural Feature 2 Roman Coin hoard (findspot)

Parish St Madoes

NGR NO18352010

NMRS site number NO19SE 92

SMR site number Not Listed

History and Archaeology

A hoard of eight silver Roman denarii were found at Inchyra 4.5 inches below the surface in a close group in June 1993. They have been identified as follows: (a) Vitellius (RIC 107),(b) Titus (RIC 25a), (c) Trajan (RIC 142), (d) Hadrian (RIC 257[d]),(e) Hadrian (R1C258). (f) Diva Faustina I (RIC[A.Pius] 363),(g) Marcus Aurelius (RIC[A.Pius] 431), (h) Commodus (RIC [M.Aur.]649). Allocated to Perth Museum & Art Gallery as Treasure Trove. Acc No 1993.1501.1-8. M D King 1994.

Roman coin hoard from Inchyra (© SCRAN)

61 Cultural Feature 3 Inchyra harbour

Parish St Madoes

NGR N018292023

NMRS site number NO12SE 43

SMR site number MPK3337

History and Archaeology

(Location cited as NO 183 203). This harbour was described in 1792 as 'tolerable good' and in 1843 as being more conveniently situated for the adjoining parish of Kinfauns than two harbours of its own, which had been 'rendered nearly useless by the late improvements'. The harbours in question were probably at Seggieden and Tofthill.

Inchyra harbour is in the mouth of Cairnie Pow, and consists of a pier projecting into the Tay and a quay formed by a facing-wall which continues the E face of the pier inland along the curving right bank of the pow. The OS map of 1860-2 shows the pier as being about 230ft (70.1m) long on its W side, and the pier and quay together, on the E, as being over 300 ft (91.5m) with a breadth of 80 ft (24.4m) to landward and of 25 ft (7.6m) at the outer end.

Today, however, reeds, herbage and turf disguise most of the structure apart from the some 165 ft (50.3m) of the facing-wall and the outermost 55 ft (16.8m) of the pier. This portion is built of large dressed slabs and blocks, without iron cramps; the end, which is squared, has in its centre a flight of steps 4 ft (1.2m) wide. The masonry of the facing-wall is also well squared and neatly laid.

A ferry formerly crossed the Tay from Inchyra, but is said locally to have been discontinued before 1914. The opposite terminal appears to have been the mouth of a small stream, dry when visited, below Muirhead (NO 181 099), but no artificial works were found there.

A Graham 1971.

62 Cultural Feature 4 Prehistoric house (cropmark)

Parish St Madoes

NGR NO189209

NMRS site number NO12SE 85

SMR site number Not Listed

History and Archaeology

Cropmarks recorded by oblique aerial photography reveal various settlement traces 450m NE of Inchyra farmsteading. A circular mark with a diameter of about 9m is probably a round-house and an adjoining crescentic cropmark to the NW may represent a souterrain. A short linear cropmark runs from the house for about 5m and further indeterminate marks and a large pit are visible immediately to the SSE. Cropmarks of a ring-ditch have been recorded 310m to the ESE (NO12SE 54).

63 Cultural Feature 5 Mill

Parish St Madoes

NGR NO192205

NMRS site number NO12SE 19

SMR site number Not Listed

History and Archaeology

Cairnie Mill is marked as a corn mill on the 1 st Edition Ordnance Survey map.

64 Cultural Feature 6 Cropmark

Parish St Madoes

NGR NO19312084

NMRS site number NO12SE54

SMR site number Not Listed

History and Archaeology

Aerial photography has revealed the cropmark of a disc-shaped feature about 270m NE of Cairnie Mill. It measures about 12m in diameter over all and probably indicates the position of a round house. Traces of other features have been noted in the vicinity.

Visited by RCAHMS (JRS) 13 November 1989.

In advance of a large-scale housing development, the SUAT conducted a trial excavation to establish the origins of a circular cropmark and two ancillary features visible from aerial photography. Five trenches were excavated in arbitrary spits by machine and then hand cleaned. Below a shallow mid-brown-grey sandy loam ploughsoil, average depth 0.3m, was a second agricultural soil, but of sandy clay matrix. This deposit was 0.2m to 0.4m in thickness. It directly overlay natural light brown, yellow, sand subsoil. The circular cropmark was identified cut into the natural subsoil and with a diameter of c 10m. The cut had slightly stepped sides sloping inward to a flat base. It contained a single homogenous sandy clay fill.

Three outer ditches were also located. Two, each c 3cm [sic] on the northern and southern sides of the main feature, were c O.4m in width and c O.3m deep. They also contained a single homogenous sandy clay fill. A 1m slot trench crossed the third ditch, which was situated 2m E of the main feature. It was 1.5m in width with a shallow depth of 0.1m. Cut into the base of this ditch was a square post hole also containing a single homogenous sandy clay fill. No dating evidence was recovered.

A sixth trench, 45m in length, was excavated c 50m to the SE of the main feature and two narrow parallel ditches c 6m apart and also0.4m in width were identified.

The cropmark was confirmed as being archaeological and a number of additional features were also identified cut into the natural sand.

Cropmark at Cairnie Mill looking North (© RCAHMS)

66 Megginch Castle Orchard

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863

67 2, 3,4

1 6 5 6

Ordnance Survey map 2009

Cultural Features

1. Chapel

2. Castle

3. Dovecot

4. Sundial

5. Megginch Rig and Furrow Cultivation

6. Designed Landscape

68 Orchard Megginch Castle

Current Owner Catherine Herdman

Cultural Feature 1 Chapel

Parish Errol

NGR NO 23993 24462

NMRS site number NO22SW 1.10

SMR site number MPK58677

History and Archaeology

This chapel was erected in 1679 and was rebuilt in 1781. It was formerly used as a chapel, but is now used as part of the family burial place.

Chapel looking North

69 Cultural Feature 2 Castle

Parish Errol

NGR NO 2419524605

NMRS site number NO22SW 1

SMR site number MPK4703

History and Archaeology

Megginch Castle underwent alterations at the begining of this century, which changed it from a sixteenth to a nineteenth century building, The north front, however, still presents externally some striking features of the sixteenth century mansion-house. Over one of the windows is the inscription "Petrus Hay, Aedificium Exstruxit An: 1575." D MacGibbon and T Ross 1887

70 Cultural Feature 3 Dovecot

Parish Errol

NGR NO 24142465

NMRS site number NO22SW 1.02

SMR site number MPK5867

History and Archaeology

Built in 1807, this hexangonal dovecote is part of Gothic stable courty ard. It has two storey s with an open-pointed arch arcade to the lower storey and bellcast roof with broad eav es topped with an iron f inial wrought in the shape of a galleon. It is built of coursed rubble with ashlar margins and some droved quoins.

71 Cultural Feature 4 Sundial

Parish Errol

NGR NO2418324719

NMRS site number NO22SW 1.03

SMR site number MPK5867

History and Archaeology

The gardens at Megginch contain a sundial said to date to 1572.

Cultural Feature 4 Designed landscape

Parish Errol

NGR NO242246

NMRS site number NO22SW 1

SMR site number MPK5874

History and Archaeology

The 19th century topiary terrace garden overlays an earlier monastic garden thought to date from the 1500s. This designed landscape contains some ancient plantings, very significant architecture and it makes a valuable scenic contribution to the Carse of Gowrie.

73 74

Cultural Feature 5 Cultivation Remains

Parish Errol

NGR NO2428524405

NMRS site number NO22SW 118

SMR site number MPK17722

History and Archaeology

The enclosed policies of Megginch Castle contain upstanding rig and furrow cultivation traces.

Aerial photograph of Megginch Castle showing cultivation remains at bottom right (© RCAHMS)

Muirhouses Orchard

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map

77 1

Cultural Features

1. Rig and Furrow Cultivation 2. Airfield

78 Orchard Muirhouses

Current Owner Jackie Doe

Cultural Feature 1 Cultivation Remains

Parish Errol

NGR NO2728924835

NMRS site number NO22SE 78

SMR site number MPK17608

History and Archaeology

A small area of rig and furrow cultivation as been identified from oblique aerial photographs (RCAHMS 2008) immediately to the NE of Muirhouses steading.

An area of approximately 0.26 hectares of broad rig is visible in a grass field which retains a few deciduous trees. The cultivation may be related to the domestic agriculture of the farmstead.

The 1st Edition of the Ordnance Survey 25-inch map (Perthshire, 1863, sheet xcix), shows that at this date on the site is a small wood which is larger than the area of rig and furrow cultivation.

Aerial photograph showing cultivation remains at Muirhouses Farm bottom left (© RCAHMS)

80 Cultural Feature 2 Airfield

Parish Errol

NGR NO27202327

NMRS site number NO22SE 18

SMR site number MPK4695

History and Archaeology

Errol opened on 1 August 1942 and was constructed with three runways. The airfield now lies derelict and its tower survives, as do many of the huts near the road.

Errol Airfield looking East (© RCAHMS)

81 Mylnefield Orchard

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863

82 1

Ordnance Survey map 2009

Cultural Features

1. Roman camp

83 Orchard Mylnefield

Current Owner Unknown

Cultural Feature 1 Roman camp (cropmark)

Parish Longforgan

NGR NO33923039

NMRS site number NO33SW 24

SMR site number

History and Archaeology

(NO 3392 3039) What may be the typically rounded angle of a Roman rampart appears on an air photograph, taken in December 1949, on the W side of the lane from Bullion-field filling station to Mylnefield farm and about 500' from the Dundee - Perth road. Mechan suggests that this may be the camp 600' square described by Maitland as lying 2 miles W of Dundee and 1/2 mile N of the Tay, and having triple ramparts and ditches on the S (see NO33SE 46).

"If the two arms of the angle are produced to form the sides of a square 600' x 600' with its axis NNE-SSW, then the S corner will lie approximately on the crest of the high ground N of Kingoodie (NO 338 293). It may be significant that the lane referred to passes through two sides of the square at approximately their mid-points, where gaps for entrances would be expected, and that a slight change of direction, for no apparent reason, occurs at one of these points. This would have been an ideal site for a Roman fort, with natural portection by the Tay on the S and the Invergowrie Burn on the E and N, good drainage, a nearby water supply, and sufficient elevation above the marshy land of the carse to afford a view of the estuary and approaching ships.

Until excavation or chance discovery proves the matter one way or the other, this seems the most likely candidate for the site."

After discussion covering Crawford's arguments among others, Mechan concludes that Maitland's camp "Catermilly" lay on the lands of Bullion (NO 344 306).

G W H Mechan 1966; W Maitland 1757; O G S Crawford 1949.

84 Newbigging Orchard

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863 OS map

85 1

Ordnance Survey map 2009

Cultural Features

1. Dovecot and Cultivation Remains

86 Orchard Newbigging

Current Owner Gary Young

Cultural Feature 1 Dovecot and Cultivation Remains

Parish Errol

NGR NO2645225187

GPS Waypoint N 56° 24.791’ W 003° 11.618’

NMRS site number NO22NE 8

SMR site number MPK5251

Site visits 19 th January 2010

History and Archaeology

In a field SE of Newbigging farmhouse, there is a two-compartment 18th-century lectern dovecot. It is of rubble build, with a slated roof and crow-stepping applied to the side-walls and pedimented rear-wall; each pediment is crowned by a ball finial. The skews are cavetto- moulded, there is a stepped rat ledge, and bird-entry ports are set above each of the two doorways in the S wall and in a horizontal scarf in the roof. Both doors have been remodelled, but the stone boxes still remain in the interior. There are upstanding remains of rig and furrow cultivation in the field surrounding the dovecot.

Newbigging Dovecot looking North West

Surviving bird boxes inside Newbigging Dovecot

89 Pitfour Orchard

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863

90 1 7

5 3

Cultural Features

1 Hawkstone

2 Cottown Old Schoolhouse

3 Dovecot

4 Roman Temporary Camp (cropmark)

5 Gallowflat clay pit railway

6 Gallowflat clay pit

7 Gallows Knowe

91 Orchard Pitfour Orchard

Current Owner Unknown

Cultural Feature 1. Hawkstone

Parish St Madoes

NGR NO 2046 2121

NMRS site number NO22SW 5

SMR site number

History and Archaeology

Traditionally the Hawk Stone is that upon which a falcon alighted so delimiting the lands of the Hays of Errol. It is a glacial erratic that has been reused as a boundary marker.

General view of Hawkstone looking North East

Cultural Feature 2. Cottown Schoolhouse

Parish St Madoes

NGR NO 20575 21023

NMRS site number NO22SW 70

SMR site number

History and Archaeology

This former schoolhouse is a rare survival of a standing 18 th century clay built building (built 1745). It is now owned by the National Trust for Scotland and has been extensively repaired ad restored. The primary interest in this building lies in its construction of clay, its building techniques and the roofing material of thatch .

Current State

Currently not open to the public (December 2009).

Recommendations

This building is an excellent surviving example of what was once a very common building technique in this part of the Carse. It could be a good starting point for a path.

93 Cottown Old Schoolhouse (© SCRAN)

94 Cultural Feature 3 Dovecot

Parish St Madoes

NGR NO202209

NMRS site number NO22SW 113

SMR site number

History and Archaeology

The Dovecot marked adjacent to Pitfour Orchard on the 1 st Edition Ordnance Survey map still survives.

Cultural Feature 4 Roman Temporary Camp (cropmark)

Parish St Madoes

NGR NO202209

NMRS site number NO22SW 113

SMR site number

History and Archaeology

NO 209 196. Part of the outline of a Roman camp has been recorded near Nether Mains farm (NO21NW 137), at a point on the edge of an old river scarp. A length of about 190' of ditch on the north side and of 290' on the west, including a west gate and titulum, together with the rounded northern angle, is all that now remains. The two sides are exactly at right angles. Part of the area has been destroyed by erosion, but to judge from the position of the gate, so close to an angle, the camp was small.

Cultural Feature 5 Gallowflat claypit railway

Parish St Madoes

NGR NO211209 to NO214197

NMRS site number None

SMR site number None

History and Archaeology

The course of the former railway line from Gallowflay claypit to the River Tay is still visible as an embankment running down to the river bank.

97 Cultural Feature 6 Gallowflat claypit

Parish St Madoes

NGR NO211208

NMRS site number None

SMR site number None

History and Archaeology

Inchcoonans and Gallowflat claypits are protected as SSSI’s because they preserve important information for marine environmental conditions during the early part of the Lateglacial period.

98 Cultural Feature 7 Gallows Knowe

Parish St Madoes

NGR NO 2117 2122.

NMRS site number NO22SW 10

SMR site number

History and Archaeology

An artificial knoll; formerly more prominent than it is at present, said to be a place for executing criminals in Feudal days.

Port Allen Orchard

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863

100 2

Cultural Features

1. Harbour

2. Corn and Barley mill

101 Cultural Feature 1 Port Allen Harbour

Parish Errol

NGR NO 25062112

NMRS site number NO22SE 15

SMR site number MPK4693

History and Archaeology

(Location cited as NO 251 211). Port Allen, Perthshire. A ferry crossing the Firth from Lindores Pow is on record in 1600 and again in 1722, a harbour ferry evidently existed before 1792, and in 1837 Port Allen, Like Powgavie [NO22NE 20], Port Allen was served by a branch road and was one of the principal local harbours. At this last date it was slightly dilapidated, but the embanking of the foreshore, which was then in progress, was expected to deepen it and improve the entrance. It occupies the mouth of the Pow of Errol, and consists of an entrance channel about 400ft [122m] long, on a northerly alignment, and an inner stretch about 300ft [91.5m] long which decreases in breadth from about 80ft [24.4m] to 60ft [18.3m] including the tidal mud. The inner portion ends at a bridge [NO22NE 15.01] which spans the Pow and carries a counter-weighted sluice-gate. This would no doubt have served to wash out mud from the harbour, the bottom of which is pitched with slabs below the arch of the bridge. For some 270ft [82.3m] from the bridge, the NW side of the harbour has been faced with masonry, to form a quay. The facing-blocks are rather roughly dressed and coursed, but the inner part, amounting to about half the total length, shows much better work in its uppermost five to seven courses, and is slightly higher than the rest. The lip of this portion is likewise finished with well-squared slabs originally secured with a thin iron strap. The apex of the angle between the two parts of the harbour is shown on the OS map surveyed in 1860-23 as a kind of recess, measuring about 95ft [29m] by 40ft [12.2m], but this is now largely filled up. Below the angle, but still some 270ft [82.3m] within the foreshore line, a narrow masonry pier, 30ft [9.1m] long and with a flight of steps on its inner side, projects at right-angles into the entrance-channel; it is structurally later than the foreshore embankment, against which it is backed. A Graham 1971.

102 Cultural Feature 2 Corn and Barley mill

Parish Errol

NGR NO 25228 21412

NMRS site number None

SMR site number MPK16432

History and Archaeology

A corn and barley mill and associated lade system is marked on the 1st Edition Ordnance Survey map (1863) see above.

103 Templehall/Monorgan

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863

104 1

Cultural Features

1.Cultivation remains

105 Orchard Templehall

Current Owner Robin Pilcher, Monorgan Farm

Cultural Feature 1 Cultivation Remains

Parish Longforgan

NGR NO31692794

NMRS site number NO32SW 79

SMR site number MPK17559

Site visits 18 th January 2010

History and Archaeology

The enclosed orchards at Templehall contain good upstanding evidence for former rig and furrow cultivation.

Traces of Rig and Furrow cultivation looking South South East

106 Wester Ballindean Orchard

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863

107 2 1

Cultural Features

1. Carved stone heads (findspot)

2. Ballindean House

108 Orchard Wester Ballindean

Current Owner Malcombe Place Ltd

Cultural Feature 1 Carved stone heads (findspot)

Parish Inchture

NGR NO26602965

NMRS site number NO22NE 38

SMR site number Not Listed

Site visits 19 th January 2010

History and Archaeology

Two medieval carved stone heads of crowned kings were found by Walter Campbell of Ballindean House in a ploughed field in the 1960s.

One head was sold to a Glasgow dealer, the other has recently come to light. The surviving head probably decorated a right-hand door-jamb or archway, with the face turned in at an angle of 45 degrees from the plane of the jamb. The circular cross-section of the neck suggests that the head rested on a moulding 105mm in diameter protruding from the door- jamb. The head has been roughly removed from the original building, and half of the geometrically decorated crown has been lost. The king's wavy hair-style may suggest a 15th century date. No church or chapel is recorded on this site, but the heads may have been a pair salvaged from an important ecclesiastical building with royal connections in the vicinity, possibly Scone Abbey.

109

Cultural Feature 2 Ballindean House

Parish Inchture

NGR NO259293

NMRS site number None

SMR site number None

Site visits 19 th January 2010

History and Archaeology

In 1832 William Trotter built Ballindean in front of the 1711 house which had been built by John Wedderburn from the proceeds of his sugar plantation in the West Indies. In 1840 Robert Knox Trotter inherited and married Lord Rollo's daughter. He was outlawed to the French Court where his wife had an affair with Napoleon III in Paris and they had a daughter.The mother and daughter returned to Ballindean. William Stead, a decorator from London and a chaplain, came to Ballindean and had an affair with Miss Trotter. They had two illegitimate children and one born after marriage called Louis Napoleon Bonaparte Charteris Stead.

110

CARSE OF GOWRIE ORCHARDS CULTURAL FEATURES

Gazetteer of orchards either no longer extant or in use (24)

Annat House, walled garden Rossie Priory

Balgay Seasides

Balruddery Seggieden

Benvie Waterybutts

Broomhall

Castle Huntly

Craigdaillie

Glencarse House

Glendoick House

Grange Pow Gourdiehill

Hill of Errol

Home Farm

Horn Farm

Kilspindie Manse

Kinnaird

New Farm

North Murie

Overyards

Powgavie

Rait

Rawes

111 Annat House walled garden

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863

112 1

2 3

Cultural Features

1. Church (rems of)

2. Cup marked stone

3. Fort

4. Souterrains (cropmarks)

113 Orchard Annat House

Current Owner Unknown

Cultural Feature 1 Church (rems of)

Parish Kilspindie

NGR NO 22747 26855

NMRS site number NO22NW 3

SMR site number MPK5355

History and Archaeology

This church, now a roofless ruin, served the former parish of Rait. Rectangular on plan, it measures 20.1m from E to W by 6.1m transversely over walls 0.9m in thickness; the E gable stands to its full height and elsewhere the walls are up to 2.5m in height. All the openings appear to have been square-headed, their surrounds wrought with broad (0.55m) chamfers. In the E wall there are two windows, one at ground-floor level, the other possibly lighting a loft. In the S wall there are two doorways and a centrally placed window; the doorway to the W is complete, but of that to the E and the window only the W jambs survive. Whilst all of these features are likely to be of post-Reformation date, it is possible that the fabric may or may not incorporate earlier work. Within the burial-ground there are a number of 18th- century gravestones. On record by c.1120, when it was a chapel of the priory of Scone (later Scone Abbey NO12NW 9.03). Rait probably attained parochial status in the 15th century. The parish of Rait was united with Kilspindie before 1634.

114 Cultural Feature 2 Cup marked stone

Parish Kilspindie

NGR NO 2275 2677

NMRS site number NO22NW 52

SMR site number MPK5143

History and Archaeology

Situated on the W side of the car-park of the antique shops which now occupy the steading of Rait farm, there is a large boulder which bears at least seventy cup-marks on its present upper surface. The boulder measures 1.5m by 1.2m and is at least 0.4m in thickness, and the cups measures up to 80mm in diameter. The arrangement of the cups includes a large one which is surrounded by six equally-spaced smaller cups; this pattern of cup-marks is similar to the rosettes which occur at Ormaig in Argyll (RCAHMS 1988) but with the outer ringmark missing. Given that the boulder was placed in its present position fairly recently after having lain nearby for some time, it is likely that it was originally found in the field which lies S and E of the steading as it bears plough scarring and was almost certainly buried before discovery.

115 Cultural Feature 3 Fort

Parish Kilspindie

NGR NO22992675

NMRS site number NO22NW 6

SMR site number

History and Archaeology

The remains of this unusually small fort are situated on a low-lying promontory. Severely truncated on the SW by erosion, the fort now measures only 35m by 20m internally, but its defences, which comprise two ramparts with external ditches are still intact. The inner rampart measures up to 4.8m in thickness and 0.6m in internal height, and two stones of its outer revetment can still be seen; it is fronted by a ditch up to 7m in breadth and 0.9m in depth. There are also traces of a counterscarp on the outer lip of the outer bank but this is largely obscured by a recent field-bank. There is a modern break through the centre of the N defences, but the original entrance was on the NW, where a track climbs obliquely up the slope and the terminals of the ramparts are linked by a stony bank. Within the fort there is a roughly circular setting of boulders measuring about 2m in diameter and 0.2m in height overall; its function is unknown.

116 Cultural Feature 4 Souterrains (cropmarks)

Parish Kilspindie

NGR NO 226266

NMRS site number NO22NW 61

SMR site number MPK5977

History and Archaeology

NO22NW 61 226 266.

Aerial photography has revealed a cluster of at least three souterrains immediately S of the village of Rait (at NO 2263 2666).

A ring-ditch (which has possibly been a round house) is situated about 100m f urther SE (at NO 2272 2660) (1). Inf ormation from RCAHMS (JRS) 28 January 1993.

The monument comprises souterrains of prehistoric date, visible as a cropmark on oblique aerial photographs. The monument lies in arable farmland at around 100m OD. There is a cluster of three souterrains, measuring between about 10-15m in length. A faint circular cropmark may be the remains of an associated house. Some 100m SE there is a ring-ditch house, measuring about 10m in diameter. Souterrains are subterranean structures generally regarded as having been used for storage in later prehistory .

117 Balgay Orchard

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863

118 1

Cultural Features

1. Standing stone

119 Orchard Balgay

Current Owner Unknown

Cultural Feature 1 Standing stone

Parish Errol

NGR NO26152759

NMRS site number NO22NE 6

SMR site number

History and Archaeology

This possible standing stone is situated some 430m NE of Middlebank steading and measures 1.85m from NE to SW by 1.3m and 1.9m in height. It is possible that the stone is no more than a large erratic boulder.

120 Balruddery orchard

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863

121

Cultural Features

None

122

Benvie Orchard

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863

123 2

Cultural Features

1. Church

2. Mill

124 Orchard Benvie

Current Owner Unknown

Cultural Feature 1 Church

Parish Liff and Benvie

NGR NO 32837 31452

NMRS site number NO33SW 6.00

History and Archaeology

About half the W gable of Benvie Church still stands; the foundations show that it had measured about 54' x 24'. It belonged to St Andrews, and was dedicated to an unknown saint in 1243. In the churchyard is an old font, a sundial dated 1643, and a number of 17th century grave- slabs. A Pictish cross slab which fomerly stood in the graveyard was moved to Dundee museum in 1991.

A Jervise 1861; A J Warden 1880-5; J R Allen and J Anderson 1903; M E Boyle 1938.

125

Cultural Feature 2 Mill

Parish Liff and Benvie

NGR NO 32809 31493

NMRS site number NO33SW 85

History and Archaeology

Benvie Mill, rebuilt 1865. A two-storey and basement building on a rectangular pattern, with a kiln at one end. The miller's house adjoiuns, as does a single-storey wooden extension. The wheel is internal. J R Hume 1977.

126 Broomhall (Unthank) Orchard

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863

127 1

Cultural Features

1. Cultivation remains (cropmarks)

128 Orchard Broomhall (Unthank)

Current Owner Unknown

Cultural Feature 1 Cultivation Remains (cropmarks)

Parish Longforgan

NGR NO 2957 2724

NMRS site number NO22NE 79

SMR site number Not Listed

History and Archaeology

Aerial photography has located the cropmarks of former rig and furrow cultivation in the field directly across the road from Broomhall farm.

Cropmarks of rig and furrow cultivation at Broomhall (Unthank) (© RCAHMS)

129 Castle Huntly orchard

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863

130 1

Cultural Features

1. Dovecot

2. Ice House

3. Castle

4. Castle Huntly designed landscape

131 Orchard Castle Huntly

Current Owner Unknown

Cultural Feature 1 Dovecot

Parish Longforgan

NGR NO3010029375

NMRS site number NO32NW 3.01

SMR site number MPK12012

History and Archaeology

An 18 th century dovecot stands in the field to the North of Castle Huntly.

Castle Huntly dovecot looking North West

132

Bird boxes inside dovecot at Castle Huntly

133 Cultural Feature 2 Ice House

Parish Longforgan

NGR NO 3020529212

NMRS site number NO32NW 3.02

SMR site number MPK14509

History and Archaeology

One of the finest examples of a 17th century ice-house stands 110 yards NE of the castle.

134 Cultural Feature 3 Castle

Parish Longforgan

NGR NO 30194 29105

NMRS site number NO32NW 3.00

SMR site number MPK5112

Site visits 20 th January 2010

History and Archaeology

Castle Huntly, or Castle Lyon, was founded in 1452 and is still entire: two Georgian wings were added on the NE side in 1778 and many other alterations and additions have been made. The sole survivor of six 17th century gates was removed to the north lodge after 1790. The Castle was bought by George Patterson in 1777 and owned by the family until it was sold to the state in 1946. From that date onwards it has operated as a borstal.

Castle Huntly looking North West

135 Cultural Feature 4 Castle Huntly Designed Landscape

Parish Longforgan

NGR NO 30194 29105

NMRS site number NO32NW 3.00

SMR site number Not Listed

History and Archaeology

Castle Huntly sits in a designed landscape which includes two walled gardens. The 'moat' shown on maps was an ornamental pond of no defensive value made shortly after 1660.

136 Craigdaillie Orchard

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863

137

Cultural Features

None

138 Glencarse House Orchard

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map

139 1

Cultural Features

1. Hole of Clean grange site?

2. Souterrains (cropmarks)

3. Glencarse House

140 Orchard Glencarse House

Current Owner Unknown

Cultural Feature 1 Hole of Clean (grange site)

Parish Kinfauns

NGR NO19552265

NMRS site number NO12SE 5

SMR site number MPK3344

History and Archaeology

Clene is listed as a grange of Scone Abbey. The village may have been swept away when the current grand house was built (M Stavert pers comm). `Cleen’ appears on Timothy Pont’s map (Pont 26), as does `Glendowak’ (Glendoick), but not Glencarse. In the title deeds of the estate of Glendoick (to the north-east of Glencarse House), the estate is descibed as `The Lands and Barony of Glencarse....all and sundry the Lands and ancient barony of Clein and Mill Multures....viz. – the lands and Mains of Clein.....crofts of Clein, all and whole the lands called Abbotscroft of Clein , (Melville Fair Land of Gowrie 1939).

141 Cultural Feature 2 Souterrains (cropmarks)

Parish Kinfauns

NGR NO19952265

NMRS site number NO12SE 5

SMR site number MPK13485

History and Archaeology

Faint cropmarks recorded about 300m NE of Glencarse Farm steading probably indicate the position of a souterrain with a subsidiary passage in its S side .

142 Cultural Feature 3 Glencarse House

Parish Kinfauns

NGR NO19552262

NMRS site number NO12SE 115

SMR site number MPK8641

History and Archaeology

R. and J. Adam 1790. Originally 2-storey and basement with H-plan single storey wings, centre bow to S. f ront. E. Additions dated 1889, house stuccoed with channelled ground f loor and other detail changes. Single storey addition to main block on N. front, W. addition S. garden stairway 1923. A f ew remains of Adam interior decoration, now mainly weak Louis Quinze REF: Bolton, Architecture of R. & J. Adam, Country index v ol. II, p. 15 Plans, Soane Museum, London Melv ille, Fair Land of Gowrie, p.32.

143 Glendoick House orchard

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863

144 3 1 2

Cultural Features

1. Souterrains (cropmarks) 2. Glendoick House 3. Designed Landscape 4. Doocot

145 Orchard Glendoick House

Current Owner Unknown

Cultural Feature 1 Souterrains (cropmarks)

Parish Kinfauns

NGR NO20662308

NMRS site number NO22SW 78

SMR site number MPK4724

Site visits 19 th January 2010

History and Archaeology

Aerial photography (RCAHMSAP 1995) has revealed the cropmarks of an enclosure, possible souterrains and pits 550m NNW of Glendoick. The cropmarks reveal a ditch, up to 5m wide, which forms three sides of a possibly sub-circular enclosure measuring approximately 25m by 17m internally. Within the enclosure are a series of indeterminate cropmarks. A series of pits and other cropmarkings are scattered around the enclosure, and at least one possible souterrain is visible, at NO c.2065 2309, about 2m from the N edge of the enclosure.

Aerial photograph of cropmark of souterrain at Glendoick (© RCAHMS)

146 Cultural Feature 2 Glendoick House

Parish Kinfauns

NGR NO2075023605

NMRS site number NO22SW 54.00

SMR site number Not Listed

History and Archaeology

The manor and fortalice of Glendoick are on record in 1529, but it is not known whether the present house (which was built in about 1746-8) stands on or close to its site.

Architectural Features

Glendoick House, listed category A, was built between 1746 and 1748 for Robert Craigie. It is a medium-sized Scottish country house with white harled walls and sandstone dressings. It has a tall hipped roof with two central chimneys and remains remarkably complete, including magnificent plaster ceilings and other 18th century details. It was modernised by A. G. Heiton in 1910. The Walled Garden, listed category C, is quadrant in plan, and the lower sections of the walls are made from stone which is thought to be part of the retaining wall of the old Dundee to Perth road. The upper sections are built of brick probably in the mid 18th century. Within the garden lies the Sundial Chair, listed category B, and dated 1776. It has been partly renewed since it was first built. Craigie Burial Enclosure, listed category C, is the burial ground of the Craigie family. South Lodge, listed category C, lies on the main road and is an early 19th century, gothic single storey building. West Lodge is situated on the west side of Rocky Burn.

147 Cultural Feature 3 Glendoick House designed landscape

Parish Kinfauns

NGR NO2075023605

NMRS site number NO22SW 54.00

SMR site number Not Listed

History and Archaeology

Parkland The park lies in a semi-circle to the south of the house and its original informal layout can be clearly seen in the 1st edition OS plan, dated 1861. By the 2nd edition, the gardens to the front of the house had been enclosed from the park by iron railings. A photograph, illustrating one of E.H.M. Cox's books, shows an enormous gean (wild cherry) which could have been planted in the late 18th century when it is probable that the policies were laid out. Two old trees remain which probably date from that time but the majority of trees, mostly ash, lime, oak and beech, were planted in about 1850. The park has now been reduced to one field which is grazed by livestock. Along the entrance drive there are several huge Wellingtonias, thought to have been planted in 1860.

Woodland The main woodland plantations run along the escarpment and were planted with elm, beech, oak and ash in about 1830. Recently they have been extended up the Rocky Burn and above the escarpment which has been planted with conifers. The other block of woodland lies between Glendoick School, the Doocot and Rocky Burn, about half way down the drive towards the main road. Some deciduous hardwoods remain from the early planting but most of the woodland was planted by the Cox's in the 1930s with a mixture of broadleaved trees. In the early 1990s a mixture of hardwoods has been planted to replace the elms that have died from Dutch Elm disease.

Woodland Garden

Sometimes known as `The Den', the Woodland Garden lies along a ravine made by the Rocky Burn. A shrubbery was described here in an article in 1855, but most of the garden was planted up in the 1920's with plants, mostly rhododendrons, collected by E.H.M. Cox from his expedition to the Himalayas. After World War II, it was added to with part of the collection of the Kingdon Ward expeditions, including meconopsis and primulas. Following Peter Cox's own visit to China with Roy Lancaster in 1981 he introduced more plants. There

148 are many rare trees and shrubs throughout this part of the gardens. Apart from collecting plants themselves, the Cox family have also received wild seed or plant material from many other sources and have built up an outstanding collection. Under their skilled care, most of these rare plants have flourished. In 1970, Alan Mitchell visited Glendoick and measured over 37 trees including three Betula utilis raised by Joseph Rock.

Garden Just to the west of the house, several lines of scree have been built to grow the smaller ericaceous plants. They contain many low growing rhododendrons and azaleas and other rare species especially alpines. In the 19th century there were several colourful flower beds in the centre of the lawn, which can be seen in old photographs. To the east is the orchard, described in the 1855 article and shown in the 1st edition OS plan as almost double its present size. Today there are still several apple and other fruit trees, and other small trees and shrubs including some Snakebark maples have also been planted here. Against the front wall of the house is a climbing Arctostaphyllos stanfordiana , collected by Peter Cox in California.

Walled Garden

The walls made from stone and brick, curve around the road which was formerly the main road to Perth until 1790. Late 19th century photographs show the garden filled with flowers and growing vegetables in the centre of the compartments. The path layout can still be seen today but now the borders are used for raising plants for the nursery and garden centre. On the west side is a shrubbery where there are several interesting trees including an upright form of Tsuga mertensiana .

149

Designed Landscape at Glendoick House

150 Cultural Feature 4 Doocot

Parish Kinfauns

NGR NO20662308

NMRS site number NO22SW 78

SMR site number Not listed

Site visits 19 th January 2010

History and Archaeology This Doocot, listed category B, was built in the 18th century and lies half way between the house and the main road. It has a pyramid roof with a horse weathervane.

151

Dovecot at Glendoick looking South

152 Grange Pow Gourdiehill

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863

153 1 3, 4, 5

Ordnance Survey 2009

Cultural Features

1. Dovecot

2. Gourdiehill House

3. Grange site

4. Chapel site

5. Cultivation Remains

154 Orchard Grange Pow / Gourdiehill

Owner Unknown

Cultural Feature 1 Dovecot

Parish Errol

NGR NO2645225187

NMRS site number NO22NE 8

SMR site number MPK5251

History and Archaeology

Newbigging Dovecot looking North West

155

Cultural Feature 2 Gourdiehill House

Parish Errol

NGR NO26842507

NMRS site number NO22NE 21

SMR site number MPK4648

History and Archaeology

The mansion house (of Goudiehill) is very old and seems to have been added to at one time (Melville 1935). The house burnt down and was demolished in the late 1980’s in advance of a housing development.

156 Cultural Feature 3 Monastic Grange (Carsegrange)

Parish Errol

NGR NO 272 253

NMRS site number N022NE 18

SMR site number MPK4656

Site visits 19 th January 2010

History and Archaeology

1187 x 1195 William I confirms to Coupar Angus Abbey the grant by William de Haya of the land of Eddepolles [ Grange , Erroll] (RRS , ii, no 322).

1298 x 1328 William de Haya, lord of Athmoris grants to Coupar Abbey two cruives on the River Tay, as well as free transit to the monks, their lay brothers and their men and servants through his land of Athmoris by all roads and paths by which his own men cross or are

157 accustomed to cross to his own cruives, as well as carriage and transport of their goods from the River Tay through his land to their grange of Carse (Coupar Charters , i, no 82).

nd Mwrhus of the same grange is let to the indwellers thereof for seven years with the teind sheaves for 10 merks, 20 bolls of corn and 24 hens ( Cupar Rental , i, 124).

Pentecost 1472 Four bovates of Westhorn of the Grange of Kerso are let to William Clerk for annual payment of 6 merks with a dozen cocks and hens and 6 bolls of corn for teinds, with a boll of horse corn, and usual services; and he shall lay out the said land to advantage

158 in buildins and plantings of trees, ashes, osiers and sauchs, gaining land as far as possible from submersion in water ( Cupar Rental , i, 161).

18 July 1474 Notarial instrument recording [an agreement or decreet between Coupar Abbey and the Charterhouse of Perth concerning the Chapel of the Glorious Virgin Mary of Carsgrange , made in the Chapel of St Anne inside the burgh of Perth, 18 July1474] ( Coupar Charters , ii, no 143).

159 and the toft that are assigned to the chapel free, the brewser’s houses and yards [of] Johon of Goury remaining to the abbey, he paying the mail to the officer, that mail allowed in the husbands’ mail; They making the draughts as they were wont to be of old times for the water, and uphold them and adding to them if need be for the common profit of the toun. The foresaid tenants and also the tenants of the Westhorn and of the myl and the gardnar proportionately each one after his mail, shall pay yearly 40s to the chaplain there serving God. And each one a draught in the year for lead, timber or boards, if they be charged, with all other services owed and wont ( Cupar Rental , i, 211-12).

160

Cultural Feature 4 Chapel site

Parish Errol

NGR NO 272 253

NMRS site number NO22NE 19

SMR site number MPK4656

History and Archaeology

There was a chapel, dedicated to St Mary and belonging to Coupar Angus abbey (NO23NW 13) at Carsegrange. No traces of it now remain, but there is a local belief that there was a burial ground in the orchard to the east of the smithy, which may also have been the site of the chapel.

161

Cultural Feature 5 Cultivation Remains

Parish Errol

NGR NO 272 253

NMRS site number NO22NE

SMR site number MPK17675

History and Archaeology

The orchard contains upstanding traces of former rig and furrow cultivation.

162 Hill of Errol Orchard

1st Edition OS map

163 3 1

Cultural Features

1. Cropmarks

2. Hill of Errol Farmhouse

3. Souterrains

4. Axehead

164 Orchard Hill or Errol

Current Owner Unknown

Cultural Feature 1 Cropmarks

Parish Errol

NGR NO 2276 2133.

NMRS site number NO22SW 42

SMR site number MPK4728

History and Archaeology

A cluster of indeterminate cropmarks, most probably the result of gravel extraction, have been revealed by aerial photography 300m NW of Hill of Errol. Not all the visible features are gravel-pits, however, and it is possible that some of the solid markings indicate the presence of structures; in addition, there is a curious arrangement of ditches in the shape of a hairpin on the SW side of the site. Information from RCAHMS (JRS) 25 February 1993.

Oblique aerial photographs (RCAHMSAP 1995) show an additional area of cropmarks, among them a ring-ditch with a diameter of approximately 10m, immediately to the E, in an adjacent field. Information from RCAHMS (KJ) 6 April 1999.

165

Cropmarks in fields to North of Hill of Errol (© RCAHMS)

166 Cultural Feature 2 Hill of Errol Farmhouse

Parish Errol

NGR NO2296421081

NMRS site number NO22SW 29

SMR site number MPK4718

History and Archaeology

C Listed: Late 18th century with single storey extension to rear, dated 1845. 2-storey, 3-bay, rectangular-plan, piend-roofed farmhouse. Harled with painted margins.

SE (PRINCIPAL) ELEVATION: symmetrical. Centre bay at ground with 3 steps and flanking dwarf walls leading to deep-set 6-panelled timber door and grid pattern fanlight, windows in flanking bays and regular fenestration close to eaves at 1st floor.

SW ELEVATION: windows to ground right and to each floor at left, further window in single storey bay to outer left.

NE ELEVATION: window to left at ground.

NW (REAR) ELEVATION: double piended extension projecting at ground with windows flanking door (small later porch) and narrow top-opening light below carved datestone. Recessed face of original house also double piended with tiny window to left of centre.

12-pane glazing pattern in timber sash and case windows. Grey slates. Tall coped harled wallhead stacks with some cans.

INTERIOR: not seen 2000. Timber-panelled shutters.

167 Cultural Feature 3 Cropmarks

Parish Errol

NGR N0 2310 2120

NMRS site number NO22SW 51

SMR site number MPK4709

History and Archaeology

Aerial photography has revealed a scatter of indeterminate features in the field to the NE of Hill of Errol steading. The most prominent features are probably ploughed-out gravel-pits at the edge of the field, but several other poorly- defined marks can be detected to the NW. These include what may be three sides of a rectilinear enclosure immediately adjacent to the gravel pits, and several curved features as well as cultivation remains. More precise interpretation must await further reconnaissance.

168 Cultural Feature 4 Axehead

Parish Errol

NGR N0 2321

NMRS site number NO22SW 11

SMR site number Not Listed

History and Archaeology

A stone axe found on Murrie farm, Errol, is in the Smith Institute, Stirling (Acc No 2886).

169 Home Farm Orchard, Kinfauns

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map

170 4

2 5

1 3

Cultural Features

1. Dragons Hole Cave

2. Kinnoull Tower

3. Kinfauns Castle

4. Kinfauns Castle Designed Landscape

5. Binnhill Tower

6. Logboat

171 Orchard Home Farm

Current Owner Unknown

Cultural Feature 1 Dragons Hole Cave

Parish Kinfauns

NGR NO13192244

NMRS site number NO12SW 23

SMR site number Not Listed

History and Archaeology

The Dragon Hole was the scene of pre-Reformation festivities on the 1st May. It is also said to have been associated with William Wallace. It is a cave, about 10 feet high, and extremely difficult of access. It would accomodate a dozen people.

S Cowan 1904.

Dragon's Hole is supposed to have been the residence of a dragon slain by St Serf about the end of the 6th century.

L Meville 1939; T Marshall 1849.

NO 1319 2244. The floor of the cave is 6.5m above the base of the cliff and at least an equal distance from the top. The cave penetrates the cliff for 3.0m. It is 5.0m high by 1.5m wide at the entrance, tapering to 2.0m high by 0.6m wide at the back.

172 Cultural Feature 2 Kinnoull Tower

Parish Kinfauns

NGR NO1390622727

NMRS site number NO12SW 265

SMR site number

History and Archaeology

Near the summit of Kinnoull Hill is Kinnoull Tower, built by the 9th Earl of Kinnoull. Both Kinnoull Tower and nearby Binn Tower were built in the 18th century in imitation of the castles on the Rhine in Germany, as proud landmarks above the Tay, Scotland's largest river.

Kinnoull Tower looking South South East.

173 Cultural Feature 3 Kinfauns Castle

Parish Kinfauns

NGR NO 15046 22647

NMRS site number NO12SE 25

SMR site number Not Listed

History and Archaeology

The present castle of Kinfauns was was built in the 1830s by the distinguished English architect, Robert Smirke, upon the site of its predecessor. The character of the earlier building is not known. Kinfauns was a seat of the Charteris family from the 14th century. The house is built in a castellated style. This style became popular in England and Scotland and was one of the styles of architecture for country houses in Picturesque landscaped parks. Adam's castle-style is a complex hybrid, Smirke's is reductively simple.

Kinfauns is a suave version of a castle; grand without being rugged, elegant yet with a broken outline. The effect is achieved through the use of smooth masonry and minimal fortified features, e.g., no gun-loops and turrets are confined to the tower only.

174

Kinfauns Castle from the East

175 Cultural Feature 4 Kinfauns Castle Designed Landscape

Parish Kinfauns

NGR NO150226

NMRS site number NO12SW 275.03

SMR site number Not Listed

History and Archaeology

An important picturesque designed landscape, which plays an important role in the local scenery and provides some of the most significant views in the region.

176

Designed Landscape at Kinfauns Castle

177 Cultural Feature 4 Binn Hill Tower

Parish Kinfauns

NGR NO1569622630

NMRS site number NO12SE 130

SMR site number MPK10867

History and Archaeology

Just like Kinnoull Tower the Binn Hill Tower was built in the 18th century in imitation of the castles on the Rhine in Germany, as proud landmarks above the Tay, Scotland's largest river.

Binn Hill Tower looking North East

178 Cultural Feature 5 Logboat

Parish Kinfauns

NGR NO146220

NMRS site number NO12SW 211

SMR site number MPK6991

History and Archaeology

In June 1848 a logboat of ‘oak’ was ‘taken out of the bed of the Tay, at Sleepless Island’ (Perthshire Courier 22 June 1848). One end was missing but the remains measured about 22’ (6.7m) in length. It was intended to preserve the boat, but this does not appear to have been achieved (Mowat 1996, 78, 112, 121, no 152, tab 1).

179 Horn Farm orchard

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863

180 1

1. Architectural frags 2. Church 3. Farmhouse

181 Orchard Horn Farm

Current Owner Unknown

Cultural Feature 1 Architectural Fragments (at Charlestown steading)

Parish Errol

NGR NO 2450 2761

NMRS site number NO22NW 42.01

SMR site number Not Listed

History and Archaeology

A substantial piece of curvilinear tracery, the central member from a circlet in a major window, lies beside the slurry pit of Charlestown steading. Probably of 15th-century date, it was discovered about 1970 in ground beside the farmhouse but probably came originally from Scone Abbey (NO12NW 9.03) where there are other fragments of this type and period (RCAHMS 1989). Note that these pieces of the stone are more likely to originate from a former ecclesiastical building in the vicinity rather than Scone Abbey, a structure possibly associated with a former monastic grange (D Hall observation 2010).

Fragment of window tracery at Charlestown Farm

182

NO22NW 60 NO 245 276

Four circular stones with flattish sides, some with iron bars in one side. In garden of farmhouse. Average size: 40cm diameter by 15cm thick. A Zealand 1989.

183

Cultural Feature 2 Westown Church

Parish Errol

NGR NO2493227465.

NMRS site number NO22NW 21

SMR site number MPK4666

History and Archaeology

This late medieval church is situated on a ridge of high ground on the Carse of Gowrie. It is rectangular on plan, measuring 15m from W to E by 6.85m transversely over walls 1.10m thick, and originally consisted of a nave and chancel. The chancel, however, has been removed, leaving only the blocked-up chancel-arch and the nave. The external masonry of the nave is of snecked, squared rubble, built to a course and incorporates some re-used stones and dressings; the internal masonry is of a random rubble build. Put-log holes pierce the walls at regular intervals, those at the E end of the N and S walls respectively suggesting that the nave was built before the chancel, though the latter was clearly part of the original scheme. The W gable has a chamfered offset at the height of the main wall-head, a slit- window above, and a bellcote. There are doorways in the N and S walls, that on the S round- headed with a roll-moulded surround, and the other with a chamfered arris. There are also two square-headed windows in the S wall; the easterly wrought with a quirked roll- moulding, while its neighbour to the W has a redented arris bordered by two shallow roll- mouldings; both windows have glazing-grooves, and the sill of the latter incorporates what may be a re-used coped slab. The window in the N wall is a lancet with a cusped head, a slightly convex chamfered hollow-roll-moulding and a weathered sill; there is a glazing- groove and a well-formed segmental rear-arch. The pointed chancel-arch has simple respond capitals and a chamfered main rib; a number of moulded stones are incorporated in the blocking. A stoup seems to have been removed from beside the S door (where there is a gash in the masonry) and joist sockets roughly central to this wall may indicate the site of the repositioned pulpit. Within the burial-ground there is a 17th-century graveslab. The church is on record in 1331 x 33 and was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin of Inchmartin. According to the author of the New Statistical Account it was dismantled sometime after 1795. (NSA 1845; D MacGibbon and T Ross 1896-7; L Melville 1935; I B Cowan 1967).

In the last couple of years this church has been extensively cleaned up and cleared of vegetation (under the auspices of A Driver Perth and Kinross Heritage Trust).

184

Cultural Feature 3 Farmhouse

Parish Errol

NGR NO2499726216

NMRS site number NO22NW101

SMR site number MPK13063

History and Archaeology

DESC: Late 18th century with additions, Dav id Neav e, 1820. 2-storey , 4-bay , piend-roofed, solid clay -wall f armhouse incorporated into large steading with classically -detailed dov ecot. Harled clay with stone margins; squared rubble, some drov ed dressings. Chamf ered arrises.

FARMHOUSE: SE (ENTRANCE AND STEADING COURTYARD) ELEVATION: part-glazed boarded timber door to right at ground and window to lef t, 4 windows close to eav es at 1st f loor. Cartshed and granary adjoining to lef t, barn with hay lof t range and single storey bothy to right. NW (REAR) ELEVATION: 2 windows to ground in centre and lef t bay s, and f urther window to 1st f loor lef t (all openings small). 4- and 12-pane glazing patterns in timber sash and case windows, except 1st f loor NW with plate glass casement window. Grey slates. Coped brick stacks with thackstanes and some cans. STEADING: slated, coursed and squared rubble with drov ed ashlar and squared rubble dressings.

W COURTYARD: W (DOVECOT, CARTSHED AND GRANARY) RANGE: classical piended S elev ation with f ull-height corniced pilasters and dormer pediment with arched recess containing consoled and corniced door, and 3-tier dov ecot with bowed alighting ledges and round-headed f light holes. E elev ation with 5 square-headed cart arches below granary openings close to eav es, stone f orestair and boarded timber lof t door to lef t. E RANGE: 2 broad piended bay s; that to lef t with door to right and v ertically -astragalled 3-light (leaded?) window below boarded timber hay lof t opening with timber canopy and door to lef t. Single storey bay to right with window and f urther opening obscured by v egetation. Blank S elev ation.

IMPLEMENTS SHED: to S of above courty ard. Slated brick range with semicircular windows to W and open E elev ation with cast-iron columns, decorativ e centre dormered bay .

FURTHER RANGES: variety of rubble cattle courts and various ranges (some altered) to W and S, including horsemill (not seen 2000). NOTES: The farmhouse is an unusual and impressiv e example of this construction ty pe, normally restricted to single storey

185 structures. Melville records a Latin inscription worded "A mud building is a defence" over the main door. The lands of 'Westhorn' belonged to the 12th century Cupar Abbey with the f ollowing insertion in the 15th century Rental Book "Westhorn - At Pentecost 1465 the half part of Westhorn of Kerso is let f or 5 y ears to Robt Kors, f or annual payment in money , cocks, hens and services, as before". The last Abbot ( prior to the Ref ormation) of Cupar, Donald Campbell, pre-empted f orthcoming ev ents when he disposed by Feu Charter dated 8 January , 1558 "The Toun and Lands of Westhorn ... and teinds thereof to Henry Brown and Marion Scott, his wife, in lif erent, and James Brown their son, in fee". By 1776 the proprietors were the 'Fraternity of Masters and Seamen in Dundee'. REF: DUNDEE ADVERTISER (May 12, 1820). Fenton and Walker THE RURAL ARCHITECTURE OF SCOTLAND (1981), p81. Melv ille ERROL (1935), p160.

186 Kilspindie Manse Orchard

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863

187 2 1 4

Cultural Features

1. Dovecot

2. Site of Castle and architectural frags

3. Old parish church

4. Unenclosed settlement (cropmarks)

188 Orchard Kilspindie Manse

Current Owner Unknown

Cultural Feature 1 Dovecot

Parish Kilspindie

NGR NO2185725860

NMRS site number NO22NW33

SMR site number MPK4678

Site visits 19 th January 2010

History and Archaeology

On a slight rise in a field immediately to the NW of Kilspindie steading (NO22NW 71), there is a late 17th-century lectern dovecot. It measures 7.86m from W to E by 5.13m transversely over rubble walls 0.6m in thickness. At some stage the dovecot has been re-roofed with slates, but this roof has partly collapsed; it was fitted with three dormers, of which one survives. The copes are plain and on the back-wall are capped by two pyramidic-finials. There is a stepped rat ledge, and a fragment of medieval tracery has been inset above the ledge at the centre of the S wall.

189 Cultural Feature 2 Castle and architectural fragments

Parish Kilspindie

NGR NO 21945 25768

NMRS site number NO22NW 11

SMR site number MPK5361

History and Archaeology

There are no standing remains of the castle which is said to have stood on or close to the site of the 19th-century farmhouse at Kilspindie (NO22NW 71). However, a number of dressed and moulded stones are incorporated in buildings close by. Built into the steading itself (NO 2192 2582), above a door at the WSW end of the S range, there is a dormer pediment bearing an armorial and the initials WL/MB, and at the ENE end of the steading a moulded slab has been re-used as a lintel over the tail-race of a mill lade. Incorporated in an outbuilding adjoining the manse (NO 2194 2569), there are other fragments, including part of one armorial re-used as a jamb, and another, much effaced, in the interior. Other stones and a sundial are incorporated in the fabric of the church (NO22NW 43) and, although these need not have come from the castle, as a group they would point to the presence of a building or buildings of late 16th- or 17th-century date. Melville (Melville 1939) records that the remains of the castle, comprising a stone stair and some thick walls, were taken down and used in the erection of the new farm buildings, and also that 'it is not many years since the present tenant dug up a part of the old causeway, which had originally been laid in the shape of a V'. He also notes a stone which had been 'used for a spout for water running beside the church gate', but on the date of visit this was not located. Incorporated in the garage wall at the manse there is a stone which bears a low circular boss; Melville suggested that it was probably a prehistoric carving, but it seems to be natural.

190 Cultural Feature 3 Old Parish Church

Parish Kilspindie

NGR NO 21997 25752

NMRS site number NO22NW 43

SMR site number MPK4684

History and Archaeology

There are no visible remains of the medieval parish church of Kilspindie. The fabric of the present church, which is of 19th-century date, incorporates in re-use a number of moulded stones, particularly in the S wall above the doorway at the W end and the window at the E end. Immediately W of this window there is a 17th-century sundial, and central to the wall there is a small collared capital. Some of these stones could, however, have come from Kilspindie castle (NO22NW 11) which formerly stood close by. In the burial-ground there are at least two 17th-century gravestones, and also a number of 18th-century date. The church of Kilspindie is on record in 1395.

191

Cultural Feature 4 Unenclosed settlement (cropmarks)

Parish Kilspindie

NGR NO2210 2580

NMRS site number NO22NW 36

SMR site number MPK4681

Scheduled Ancient Monument number SAM 4447

History and Archaeology

Aerial photography has revealed the cropmarks of an unenclosed settlement on the summit of a ridge 100m NE of Kilspindie church (NO22NW 43). They include a series of overlapping or interconnecting sub-circular and crescentic features, at least two of which probably indicate the positions of souterrains. Some of the crescentic features probably represent circular houses, but the shapes of some of the other marks are more angular, perhaps indicating the former existence of rectangular structures.

192 Kinnaird orchard

193 1

Ordnance Survey 2009

Cultural Features

1. Pitmiddle village 2. Kinnaird Castle 3. Dovecot 4. Church 5. Motte

194 Orchard Kinnaird Castle

Current Owner Unknown

Cultural Feature 1 Pitmiddle deserted village

Parish Kinnaird

NGR NO 244 296

NMRS site number NO22NW 23

SMR site number MPK4669

Scheduled Monument number SAM 2675

History and Archaeology

The village of Pitmiddle, first on record in the 12th century is now completely deserted; only the shells of the buildings remain and are overgrown with vegetation. The last inhabitants left in the 1930’s (Perry and Reid 1988). The surviving walls are 0.6m wide on average with a maximum height of c.4.0m.

Pitmiddle deserted village (from Google Earth)

195 Cultural Feature 2 Castle

Parish Kinnaird

NGR NO 24122890

NMRS site number NO22NW 24

SMR site number Not Listed

History and Archaeology

Kinnaird Castle, a tall and impressive tower, once a roofless ruin, was restored in 1855 (SDD List 1966) and is again inhabited. Tranter considers it to be of 15th century, or possibly earlier, date, while the SDD date it to about 1500 and MacGibbon and Ross state it dates from the early 16th century. It is oblong on plan with a small projecting tower or buttress at the SW angle.

The building, which formerly had a courtyard or outer bailey to the W, rises four storeys to the parapet, 60ft above ground level, and there is a gabled garret storey above, within the parapet walk. There are two entrances, both in the S front. One, at basement level, is protected by an iron yett; the other, at first floor in the buttress tower, is now reached by a stone forestair. Originally almost certainly this door would give access to a parapet walk which would run round the top of the walling of the courtyard. E of the tower is a small two-storeyed building, dated 1610. Kinnaird was the original seat of the family of that name, who it is said built their castle here in the 13th century, though this is too early for any of the present buildings. (D MacGibbon and T Ross 1887; N Tranter 1963).

Kinnaird Castle looking North East

196 Cultural Feature 3 Dovecot

Parish Kinnaird

NGR NO 24229 28834

NMRS site number NO22NW 27

SMR site number MPK4673

History and Archaeology

Dovecot, Kinnaird Castle: Rectangular lean-to single compartment type, rubble-built, originally harled. Stone boxes. Perhaps originally 17th century; present skews and back wall cope 18th century. Inner lintel of door re-used sculptured stone - ? tomb slab - incised concentric circles interlaced with straight lines; shears.

Kinnaird Castle Dovecot looking North East

197 Cultural Feature 4 Church

Parish Kinnaird

NGR NO2429728641

NMRS site number NO22NW 55

SMR site number MPK13004

History and Archaeology

There are no visible remains of the medieval parish church of Kinnaird. The present church is of early 19th-century date and replaced a church built in 1674. In the burial-ground there are a number of 18th-century gravestones. A medieval gravestone which may have come from this site is in re-use as a door-lintel in the dovecot which stands 200m to the NNW (NO22NW 27). Granted to the priory of St Andrews as a chapel of Inchture by William I (1165-1214), the church remained a pendicle at the Reformation.

198 Cultural Feature 5 Motte

Parish Kinnaird

NGR NO 24362854

NMRS site number NO22NW 25

SMR site number MPK4671

History and Archaeology

(NO 2436 2854) Motte, Barton Hill: This prominent mound, a plug of andesite 70 yds E of Kinnaird church, was the subject of a rescue excavation on behalf of the DoE in December 1971. The summit of the mound measured 24.7m N-S by 18.4m transversely. The sides of the mound to N and E were long and precipitous but shorter to S and W. Excavation exposed all but the NE quadrant of the top of this mound.

The S half had been dished and here eleven rock-cut pits were found. Four averaged 1m indiameter and depth and were arranged on the corners of a quadrilateral aligned NW to SE measuring centre to centre an average of 4m. The remaining seven pits were smaller and were disposed three a side on three sides of a larger quadrilateral with the same alignment and measuring centre to centre an average of 6m. The SW pit of this arrangement was found to be linked to a rock-cut timber slot which extended half the distance along the NW side. The larger pits of the inner setting held the timbers of a tower house surrounded by a post and log fence with an opening in the E half of the NW side.

The S end of the summit had been protected by a low drystone wall acting as an inner revetment to a wooden stockade.

The N end of the site had been roughly paved and from this area a quantity of domestic debris was recovered including 13th - 14th century pottery. There were also two pieces of Samian ware.

199

200 New Farm Orchard

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863

201 1

Cultural Features

1. Former settlement of Randerstown

202 Orchard New Farm

Current Owner Unknown

Cultural Feature 1 Former village of Randerstown

Parish Errol

NGR c NO267228

NMRS site number Not listed

SMR site number Not listed

Site visits 18 th January 2010

History and Archaeology

A charter of 1305 granting Coupar Angus Abbey a site for two fish traps mentions the land of ‘Randalston’ as one of boundaries to this land grant (Easson 1947, XLV). A settlement named Bandeston is shown on General Roy’s Miltary Survey of 1747-55 and a settlement named as ‘Randerstown’ is marked on John Thomson’s map of 1827. The settlement is shown lying South East of New Farm but it has disappeared by the first edition Ordnance Survey map of 1862. From a site visit it would appear that the former site of this settlement has been washed away by the River Tay.

203

General Roy’s Military Survey 1747-1755

204

John Thomson’s map of Perthshire (1827)

205

North Murie Orchard

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863

206

Cultural Features

None

207 Overyards Orchard

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863

208

Cultural Features

None

209 Powgavie Orchard

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863

210 1

Cultural Features

1. Harbour

211 Cultural Feature no 1 Powgavie Harbour

Parish Errol

NGR NO 2907 2533

NMRS site number NO22NE 20

SMR site number MPK4647

Site visits 18 th January 2010

History and Archaeology

From a site visit the access road to this harbour is now gated off (January 2010).

212 Rait Orchard

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863

213 1

2 3

Cultural Features

1. Church (rems of)

2. Cup marked stone

3. Fort

214 Orchard Rait

Current Owner Unknown

Cultural Feature 1 Church (rems of)

Parish Kilspindie

NGR NO 22747 26855

NMRS site number NO22NW 3

SMR site number MPK4684

History and Archaeology

215 Cultural Feature 2 Cup marked stone

Parish Kilspindie

NGR NO 2275 2677

NMRS site number NO22NW 52

SMR site number MPK5143

History and Archaeology

216 Cultural Feature 3 Fort

Parish Kilspindie

NGR NO22992675

NMRS site number NO22NW 6

SMR site number

Site visits 19 th January 2010

History and Archaeology

217 Rawes Orchard

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863

218 1

Cultural Features

1. Cultivation Remains

219 Orchard Rawes

Current Owner Unknown

Cultural Feature 1 Cultivation Remains

Parish Longforgan

NGR NO3070528098

GPS Waypoint N 56° 26.412’ W 003° 07.555’

NMRS site number Not Listed

SMR site number Not Listed

Site visits 18 th January 2010

History and Archaeology

From a site visit it is clear that there are upstanding traces of rig and furrow cultivation on the site of the orchard.

Rig and Furrow cultivation remains looking South South East

220 Rossie Priory Orchard

1st Edition Ordnance Survey Map

221 1 1

3 1 1

222 Cultural Features

1. Designed landscape

2. Cross

3. Priory

4. Church

5. Moncur Castle

223 Orchard Rossie Priory

Current Owner Unknown

Cultural Feature 1 Designed Landscape

Parish Inchture

NGR NO285307

NMRS site number NO23SE 38

SMR site number MPK6663

History and Archaeology

Components of the designed landscape

The designed landscape of Rossie Priory was laid out between 1800-1833. Further improvements were made within this structure between 1887 and World War II and up to the present time.

Parkland The parkland extends across the flatter Carse lands between Rossie Hill and the A85(T). The Moncur and Rossie Burns flow through the south park and join to form the Huntly Burn before flowing south to join the River Tay. The parks contain several sites of historic interest; the remains of Moncur Castle are noted on both the 1st and 2nd edition OS maps lying to the east of Rossie Lake. Castlehill on the west boundary marks the site of Edgar Castle, and the Market Cross to the south of Rossie Church marks the site of the old village of Rossie. Drimmie House, the family home until c.1800, was sited in the park to the north of the East Lodge. Several drives sweep through the parks in their approach to the house. Of these, the east drive provides a view of the house. Two drives indicated on the 1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863 which entered from Moncur Lodge and Middle Lodge and joined the east drive at mid-way to the house, had gone by the time of the 2nd edition OS survey. A drive runs from the house to the village of Baledgarno and another passes to the north of the walled garden and up to the West Lodge. The south drive was cut off in the course of recent A85(T) improvements. The parks are farmed at present with the exception of a small stretch immediately to the south of the house where the cricket pitch lies, one of the oldest in Scotland. A few individual parkland trees and clumps remain in this area. Elsewhere, trees are mainly

224 confined to the drives and field boundaries. Species are mixed deciduous, many dating from c.1900. The west avenue is flanked by fine lime trees, whilst oak and ash of similar age, c.85 years, flank the drive to Baledgarno.

Woodland The largest area of woodland at Rossie Priory covers Rossie Hill, which is of mixed coniferous and deciduous species. Other woodlands of a similar nature are established in the Knap Den, Rossie Den, Baledgarno Den and, on either side of the east drive, as far as Rossie Burn. All were established by 1863 although many individual trees post-date this time. The woodland on the western side of the south drive was extended to enclose Rossie Lake which was created between 1863 and c.1900, and a belt of conifers has recently been planted along the east side of the south drive. Lombardy poplars have recently been planted along the park edge of some areas of woodland. The largest Wych Elm in Scotland, located at Rossie Priory, was recorded in the Guinness Book of Records; this tree has died recently from Dutch Elm disease.

Woodland Garden The woodland garden is located between the house and the walled garden on a series of terraces laid out to accommodate the slope of Rossie Hill. The paths are shown on the 1st edition OS of 1863 and the age of some trees would indicate that the planting was first established on the site at the time when the house was built. An extensive arboretum was established in the 1860s and this extended to the south of the walled garden. Records were kept of the initial planting but these have since been lost. Measurements of some of the trees were made by Alan Mitchell in 1975 and again in 1985, comparison of which indicates the growth rate where this has occurred (some trees appear to have the same dimensions). Some trees appear for the first time on the list whilst others have been omitted, possibly indicating their loss during the period between 1970-85. Within the canopy of the woodland garden, an area has been cleared of invasive and a new garden has been created. The original paths were traced and the area has been planted with various rhododendron, both species and hybrids, with the help of Peter Cox from nearby Glendoick.

Ornamental Garden There are three areas of ornamental garden: the Terrace Garden, the Topiary Garden and the Water Garden. The Terrace Garden is situated along the south front of the house, created within the last ten years on the site of part of the house which was demolished between 1946-49. It contains a variety of flowering shrubs, roses and herbaceous plants and provides an attractive setting to the house. The Topiary Garden is situated within the woodland garden to the east of the walled garden. It appears to be indicated on the 1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863 of 1863. Enclosed by clipped yew hedges, it is terraced to accommodate the slope and each terrace is linked

225 by central stone steps. The garden was laid out with rose beds until World War II when the whole garden, including the paths, was grassed over. The main grassed path from the house (to the walled garden) runs through the centre of the Topiary Garden. On approaching from the east, the clipped yew arches of the garden frame the vista which centres on the fountain of the Water Garden beyond. This garden was laid out in the Victorian period and, whilst the centre feature of the fountain has remained, the planting has changed over the years. There are no records as to the type of planting originally adopted but, by c.1945, it was predominantly ferns. Since 1970 Lady Kinnaird has added many moisture-loving plants and has created a most attractive water garden. Other planting includes meconopsis and primula, alongside varieties of Japanese maples.

Walled Garden The walled garden extends over three tiered enclosed areas. The top and lower walled gardens are separated by a narrow enclosed strip where vegetables are now grown for the house. The garden as a whole was run as a market garden until five years ago. The lowest garden is now grassed. The top garden is sub-divided by a wall which runs west/east. The garden to the north of this wall is maintained; extensive shrub borders flank the path which runs west/east along the north side of the garden terminating at each end at the large ornamental wrought-iron gates. Cut flowers are grown commercially for the Dundee area. Peaches are grown on the wall where glasshouses used to stand. The east glasshouse was removed about 40 years ago. Of those which remain, sited on the north side of the garden wall set into the slope on the hill, one is heated and houses a number of interesting plants including Lapageria rosea

226

Cultural Feature 2 Cross

Parish Inchture

NGR NO 2821 3061

NMRS site number NO23SE 6

SMR site number MPK4819

History and Archaeology

These fragments of a cross-shaft (0.2m in diameter), embedded in an octagonal base on a stone plinth (square/convex with extruded angles), stand on a low rise beside the drive to Rossie Priory. Two other fragments of the shaft (0.55m and 0.45m long respectively) one wrought with a mortice, together with a composite concrete-and-tile ogee cap, lie immediately to the NNE at the foot of a Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana. Lord Kinnaird believes that the cross was erected in the 19th century, but its provenance is unknown (letter, April 1989).

227 Cultural Feature 3 Rossie Priory

Parish Inchture

NGR NO2852130807

NMRS site number NO23SE 38

SMR site number MPK4819

History and Archaeology

In 1948 Basil Spence & Partners were commissioned to restore and alter Rossie Priory, an early 19th century Gothic Revival house in Perthshire. The architect William Atkinson had built the house as a replacement for the 8th Lord of Kinnaird's existing seat, Drimmie House. Originally Rossie was built on a vast scale appropriate to its monastic title, but like many country houses after the Second World War, the vast building was deemed too impractical to manage and maintain. Charles Brand of Dundee, a firm who were responsible for the demolition of at least 56 Scottish country houses at this time, pulled down the greater part of the existing mansion in 1949. The remaining two-storey west wing and chapel were restored and modernised by Spence's practice. As well as making good the existing building and stonework, they instigated changes to the internal layout of the property and to its exterior elevations. In 1953, David Rock, working in Spence's London office, designed a porch for the house.

228 Cultural Feature 4 Church

Parish Inchture

NGR NO 29161 30807

NMRS site number NO23SE 4

SMR site number MPK5245

History and Archaeology

Rossie church comprises a nave and chancel, and measures 20.5m from W to E by 6.9m transversely over all. Its walls measure 0.85m in thickness and are of a random rubble build. Although almost entirely rebuilt about 1870 (T S Robertson, architect), apparently on an earlier plan but with the addition of a S porch, buttresses, bell-cote and gothic detail, the medieval fabric of the N and E walls remains largely intact. There is a chamfered offset on the E gable at the height of the main wall-head and the N entrance (arch-pointed, of two orders) is probably original. Restored for use as a memorial chapel for the Kinnaird family, the interior contains a fine collection of 19th-century funerary sculpture, a Pictish cross-slab (found about 1890 within the burial-ground, NO23SE 4.02) and, in the floor of the chancel, an incised slab of Tournai marble; the latter depicts a framed knight and lady and may date from about 1260. To the S of the church, there are a number of 17th- and 18th- century gravestones. The abthain of Rossie is on record in 1153 x 1159 and, given the presence of the Pictish cross-slab, may indicate the site of a Celtic foundation. A church is on record by 1160 x 1162, and was consecrated and dedicated to St Leonard the Martyr and St Coman, Confessor in 1243. In 1670 the parish was united with that of Inchture and, by 1792, the church was ruinous.

229 Cultural Feature 5 Moncur Castle

Parish Inchture

NGR NO 28351 29519

NMRS site number NO22NE 2

SMR site number Not Listed

History and Archaeology

The roofless ruin of Moncur Castle, a Z-plan house of 17th-century date, stands within the policies of Rossie Priory. It consists of a main block of three principal storeys (15.4m from NNW to SSE by 7.3m transversely over walls 1.2m thick at ground-floor level) with two towers, one square the other round, on the N and S respectively; the gables were crow- stepped and the chimney-stacks coped. The entrance (enriched with a quirked edge-roll and fillet, and cavetto moulding) was in the re-entrant on the E side of the N tower and opened onto the principal stair; a newel-stair, rising to the full height of the main block, is extruded in the W re-entrant of the S tower. Although probably a unitary work, there is evidence to suggest that the stair-turret in the W re-entrant of the S tower was probably an addition to the original plan; the main block and towers rise from a chamfered plinth, but in the case of the stair-turret, the plinth is absent, and the turret is only in bond at first-floor level and above. There is a fine series of masons' marks throughout the house.

Within, the vaulted ground-floor, accommodation consisted of a kitchen and two store- rooms, connected by a service corridor running the length of the block; features at the kitchen end include the springing for the fireplace, an oven and a slop-sink. The first-floor hall was endowed with a main-fireplace central to the ENE wall (wrought with a stout edge- roll); at the NNW end of the WSW wall there is a mural press and towards the SSE end of the same wall a garderobe. On the second floor provision was made for two chambers and that on the SSE was furnished with a fireplace which has a moulded surround. Further accommodation was provided in the two towers, and each of the chambers in the S tower is provided with a window, an aumbry and a fireplace; that on the first-floor is vaulted.

On the WSW side of the house, and extending S beside the old track to Moncur steading, there is a ditch up to 5.2m broad and 1m deep (for which, see also NO22NE 11).

In the early 15th century Moncur was in the hands of a branch of the Kinnaird family; it became the family seat in the 16th century, but the house itself was abandoned, following a fire, in the early 18th century.

230

231 Seasides Orchard

1st Edition Ordnance Survey Map 1863

232

1, 2

Cultural Features

1. Seaside House

2. Walled Garden

3. Fishtraps (general location of)

233

Orchard Seasides

Current Owner Alistair Leslie

Cultural Feature 1 Seaside House

Parish Errol

NGR NO 28364 24383

NMRS site number NO22SE 50

SMR site number MPK11834

History and Archaeology

Possibly John Paterson, circa 1800. 2-storey with attic and basement, 5-bay classical house with blind Doric portico, piend and platform roof with circular cupola. Snecked squared rubble with drov ed ashlar margins. Moulded cill course, band courses and eav es cornice with small blocking course. Segmental headed doorpiece with paired f lanking columns and corniced balustrade. Voussoirs and stone mullions. NW (PRINCIPAL) ELEVATION: centre bay with stair and iron railings leading to broad panelled timber door with f lanking lights and sunburst-astragalled f anlight, balustrade above giv ing way to wide centre tripartite (outer lights blinded); regular fenestration to slightly set back outer bay s at each f loor (including basement). SE (RIVER) ELEVATION: conical-roofed bowed centre bay with 3 windows to each floor and regular fenestration to flanking bay s. SW ELEVATION: centre door at basement with v ariety of openings to outer bay s (see Notes), regular fenestration to 3 bay s of each f loor abov e. NE ELEVATION: 3 windows to each f loor, basement with small timber door to outer left. 9- and 12-pane glazing pattern in timber sash and case windows. Grey slates and cast-iron roof lights. Droved ashlar stacks. INTERIOR: good decorativ e scheme in place including galleried circular hall with classical cornice and frieze, further swagged f rieze to glazed conical cupola. 6- panelled architrav ed doors radiating f rom central hall. Drawing room with Adam style carved f ireplace (not original); further timber fireplaces and cast-iron grates. Kitchen with large arched fireplace and bread oven 'C H & G NICOLL MAKERS DUNDEE'. Vaulted cellars. NOTES: Group with Lodge House, Coach House and Walled Garden. The original Seasyde House dated from the mid 17th century , and belonged to the father of Admiral Duncan of Camperdown. By the middle of the 18th century the estate had passed to the Hunters, a local farming family , who built the current house. Paterson drawings amongst Camperdown papers, dated 1797, show a larger house of similar plan, and the now demolished 'Seggieden' was also similar. Parts of the basement toward the west probably belong to the original house.

The current owners are connected with the Rothes family , of Ballinbreich Castle and Leslie House in Fife. The f ine pyramidally -coped square-section ashlar gatepiers were imported

234 during the late 20th century (Melville 1935, 182)ERROL (1935), Information courtesy of owner.

235 Cultural Feature 2 Walled Garden

Parish Errol

NGR NO 28214 24290

NMRS site number NO22SE

SMR site number MPK14004

History and Archaeology

Possibly 18th century . Rectangular plan walled garden. Coped brick on rubble base. Greenhouse in disrepair at NE corner. NOTES: Group with Seasyde House, Coach House and Lodge. 'Seaside' appears on James Stobie's 1783 map, the house was replaced circa 1800. (James Stobie's Map (1783).)

236

Cultural Feature 3 Fish Traps

Parish Errol

NGR NO285243 to NO291251

NMRS site number Not Listed

SMR site number Not Listed

History and Archaeology

In Volume 1 of the ‘Charters of Coupar Angus Abbey’ there is a Charter of ‘William de Haya, lord of Athmoris, whereby he grants to Coupar (Coupar Angus Abbey) a site for two cruives (fish traps) on the shore or sand of the Tay, between the marches of his land of Athmoris and the land of Polgavy on the one side and the land of Randalston on the other’ (Easson 1947, XLV). This entry is dated to 1305 AD. It is now difficult to accurately locate this site as Randalston (see entry for New Farm orchard) no longer exists but ‘Athmoris’ is the modern day Aithmuir and ‘Polgavy’ the modern day Powgavie so it must have been somewhere along this stretch of the River Tay.

237 Seggieden Orchard

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map

238 1

Cultural Features

1. Kinfauns church

2. Seggieden House

3. Bronze Age swords

4. Elcho Castle

239 Orchard Seggieden Orchard

Current Owner Unknown

Cultural Feature 1 Kinfauns Church

Parish Kinfauns

NGR NO 1666822259

NMRS site number N012SE 13

SMR site number MPK5428

History and Archaeology

The old parish church of Kinfauns is a roofless ruin standing in its burial-ground. Rectangular on plan, it measures 21.6m from E to W by 7.9m transversely (over walls up to 1.2m thick) and preserves the remains of chamfered offsets at each gable. Although the building has been extensively altered since the Reformation, its fabric incorporates medieval work, and features include a semicircular-headed Easter Sepulchre, a round-headed N doorway and, in the middle of the S wall immediately above the present ground level, an ogival-headed recess. A medieval coped grave-cover, bearing a floriate-headed cross and shears, stands against the S wall of the church at the W end, a second is in re-use in the lintelled embrasure of the N doorway, and what may be a third has been cut to serve as a lintel of a square-headed window at the E end of the S wall. A burial-aisle bearing the date 1598 adjoins the church on the S. It is roofed, and appears to have been extensively repaired externally. Internally, it has a ribbed and groin-vaulted ceiling and cartouche panels on the E and W walls, one of which records that the aisle was built by John Charteris and Janet Chisholm. On record as a chapel of the parish church of Scone in the 12th century, the church attained parochial status by 1419. It went out of use in 1868 when it was replaced by a new building (NO12SE 67.00) 30m to the WNW.

240 Cultural Feature 2 Seggieden House

Parish Kinfauns

NGR NO1669521530

NMRS site number NO12SE 107

SMR site number Not Listed

History and Archaeology

Owner: Major Drummond-Hay

Architect: Built 1772-75 John Paterson, 1793-95 (remodelled or rebuilt?)

Elcho Castle, Kinnoull Cliff and Seggieden House by David Octavius Hill 1821

241 Cultural Feature 3 Bronze Age swords

Parish Kinfauns

NGR NO1621

NMRS site number NO12SE 16

SMR site number MPK3316

History and Archaeology

Three Late Bronze Age swords have been found in the Tay, opposite or near Elcho (J M Coles 1962):- A - of Wilburton type, showing Ewart Park influence (J M Coles 1962), 23 1/2ins long, with a slotted hilt-plate, and two rivet-holes in the wings. Presented to Perth Museum in 1854 (Accession no. 136) and still there (Visited by OS {W D J} 12 June 1964). B - of Hallstatt type (J M Coles 1962), with a broken point, found in 1865; 24 3/4 ins long, with three rivet-holes in each wing, and four in the hilt-plate. In the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland (NMAS Accession no. DL 4). (A G Reid 1898 and J M Coles 1962) C - 23 3/4 ins long, hilt-plate concealed by a modern handle. At one time in the Perth Museum (J Anderson 1888 and A G Reid 1898); not there now. J Anderson 1888; A G Reid 1898; J M Coles 1962. Visited by OS (W D J) 12 June 1964.

A. (no. 226) (Wilburton type - variant G). Found in the R. Tay by the fishermen of Darry Island opposite Elcho, in 1854. Complete sword, L. 59.85cm; Term.w. 4.00cm; Sh.w. 5.45cm; M.b.w. 4.45cm; slight messy black patina. Well cast, in good condition, and edge still quite sharp; rivets, Sl:4, none in situ - Perth Mus. (1338). B. (no. 743) (Gundlingen type - variant d). From R. Tay, near Elcho Castle in 1865. - Sword with point missing, L. 62.90cm; Term.w. 3.40cm; Sh.w. 5.50cm; M.b.w. 3.38cm; in extremely good condition, but one curled shoulder. No patina on blade, dark brown patina on hilt; rivets, 2 + 2:4 (+2bl), six in situ. C B Burgess and I Colquhoun 1988.

The Late Bronze Age sword that was recovered from the River Tay, at Seggieden (now Seggiedon) is now preserved in Perth Museum (PMAG 1338). It was found by the fishermen of Darry Island and presented to the Literary and Antiquarian Society of Perth by Provost Dewar in November 1854. The sword is of Wilburton type (c.950-750 BC), with a leaf-shaped blade, a flanged slotted tang and widely projecting shoulders with rivet-holes for attachment of the hilt-plates.

242

The Elcho sword

243 Cultural Feature 4 Elcho Castle

Parish Kinfauns

NGR NO 1643821083

NMRS site number NO12SE 11.00

SMR site number MPK3313

History and Archaeology

Elcho Castle of the period 1540-1700, is an example of the transition between the keep and the mansion. It was undoubtedly surrounded with walls, and probably had a ditch outside. The only remaining evidence of the wall is a round tower about 70 yards SW of the castle. There seems to have been an earlier castle at Elcho, associated with Wallace, according to Blind Harry. A canal or ditch formerly connected the castle with the River Tay, about 150 yards distant, and ended in a quarry. D MacGibbon and T Ross 1887-92; A H Millar 1890.

244 Waterybutts Orchard

1st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863

245 3

2 1

Cultural Features

1. Dovecot 2. Architectural Fragment 3. Architectural Fragment

246 Orchard Waterybutts

Current Owner Unknown

Cultural Feature 1 Dovecot

Parish Errol

NGR NO2765725928

NMRS site number NO22NE7.01

SMR site number MPK5254

Site visits 18 th January 2010

History and Archaeology

Directly adjacdent to a new house at Waterybutts Farm, there is a roofless two- compartment lectern dovecot. It measures 8.68m from E to W by 4.63m transversely over walls 0.8m in thickness. The side-walls and pedimented rear-wall are crow-stepped, and each of the three pediments is crowned by a ball-finial (see also NO22NE 8); the skews are cavetto-moulded and bear the date 1733 and the initials IM. The dovecot is noteworthy for the survival of its original doors, inner gates and fittings. It once also possessed a stepped rat course, but on the side-walls this has been cut back flush with the masonry; bird-entry ports (paired) are incorporated in the side walls as well as originally in the roof.

Waterybutts Dovecot looking South East

247

Waterybutts Dovecot looking North East

248

Detail view of nesting boxes in Waterybutts Dovecot

249 Cultural Feature 2 Architectural Fragments (at Waterybutts)

Parish Errol

NGR NO 2750 2587

NMRS site number NO22NE 7.02

SMR site number MPK6682

History and Archaeology

Beside the front door to Waterybutts farmhouse, there is a moulded finial which may have come from Scone Abbey (NO12NW 9.03) (RCAHMS 1989). Note that this is more likely to have come from an ecclesiastical building in the vicinity possibly connected with the monastic grange of Carse Grange (Observation by D Hall 2010).

250 Cultural Feature 3 Architectural Fragments (at North Grange)

Parish Errol

NGR N0269261

NMRS site number New find not yet listed

SMR site number New find not yet listed

History and Archaeology

The current owner of North Grange has reported the discovery of a piece of architectural stonework to Perth and Kinross Heritage Trust (January 2010). At the time of writing this report a site visit has yet to take place so further details are not yet forthcoming. Note that prior to being called North Grange this farm was known as ‘Mammiesroom’ (see 1 st Edition Ordnance Survey map 1863).

251 Acknowledgements

The author would like to acknowledge Sarah Winlow of Perth and Kinross Heritage Trust for providing the data from the Perth and Kinross Sites and Monuments record.

252 References

Allen and Anderson, J R and J 1903 The early Christian monuments of Scotland: a classified illustrated descriptive list of the monuments with an analysis of their symbolism and ornamentation, Edinburgh Page(s): pt. 3, 247 figs. 260A, B

Bolton, AT 1922 Architecture of R. & J. Adam, Country index v ol. II, p. 15

Boyle, M E 1938'Suggestions for the dates of four Scottish monuments', Proc Soc Antiq Scot, vol.72, 120-121

Burgess and Colquhoun, C B and I 1988 'The swords of Britain', Prahistorische Bronzefunde, vol.4, 5 p 51, no. 226 and p. 120, no. 743

Coles, J M 1962 'Scottish Late Bronze Age metalwork: typology, distributions and chronology' Proc Soc Antiq Scot, vol.93 , 85

Coutts, H 1971 Tayside before history: a guide catalogue of the collection of antiquities in Dundee Museum, Catalogue no. 1, 66, no.136

Cowan, I B 1967 The parishes of medieval Scotland, Scot Rec Soc, vol.93 , 86

Cowan, S 1904 The ancient capital of Scotland: the story of Perth from the invasion of Agricola to the passing of the Reform Bill, 82-83

Crawford, O G S 1949 Topography of Roman Scotland north of the Antonine Wall, 138-9

Cullingford, Caseldine and Gotts, R A, C J and P E 1980 'Early Flandrian land and sea-level changes in Lower Strathearn', Nature, vol.284 13 March 1980, 159-61

Easson, D E 1947 Charters of the Abbey of Coupar Angus , 2 Vols, Publications of the Scottish History Society (Edinburgh)

Fenton, A. & Walker, B., 1981 The Rural Architecture of Scotland

Geikie, J 1880 'Discovery of an ancient canoe in the old alluvium of the Tay at Perth', Scot Natur, vol.5 , 1-7

Graham, A 1968-69 ‘Archaeological Notes on some Harbours in Eastern Scotland.’ Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 101 (1968-69)

253 Hall, D W 2005 Scottish Monastic Landscapes

Hume, J R 1977 The industrial archaeology of Scotland, 2, the Highlands and Islands, 139

Hutcheson, A 1897 'Notice (1) of an ancient canoe found in the River Tay, near Errol; (2) a grinding-stone found on the Sidlaw Hills; (3) a beggar's badge of sixteenth century found in Dundee; and (4) a spear-head of flint found in the carcass of a whale. Being recent additions to the Dundee Museum', Proc Soc Antiq Scot, vol.31 , 265-72 fig.1

Jervise, A 1861 Memorials of Angus and the Mearns: being an account historical antiquarian and traditional of the castles and towns visited by Edward I and of the barons, clergy and others who swore fealty to England in 1291-6: and also of the Abbey of Cupar and the Priory of Roseneath, Edinburgh, 306

MacGibbon and Ross, D and T 1896-7 'The ecclesiastical architecture of Scotland from the earliest Christian times to the seventeenth century', 3v Vol.3, 522-4 fig.1486

Maitland, W 1757 The history and antiquities of Scotland, from the earliest account of time to the death of James the First, anno 1437, Vol.2, 215

Marshall, T H 1849 The history of Perth from the earliest period to the present time...with a supplement, containing the 'Inventory of the Gabions', and the 'Musses Threnodie', by Henry Adamson, Perth, 346

McGrail, S 1978 Logboats of England and Wales with comparative material from European and other countries, Brit Archaeol Rep, BAR British, vol.51 National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, Archaeological Series, 2 vol. 1, 67

McGrail, S 1987 Ancient boats in NW Europe: the archaeology of water transport to AD 1500, 82

Mechan, G W H 1966 'Catermilly: a lost Roman fort near Invergowrie: with notes on two recent finds of Roman coins', in Wilson, E M Aspects of antiquity: a miscellany by members of the Archaeological Section of the Abertay Historical Society Dundee, 32-40

Melville, L 1939 The fair land of Gowrie, Coupar Angus, 7-8

254 Millar, A H 1890 The historical castles and mansions of Scotland: Perthshire and Forfarshire, Paisley, 134 Mowat, R 1996 The Logboats of Scotland

Mowat, R J C 1996 The logboats of Scotland, with notes on related artefact types, Oxbow Monograph series, no. 68, vii, 28-30, 78, 110, 121, 125, 129, 133, 134, no. 38 fig. 8, tab. 1

NSA 1845 The new statistical account of Scotland by the ministers of the respective parishes under the superintendence of a committee of the society for the benefit of the sons and daughters of the clergy, Vol 10, 207-8

Perry, D R and Reid, A G 1988 Pitmiddle Village and Elcho Nunnery: Research and Excavation on Tayside

Reid, A G 1898 'Notice of an urn and bronze sword found on the farm of Bailielands in the parish of Auchterarder', Proc Soc Antiq Scot, vol.32 , 315-316

Rogers, C (ed) 1879 Rental book of the Cistercian Abbey of Cupar-Angus with the Breviary of the Register, vol 1 .

Rogers, C (ed) 1880 Rental book of the Cistercian Abbey of Cupar-Angus with the Breviary of the Register, vol 2 .

RRS Regesta Regum Scottorum , Vol 2: the acts of William I, King of Scots, 1165-1214.

Scot Notes Queries 1896 Scot Notes Queries, vol.9, 4 , 61

Scott, L 1951 'The colonisation of Scotland in the second millenium BC', Proc Prehist Soc, New, vol.17 , 30, n. 6

Stewart, M E C & Tabraham, C J 1974 'Excavations at Barton Hill, Kinnaird, Perthshire', Scot Archaeol Forum, 6 , 58-65.

Tranter, N 1962-70 'The fortified house in Scotland' Vol 2, 126-7, Scot Archaeol Forum, 6 , 58-65.

Warden, A J 1880-5 Angus or Forfarshire: the land and people, descriptive and historical, 5v Dundee Vol. 4, 172-4

Zealand, A 1989 'Charlestown Farm (Errol parish), four circular stones', Discovery Excav Scot , 63

255 Appendices

All Orchards

Heritage Features

Dovecots (11)

Bogmiln

Fingask Castle

Megginch Castle

Monorgan

Pitfour Castle

Newbigging

Castle Huntly

Glendoick House

Kilspindie Manse

Kinnaird Castle

Waterybutts

Mills (4)

Bogmiln

Inchyra Farm

Monorgan

Port Allen

Mansions and Designed Landscapes (8)

Errol Park Rossie Priory

Fingask Castle Wester Ballindean

Megginch Castle

Castle Huntly

Glendoick House

Kinfauns Castle

256 Cultivation Remains (5)

Carse Grange (South of the road)

Megginch Castle

Muirhouses

Templehall

Newbiggin g

Rawes

Roman Findspots or sites (4)

Inchyra Farm brooch

Inchyra Farm coin hoard

Mylnefield (cropmark)

Pitfour Castle (cropmark)

Barton Hill motte (Samian Ware pottery)

Harbours (3)

Powgavie

Port Allen

Inchyra Farm

Logboats (2)

Errol Park

Friarton Barnhill Toll

Architectural Stonework (4)

Fingask Castle (window tracery)

Ballindean (stone heads)

Waterybutts (roof finial)

North Grange (rumour of stonework being found)

Kilspindie Manse (stonework from castle?)

257 Horn (window tracery at Charlestown Farm)

Cropmarks (7)

Bogmiln

Clashbenny

Inchyra Farm

Annat House

Glencarse House

Glendoick House

Kilspindie Manse

Churches (7)

Rait

Seggieden

Benvie

Horn

Rossie Priory

Kilspindie Manse

Kinnaird Castle

No Cultural Features in vicinity (5)

Flatfield

Balruddery

Craigdaillie

North Murie

Overyards

258 Suggested Interpretitive Themes

1. Agriculture and food production (monastic, later use of dovecots, modern day fruit farming)

2. Industry (clay extraction)

3. Architecture (clay built houses, churches, castles and tower houses, large mansion houses with designed landscapes)

4. Evidence for former monastic buildings (architectural fragments etc)

5. River Tay (logboats, fishing)

6. Roman advance into Scotland (cropmarks of temporary camps, pottery, brooch and coins findspots)

259 Documentary References to Orchards or planting of fruit trees

References in Coupar Angus charters (Easson, D E Charters of the Abbey of Coupar Angus Vols 1 (1166-1376) and 2 (1389-1608) SHS 1947

1305 AD

Charter of William de Haya, lord of Athmoris, whereby he grants to Coupar a site for two cruives (fish traps) on the shore or sand of the Tay, between the marches of his land of Athmoris and the land of Polgavy on the one side and the land of Randalston on the other.

Reference to chapel of St Mary at Carsegrange (Vol 1 p XLV)

Vol II p224

20/12/1558

Charter by Donald Abbot of Coupar and the convent thereof, granting to Thomas Turnbull and Elizabeth Kynnaird, his spouse, the lands of Carsegrange and the mylne of BOGMYLNE, in the sheriffdom of Perth.

Vol II p235

10/4/1567

Lands of Carsegrange, Bogmylne and others granted to Lord John, earl of Atholl and John Stewart master of Atholl.

Vol II p77

10/1/1473

David Gardner given the tack of the orchards of Carse Grange

Vol 1 p69 c 1220

‘Sexaginta bigatas turbe ad opus grangie de Kethec quas accipient conversis de kethec’ 60 cartloads of turf for the grange of Keithick

Vol 2 p226-7

10/1/1558-9

Charter by Donald abbot of Coupar to Alexander Jacksone in Uatterybuttis, Annabelle Campbell, his spouse and Robert Jacksone their son and apparent heir, of the lands of Uatterybuttis , ½ of the west quarter of Carsegrange , a half of Newbigging and 4 acres of Carsegrange .

Vol 1 p 109 1241

Muirhouse granted to Coupar by William de Hay, lord of Admar

Vol 2 p65 1466

260 Perambulation of marches of Muirhouse

Vol II p 234 1561

Grant of the lands of Muirhousis to Johne Jaksoun, son of Thomas Jakson, by Donald, Abbot of Coupar

Vol II p226

10/1/1558

Charter by Donald Abbot of Coupar to Alexander Jaksoune in Uatterybuttis, Annabelle Campbell his spouse and Robert Jaksoune their son of ½ of Newbigging

Vol 1 p40

BALMETIREMAHC peatmosses beside LOKENDOR

Rental book of the Cistercian Abbey of Coupar Angus ed Rev C Rogers

P254

25/10/1503

John Abbot of Coupar grants 2 acres of ‘our landis of the Kersgrange’ with one toft and part of the ‘greyne’. ‘As it was propyt to byg ane hous on, to Jhone Keyr, inhabitat in the samyn’

‘Alsua he sal put his toft til al possibly polyci in bygin of houses, platacione of treis, eschis, osaris and sauch with their defensuris’.

Vol II p 168

Charter to Robert Alexander of the third part of the lands of GALLORAW

To ‘plant orchards, herb-gardens, flower gardens and other things suitable to the soil’

Vol 1 p171

Robert and Thom of Fyfe dated 1473?

COTZARDIS

‘plantation of treis, esche, osare and sauch, brume parkis and orchardis of froyt treis gif that ma, with hangyng and defensuris of the said plantacionis.

P176

BALGRESCHAC

To John Tonson, Jok Thom, John Londiane, Wil Mason and John Brun in husbandry

‘plantation of treis, eschis, osaris and sauch with hanyngis and defensuris of tham

261

P 188 Orchard of the Grange of Kerso

10/1/1473 (?)

David abbot of Coupar grants ‘our orchardis of our Kersgrange togidder with 4 acres of land, til our familiar David Gardner’

‘he shall put the said orchards to all possible policy after his power, that is to say in building of houses, and enclosure, with digging of waterstanks about of such depth that ged (pike), eels and fishes being in them may be conserved and kept both summer and winter, and specially with more secure dyking and hedging of the orchards, to which labour and costs the abbot shall give him for once 2 bolls of meal; and likewise he shall have the doukat putting it to all possible profit for the benefit of the abbey, giving loyal count both of the doocot and the stanks, halchand nothing but with informing, and with licence of the abbot, with planting and sowing, with plantation of fruit trees of the best kind that may be gotten. And if the abbot charges him of his fruits, for the price he shall give him that he would sell them in the market or allow him in his mail. Moreover tack to David of his husband tak of the grange foresaid, with profits, pertinentsand easements as he had before, for all the days of his life, paying yearly his mail, all service and duties at usual terms as he did before; saving that he shall pay his part of wheat for the teind as the whole toun comes to 8 chalders, and likewise of horse corn as the toun comes to 2 chalders, which corn shall be sufficient as it falls off the sheaf, the chalff taken clean from it; And for his capons he shall pay of cock or hen always for a capon two cocks or hens; And he shall put both husband tak and zard tak to all possible policy in building of houses, plantation of trees, ashes, osiers and willows; And he shall keep the statutes of the parliament and the stautes of the abbeys courts; And he shall obey an ourman , whom the abbot assigns to the toun for keeping of gud and suet nichtburhed and for their common profit. The entry to be at Whitsunday next before the date of the present (Cupar Rental , i, 188-90).

Vol II p92

Tack to Thomas Jaksone in the Muirhouss in Carsegrange

Donald abbot of Coupar Angus grants to Thomas Jakson, Margaret Cok his spouse ‘landis and tak callit the Murehouse..with the litill orcheart thar ’.

Vol 1 p220

Orchard of Kersgrange

At Pentecost 1471 the orchard of Kers grange with 4 acres of land and teinds of the same is let for 5 years to David Gardner for annual payment of 4 merks.

Vol 1 p 365

1296

Petition by Coupar Angus Abbey to Edward I for recompence for ‘burning of their granges’ by the English.

262

Vol 1 p 179 (note that most of these references to fruit trees are not in the Carse but towards Coupar Angus)

10/11/-73

Bernton of Balbrogy – planting of fruit trees

P 181 Balmyle-planting of fruit trees

P 183 Balbrogy- planting of fruit trees

P 187 Balbrogy Middleton planting of fruit trees 10/12/iiij73

P 188 Keithyck planting of fruit trees

P 195 Cothil of Keithyck planting of fruit trees

P 196 Chapelton of Keithyck ‘froyt trees’

P 248 Cothil again 12/5/1495

P 255 Mowirhous in Carso ‘best fruit trees ma be gottin, with sykhir, dykin, hedging and hangyn of the sammyn 24/2/1503

263