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Rise of Militancy in Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) After 9/11

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Rise of Militancy in Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) After 9/11 Rise of Militancy in Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) after 9/11: Problems and Prospects Muhammad Zaher Shah Department Of History Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad 2012-2015 Rise of Militancy in Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) after 9/11: Problems and Prospects Research Supervisor Prof. Dr. RAZIA SULTANA Researcher Muhammad Zaher Shah A THESIS SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Doctor of Philosophy IN HISTORY Department of History Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad 2012-2015 i ii iii To My Family iv CONTENTS Acknowledgement vii CHAPTER NO. 1 Introduction 1 Hypothesis 7 Theoretical Framework 7 Significance and Scope of the Study 10 Key Questions 11 Review of Literature 12 Methodology and Organization 21 CHAPTER NO. 2 Understanding FATA 24 Terrain and People 30 Climate 35 Social System of Tribesmen 35 Socio-Economic Condition in FATA 39 Legal and Constitutional Status of FATA 41 Judicial Structure of FATA 44 Administrative Hierarchy of FATA 48 Local Administration 48 v FCR Jirga 49 Due Process 51 CHAPTER NO. 3 The Rise of Militancy in FATA 53 The Afghan Factor in the Rise of Militancy 56 After the Saur Revolution 1978 60 Mujahideen Groups and Their Social Bases 63 The Fundamentalists 64 The Traditionalists 65 Rise of Militancy in the Tribal Areas of Pakistan 68 The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan and FATA 73 Aftermath of the Soviet Withdrawal 77 CHAPTER NO. 4 Causes for the Rise of Militancy in FATA: An Application of Path-Dependency and Relative Deprivation Theories 87 Path Dependence and Relative Deprivation Theories and FATA 90 Repressive Institutions and Laws Remained Intact 91 Status of Tribal Areas in Pakistan’s Political System & Militancy 95 Repressive Federal Laws 95 FATA and the Anachronistic Frontier Crimes Regulations 98 Maliki and Khassadari Systems 101 vi Encouraging Tribesmen to Fight Kashmir Jihad 103 Faqir of Ipi Movement and its Repercussions 106 Pak-Afghan-India and Militancy 108 Pakhtunistan Movement 111 Legacy of partition 113 Challenges after the creation of Pakistan and its Repercussion 116 Weak governance 117 Institutional stability and reforms in FATA 120 Turmoil in Afghanistan and the impact on FATA 125 CHAPTER NO. 5 Impact, Challenges and the Way Forward 129 Price of the Present Militancy for Pakistan 129 Challenges Faced by Pakistan 144 Policy Recommendations and the Way Forward 148 Conclusion 161 Bibliography 171 vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT All praises be to Allah, the most Merciful and most Mighty, Who gave me the courage, passion and mental approach to conduct this research work and made each difficulty easier for me in the way of its completion. I would like to record my immense debt of gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Dr. Razia Sultana, whose inspiring guidance, kind assistance; expert advice, thoughtful comments, full-fledged support and co-operation enabled me to complete this research work. She will always remain a source of inspiration for me throughout my life because, besides her kindness, her scholarly input, her openness in the sharing of ideas regarding the research, has left deep imprints upon me. Her critical analysis of my ideas and her support for the main arguments enabled me to bring this particular research work to the present shape. It was the blessing of this motivation that I finally succeeded to complete this dissertation. I am highly indebted to Thomas E. Gouttierree, Director for International Studies and Director of Center for Afghanistan Studies, University of Nebraska, Omaha, USA and my co-supervisor for his expert guidance in my research work. He was always available and let a helping hand whenever I needed him and kept me on the right track and provided me with a right direction. My good wishes are also to Dr. Patrick McNamara, Professor of Political Science in University of Nebraska, Omaha, USA. I will always remember his friendly and lovely attitude. My thanks are also due for all the members of the teaching staff of the Department of History, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, for their moral and intellectual support. I highly appreciate the cooperation of all the staff members of Center for Afghanistan Studies (CAS) University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA and others from different disciplines. I am much grateful to Dr. Aman Ullah Marwat, Assistant Professor of History, Department of History, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad for his help at every juncture of my stay at the department. I am very thankful to Sher Jan Ahmadzai, Research Associate at the Center for Afghanistan Studies, University of Nebraska Omaha USA, and former aide to President Hamid Karzai of Afghanistan who viii helped and guided me at every moment of my stay in USA. Similarly, I am grateful to Pir Zubair Shah, a journalist from South Waziristan Agency, FATA, who not only guided me in USA but also provided me some useful materials. I am deeply thankful to Dr. Azmat Ullah, Assistant Professor in the Department of History, Government College University, Faisalabad. He helped me greatly in making my synopsis and guided me to accomplish this complicated task. I am also grateful to him for proofreading and thoroughly checking my thesis. I would like to appreciate all my class fellows and friends who encouraged me in going through this process. My special thanks are to Dr. Akbar Ali, Assistant Professor of English at Hazara University, Mansehra. It would be quite unfair if I do not mention the various institutions, institutes, archives, libraries and their staff that made it possible for me to accomplish the task and bring it in the present form and shape. In this regard, Peshawar Archives, Bannu Archives and their staff provided me with the related documents that were available there. Paul Arthur collections in the Criss Library at University of Nebraska Omaha, USA were an important asset for my research as well. I also utilized Libraries of History Department and Pakistan Study Centre, University of Peshawar. The Central Library of Peshawar University is of immense importance to be mentioned here, wherein I spent most of the time to study. The Government Post Graduate College Bannu’s Library was another useful place for studying and consulting books. The Library of Pakhto Sanga (Pashto Department), Peshawar University provided very rare materials. The Central Library, Quaid-i-Azam University, is also important to be mentioned as it provided me all those rare materials which could not be found anywhere else. The elders from different localities of FATA who helped me in completion of my research are appreciated. I am highly thankful to Mr. Muhammad Ali Usman, Associate Professor of English, Mr. Saad Ullah Jan, Associate Professor of English, Mr. Hazrat Ullah Lecturer in English and Mr. Sher Abdullah, ix Lecturer in English, of the Department of English, Government Post Graduate College Bannu, for going through the draft of this thesis and for making necessary corrections. Lastly, I am most indebted to my family members whose love, courage and emotional support have been the moving force behind me. Muhammad Zaher Shah Wazir x Chapter-1 Introduction British departure, as a colonial power from the sub-continent, had given birth to two successor states, Pakistan and India. The tribal areas were incorporated as Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and placed under the direct control of the central government of Pakistan. FATA has been administered through the same old colonial rules and regulations since then. Apart from some changes, introduced by PPP government in FCR, no basic change of policy and laws regarding the tribal region took place since then. However, the tribesmen of FATA have not only remained peaceful and calm but have also rendered valuable services to Pakistan e.g. in the first Indo-Pakistan war of 1947, on the issue of Kashmir, the tribesmen invaded the Kashmir valley. The Maharaja's troops were defeated and reached even Srinagar, the capital. Similarly, after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 the tribesmen offered strong resistance to prevent Russian access to the warm waters of Arabian sea. Throughout 20th century, the tribesmen as a whole remained peaceful and have hardly resorted to militant activities. The Soviet occupation of Afghanistan in the 80s directly affected the Pashtuns of Pakistan particularly the tribesmen, though due to common ethnic, religious, social and political background, the tribesmen alongside their Afghan brethren fought against the occupation of the Soviet occupied forces. The Afghan refugees, who left Afghanistan during the Soviet occupation, were accommodated by the government of Pakistan in various parts of the country, especially in the Pashtun/tribal belt which resulted in the development of matrimonial alliances between them. The back down of the Soviet forces from Afghanistan in February 1989 did not prove attractive even for the Afghan refugees, because the whole country was turned into a mess due to a civil war among the various ethnic and Islamist groups. The emergence of Taliban (previously the students of the religious madrassas) movement on the political scene of Afghanistan for the imposition of Islamic law in the country not only 1 attracted Afghans but also the Pashtuns of Pakistan, particularly the tribesmen. The Taliban were hailed as the forces of God who were created for putting an end to the post-Soviet social and political anarchy in Afghanistan. The Taliban set out to enforce Islamic sharia by introducing a revolutionary form of Muslim culture at the cost of human freedom. Keeping beards were made compulsory for men. Television, music, photography, etc. were declared unlawful. Punishments like amputation of the hands of thieves, stoning to death of women convicted of adultery were common under the Taliban. Women were not allowed to work outside their homes, and were compelled to wear burka, a head-to-toe covering, and could not leave the home without a male guardian.
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