Management of Shoot Fly in Major Cereal Crops

Available online at www.ijpab.com Biradar and Sajjan Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (1): 971-975 (2018) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.6120 ISSN: 2320 – 7051 Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (1): 971-975 (2018) Review Article

Amitabegaum Biradar* and Saraswati Sajjan Training Assistant Dean PGS office, UHS, Bagalkot *Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] Received: 19.12.2017 | Revised: 23.01.2018 | Accepted: 1.02.2018

ABSTRACT Cereals are known as staple food and the important source of calories and protein. Among all the insect pests of cereals, shoot fly takes first place in damaging the crop by attacking central shoot of the plant and they cause symptoms of “dead heart”. Number of management practices are reported for shoot fly but they are not effective. Soil application of either carbofuran 3G or phorate 10G gave better results but these are not

economically faceable for poor farmers. Shoot fly has very short life cycle and it attack

the crop immediately after germination, moreover the crop will be highly susceptible for shoot fly upto 25 days. The insect has capacity to attack the side shoots which have emerged due to dead heart formation.

Key words: Shoot fly management, dead hearts, shoot fly hosts

INTRODUCTION Shoot fly species: Atherigona soccata Cereals are the most important staple food and Rondani, A. Naqvii, Atherigona approximata the important source of calories and protein for Malloch, Delia ﬂavibasis Stein, Delia the millions, besides their use as food they are arambourgi Seguy, Delia steiniella Emden & also used as feed for cattle and as raw material Atherigona oryzae Malloch. Sorghum shoot fly (Atherigona soccata for various industries. Among the many Rondani) Commonly called as Sorghum shoot production constraints, insects are major fly, Sorghum stem fly & Millet stem fly. limiting factors in crop production. Among Nature of damage: Maggots creep down insects, shoot fly Atherigona soccata Rondani under the leaf sheaths till they reach base of is a major yield limiting factor that causes the seedlings. Cut the growing point or central considerable damage in major cereals. In shoot which results in formation of sorghum, this pest causes maximum yield characteristic “dead hearts”. losses of 75.6 % grain & 68.6 % in fodder18. In If shoot infestation occurs under conditions of Pearl millet 20-50 %20 and in case of Maize 60 high humidity, infested plants may not % loss was recorded2. produce the typical dead heart symptoms and Major cereals: Sorghum, Maize, Wheat, Pearl damaged leaf becomes thin and papery and millet and Barley wraps around the other leaves.

Cite this article: Biradar, A., Sajjan, S., Management of Shoot Fly in Major Cereal Crops, Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6(1): 971-975 (2018). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.6120

Biradar and Sajjan Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (1): 971-975 (2018) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 As a result, the plants may fail to grow from non host plants. Using crop normally. combinations that encourage the activity Host range: Sorghum bicolor is the preferred and abundance of natural enemies. It has host9. It can develop on many grasses been shown that shoot fly damage is particularly Johnson grass, Sorghum reduced when sorghum is intercropped halepense. Other host grasses include viz., with leguminous crops16. Set up fishmeal Brachiaria, Corn, Cynodon, Echinochloa, trap @ 12/ha till the crop is 30 days old. Eragrostis, Panicum, Pennisetum, Setaria, 6. Host plant resistance: SPV-1413, SPV- other Sorghum spp, and Wheat. Cereals other 1450, SPV-1467, Sel-3, P-311, SPV-1015, than sorghum are unimportant as hosts for M-35-1, Swati and CSV 14R (suitable for multiplying A. soccata9,11. Davis and Seshu rainy and post rainy seasons) Prem Reddy9 have reported that Sorghum halepense Kishor21. is most important alternative host plant other 7. Biocontrol : Egg parasitoids viz., than the cultivated sorghum. Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraj, T. Management practices: simmondsi West, Trichogramma 1. Sowing date: Early and uniform sowing evanescens Sch, T. kalkae Sch.& Feij, T. of resistant cultivar over large areas reduce chilonis Ishii and T. australicum Gir. damage by shoot fly. Early sowing (7-10 Larval parasitoids viz., Aprostocetus spp. days before the onset of monsoon rains) to And Neotrichoporoids (Tetrastichus) avoid the active period of shoot fly nyemitawus. emergence. If early sowing is not possible 8. Chemical control: Apply any one of the then use high seed rate to compensate for following insecticides like Methyl later thinning out of the dead hearts from demeton 25 EC 500 ml/ha, Carbofuran infested fields15. 3%G 33.3 kg/ha, Dimethoate 30%EC 2. Nutrient management: Shoot fly damage 1155 ml/ha and Phorate 10%G 10 kg/ha. can be influenced by factors that affect Shekharappa and Bhuti22 reported that severe plant growth. The application of balanced damage can be seen in early stage and lasts up fertilizer can help in reducing shoot fly to four weeks causing severe reduction in plant incidence. Incidence of shoot fly on population. Thus, early sowing with high seed sorghum cultivar CPV-86 decreased with rate @ 10 kg/ha and thinning at 28 DAE was the application of nitrogen, while in found significantly superior in managing shoot another cultivar CSH-8R, the incidence fly. Lowest per cent damage was found in IS increased upto 60kg N/ha but declined at 2312 (20.45% DH) which is at par with the 90kg/ha10. genotype, SPV 839 (40.87%). Genotypes 3. Intercultivation/weeding: Intercultivation namely, CSH nos., 5, 6, 9, ICSV 745, RS 29 can reduce pest populations by exposing and DJ 6514 recorded more than 80 % dead the pupae to parasites, predators and other heart damage. Sorghum treated with adverse environmental factors. Weeding Thiamethoxam @ 3g/kg seeds and followed helps in removal of infested seedlings and by a spray of endosulfan 35 EC @ 0.07 % at alternate hosts such as fodder sorghums 45 DAE was recorded lowest shoot fly and grasses. damage, intercropping sorghum with redgram 4. Field sanitation Fallowing: Do not move with seed treatment of Thiamethoxam @ soil from infested plots to non-infested 3g/kg seeds reduced shoot fly significantly and plots. Fallowing and closed season will was found cost effective. Intercropped reduce the carryover and build-up of the sorghum has recorded lowest number of eggs, shoot fly from one season to the next16. this is because of the repellent action of 5. Crop rotation: Crop rotation can intercrops. The highest per cent plant minimise pest damage by confusing the protection and lowest dead hearts were insects with chemical aromas emitting recorded in Carbofuran 3G treatment (56.2 %) Copyright © Jan.-Feb., 2018; IJPAB 972

Biradar and Sajjan Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (1): 971-975 (2018) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 and which was at par with sorghum + garlic yield. Shrinivas24 reported that genotype SPV (58.6 %), and sorghum + onion (63.7 %)14. 1664 recorded less per cent dead hearts Spurthi et al25 reported that less number of (15.61%). Among all plant products tested dead hearts recorded in endosulfan spray NSKE 5% has recorded less percent dead (22.62%) followed by sorghum+ cowpea hearts at 21 and 28 DAE. NSKE (5%) in (23.90%). Nagesh chikkarugi16 reported that combination with panchagavya (3%) was soil application of carbofuran 3G @ 20 kg/ha found effective against shoot fly by recording +whorl application of carbofuran 3G @ 8 less per cent dead heart (21.08%). Among kg/ha at 30 DAE + Pongemia pinnata leaf different indigenous technologies evaluated extract @ 5% spray at 60 DAE recorded least GCK (5%) recorded least per cent dead hearts per cent dead hearts (4.3%). Balikai4 reported (27.68%) and higher grain yield. that seed treatment with Imidacloprid 70 WS Maize shoot fly @ 10g/kg seeds recorded lowest shoot fly SN: Atherigona soccata, A. naqvii and A. incidence of 8.4% dead hearts. Intercropping orientalis with chickpea (2:2) + seed treatment with Nature of damage: The attack is maximum thiamethoxam 70 WS @ 3g/kg seeds recorded when the crop is in seedling stage. Tiny lowest percent dead hearts Balikai and maggots creep down under the leaf sheaths till Bhagawat5. Seed dressing with imidacloprid they reach base of the seedlings, then cut the 70 WS @ 10g/ 100g seeds was found to be growing point or central shoot which results in most effective in reducing the damage caused the formation of characteristic “dead hearts”. by shoot fly (14.3 % DH) and in enhancing Management practices: Water logging the grain yield6.Shivpuje and Thombare23 condition should be avoided, Antiqua Gr-1, observed that carbofuron seed treatment (5%) African tall, Ageti-76, EBR composite pop and soil application (3g/m furrow) were corn and Deccan 103 were observed to be less effective in controlling sorghum shoot fly. susceptible. Application of 10% Phorate Karibasavaraja et al.14 reported that the seed granules in furrows before sowing @15kg/ha dress with thiamethoxam70 WS @ 4 and 5 g should be done and the insecticide should be ai/kg seeds proved to be best for the covered with thin layer of soil after which seed management of shoot fly and afforded highest should be sown. Spraying with 0.01% protection of 85% and 89.4% respectively over Metasystox after one week of control. Borad et al7 showed that seed germination.Hari and Jawala Jindal12 reported treatment with carbofuron (3.5 ST) 3.5 % , soil that furrow application of carbofuran 3G@ application of carbofuron 3G and 5kg/acre or phorate 10G @ 4kg/acre and seed monocrotophos 10G 2g/m row were most treatment with chlorpyriphos 20EC @ 5ml/kg effective treatments for obtaining high grain seeds gave complete protection in respect of and stover yields. Anita et al.1 reported that dead heart formation. Per cent height reduction NSKE 5 % was best with least % dead hearts due to shoot fly was lowest in hybrid JH 3459. and it was on par with Azagro 5% and neem Chatterji et al8 indicated that there were no oil 2%. Among the shoot fly larval parasitoids, significant difference among carbofuron WP at parasitism due to Aprostocetus spp. reached 1, 2 and 4 per cent and carbofuron quick and 15% in September 1975 and 35% in August slow release granules and fensulfothion 10 G. 197719,26 furrow application of phorate @ 1.5 Panwar and Sharma17 reported that maize kg/ha and 3kg/ha gave effective control of germplasms F-733, Chh-10 and Deccan-103 shoot fly 8.5 to 11% dead hearts were obtained are less succeptible to shoot fly where as in phorate treated plots. Balikai et al5 showed Ganga-11 is most succeptible genotype and that seed soaking for 8-10 hours either in recorded 43.08% dead hearts.

CaCl2(2%)+ endosulfan(0.07%) or in Pearl millet shoot fly endosulfan(0.07%) reduced the shoot fly SN:Atherigona approximata Malloch incidence effectively and increased the seed Copyright © Jan.-Feb., 2018; IJPAB 973

Biradar and Sajjan Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (1): 971-975 (2018) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 Nature of damage: Maggot feeds on the proved to be very effective except the soil seedlings and produce “dead heart”. application of either carbofuran 3G or phorate Sometimes, the shoot is not killed because of 10G. Because the insect has very short life quick growth of the plant. It also causes cycle and it attack the crop immediately after damage to earheads in later stages and forms germination, moreover the crop will be highly chaffy grains. susceptible for shoot fly upto 25 days. Hence it Management: Sowing resistant cultivars viz., is also a limiting factor to apply insecticides as MP-16, MP-19, MP-53, MP-67, MH-49, MH- the seedling will be very small. The insect has 52, MH-9, MH-82, MH-99 and MH-105. capacity to attack the side shoots which have Sowing should be done after onset of monsoon emerged due to dead heart formation. Hence or within 10-15 days after the first monsoon there is lot of scope to search alternative shower. Staggered sowing is to be avoided control strategies to combat shoot fly in since it results in the build-up of shoot fly cereals. population. Increase in seed rate to 3.3kg/ha and later remove and destroy the affected REFERENCES seedlings to check shoot fly damage21. 1. Anita V. S., Shekharappa., Patil, G. M., Wheat Shoot fly Patil, R. K. and Havaldar, Y. N., SN: Atherigona naqvii , Atherigona oryzae Management of Atherigona soccata Nature of damage: Newly hatched maggots Rondani through seed treatment with creep into the leaf sheaths of tillers and cut the organics in late sown sorghum. Karnataka central growing shoots causing “dead hearts”. J. Agric. Sci. 23(2): 369-371 (2010). In case of severe infestation the plant assumes 2. Atwal, A.S., Agricultural Pest of India and bushy appearance with large number of tillers. South Asia, 159–165 (1976). Management: The timely sowing of crops 3. Balikai, R. A., Evaluation of imidacloprid (mid-November). If late sowing is done and shoot fly incidence (dead hearts) is noticed, 70WS against sorghum shoot fly. Agric. spraying of cypermethrin@50g ai/ha to control Sci. Digest., 18(2): 85-87 (1998). the insect. Out of 41 wheat genotypes, least 4. Balikai, R. A., Management of shoot fly incidence of shoot fly was recorded in HI- (Atherigona soccata Rondani) through 8682 (3%) followed by HP-1913 (4%) and seed treatment in rabi sorghum. Indian J. maximum was in KRL-213 (24%) as reported Entomology., 69(2): 178-180 (2007). by Kalappanavar et al13. 5. Balikai, R. A. and Bhagawat, Y. R., Barley shoot fly (Delia flavibasis Stein (Tafa), Evaluation of integrated pest management Delia arambourgi Seguy (Davidson), Delia components for management of shoot fly, steiniella Emden) belongs to family shoot bug and aphid in Rabi sorghum. Anthomyiidae. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 22 (3): 532-534 Nature of damage: “Dead hearts” (2009). Host range: Barley shoot fly survives on 6. Balikai, R. A., Biradar, A. P. And Kolhar, several alternate hosts in grass family viz., R. C., Management of sorghum shoot fly, Maize (Zea mays),Wheat (Triticum spp.), Atherigona soccata Rondani. Ad. Agric. Blurish millet (Pennisetum americanum) and Res. India 9: 47-49 (1998). other grasses. Host preference study of D. 7. Borad, P. K., Patel, S. N., Patel, R. H. and flavibasis conducted at the Sinana Agricultural Parikh, R. K., Bio-efficacy of various Research Center (SARC) with barley, teff, insecticidal formulations against sorghum wheat, oat and maize revealed that barley and shoot fly, Atherigona soccata Rondani. teff were the most preferred hosts. Gujarat. Agric. Univ. Res. J., 21(1): 75-77 (1995). CONCLUSION 8. Chatterji, S.M., Bhamburkar, M. W., Though number of management practices are Marwaha, K. K., Panwar, V. P. S. and reported for shoot fly but none of them are Sidduqui, K. H., Evaluation of some Copyright © Jan.-Feb., 2018; IJPAB 974

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