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Birinci Ve Ikinci Yugoslavya'da Hirvat Sorunu

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Birinci Ve Ikinci Yugoslavya'da Hirvat Sorunu T.C. SAKARYA h1ø9(56ø7(6ø 626<$/%ø/ø0/(5(167ø7h6h %ø5ø1&ø9(ø.ø1&ø<8*26/$9<$¶'$+,59$7625818 DOKTORA 7(=ø +DNDQ'(0ø5 (QVWLW$QDELOLP'DOÕ : 8OXVODUDUDVÕøOLúNLOHU 7H]'DQÕúPDQÕ Yrd. Doç. Dr. Nesrin KENAR OCAK – 2017 BEYAN Bu tezin yazılmasında bilimsel ahlak kurallarına uyulduğunu, başkalarının eserlerinden yararlanılması durumunda bilimsel normlara olarak atıfta bulunulduğunu, kullanılan verilerde herhangi bir tahrifat yapılmadığını, tezin herhangi bir kısmının bu ün iversite ya da başka bir üniversite veya başka üniversitedeki başka bir tez çalışması olarak su- nulmadığını beyan ederim. Hakan DEMİR 26.01.2017 ÖNSÖZ Bu tezin yazılması aşamasında değerli yardımlarını esirgemeyen danışmanım Yrd. Doç. Dr. Nesrin Kenar’a en içten teşekkürlerimi ve saygılarımı sunarım. Süreç boyunca des- teğini esirgememiş olan Prof. Dr. Alaeddin Yalçınkaya’ya teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. Sağladıkları rahat çalışma ortamıyla ve verdikleri destekle bu tezin bitmesinde önemli payları olan Prof. Dr. Mahmut Bilen ve Doç. Dr. Aziz Tuncer’e şükranlarımı iletirim. Son olarak bana verdikleri destek için aileme sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Hakan DEMİR 26.01.2017 İÇİNDEKİLER g=(7LL 6800$5<LLL GİRİŞ ...............................................................................................................................1 BÖLÜM 1: BİRİNCİ YUGOSLAVYA DÖNEMİNDE HIRVATLAR (1918 – 1941) ....................................................................................................................7 1.1. XIX. Yüzyılda Hırvat Milliyetçi Hareketi .................................................................7 1.2. Sırp -Hırvat -Sloven Krallığı’nın Kuruluşu ve 1921 Vidovdan Anayasası Sonrasında Hırvat Muhalefeti ..................................................................................24 1.3. Yugoslavya Krallığı Döneminde Hırvatlar ..............................................................50 1.4. 1939 Hırvat -Sırp Antlaşması ...................................................................................57 1.5. İkinci Dünya Savaşı Döneminde Hırvatistan (1941 – 1945) ...................................63 1.5.1. Hırvat Ustaşa Devleti .....................................................................................64 1.5.2. Sırp Çetnik Hareketi ......................................................................................73 1.5.3. Partizan Hareketi ve Savaşın Bitişi ................................................................79 BÖLÜM 2: İKİNCİ YUGOSLAVYA DÖNEMİNDE HIRVATİSTAN (1945 – 1991)...........................................................................................................87 2.1. Komünist Rejimin Kuruluşu ....................................................................................87 2.2. Yugoslavya’yı Etkileyen Dış Gelişmeler ...............................................................101 2.3. Yugoslavya’da Özyönetim Modeli ........................................................................110 2.4. Ulusal Sorunun Tartışılmaya Başlanması ..............................................................117 2.5. 1971 Hırvat Baharı .................................................................................................130 2.6. 1974 Anayasası ve Yugoslavya’nın Dağılış Süreci ...............................................148 SONUÇ .........................................................................................................................160 KAYNAKÇA ...............................................................................................................167 ÖZGEÇMİŞ .................................................................................................................177 i Sakarya Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Doktora Tez Özeti Tezin Başlığı: Birinci ve İkinci Yugoslavya’da Hırvat Sorunu Tezin Yazarı: Hakan DEMİR Danışman: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Nesrin KENAR Kabul Tarihi: 26/01/2017 Sayfa Sayısı : iii (ön kısım) + 177 (metin) Anabilimdalı : Uluslararası İlişkiler Bilimdalı: Uluslararası İlişkiler Birinci ve İkinci Yugoslavya’da Hırvat Sorunu başlığını taşıyan bu çalışmada Hır- vatların XX. yüzyılda parçası oldukları Yugoslav devletlerinin f ederall eştirilmesi yönünde izledikleri politikalar incelenecektir. Hırvat politikasının federalizm prog- ramı çerçevesinde belirlenmesi XIX. yüzyılda ortaya çıkan Hırvat Yugoslavcılık ha- reketin in siyasi progra mına dayanmaktadır. Bu dönemde Habsburg Monarşisi yöne- ti mi altında olan Hırvatis tan’ın ulusal entegrasyonunun monarşi içerisinde yaşayan diğer Güney Slavlarla birlikte Yugoslav devletinin kurulmasıyla sağlanabileceği dü- şüncesi Hırv at Yugoslavistle rinin siyasi programının temelini oluşturmuştur. Federal Yugoslav ya programı Hırvatlar tarafından XX. yüzyıldaki Yugoslavya devletleri dö- neminde de savunulmuş ve devletin federalleştirilmesi ülke içi ve dışı dinamikler kullanılarak aşama a şama gerçekleştirilmiş tir. 1918 yılında Sırp -Hırvat -Sloven Krallığı’nın kurulması ndan sonra Hırvatlar bu yeni dev letin siyasi yapısının federalizm çerçevesinde örgütlenmesi için mücadele etmiş- lerdir. Ancak Hırvatların federalist politikası Yugoslav devletinin merkeziyetçi - üniterist bir biçimde örgütlenmesi gerektiğini savunan ve Büyük Sırbistan düşünce- sine bağlı olan Sırplar tarafından sürekli olarak engellenmiştir. Hırvat federalist poli- tikasının Sırplar tarafından engellenmesi Yugoslavya Krallığı’nda siyasal bir kriz ya- ratarak Hırvat soru nunun ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. İkinci D ünya Sava- şı’ndan sonra Josip Broz Tito liderliğinde 1945 yılında kurulan Sosyalist Yugoslavya devletinde de federalist Hırvatlar ve merkeziyetçi Sırplar arasında siyasal çatışma ya- şanmaya devam etmiştir. Ancak Sloven Edvard Kardelj’in planlayıcısı ve J. B. Tito ile birlikte uygulayıcısı olduğu sosyalist özyönetim modeliyle birlikte Yugoslavya’da federe cum huriyetlerin yetkileri artarak devletin federalleşmesi gerçekleşmiştir. So- ğuk Savaş’ın sona ermesinden sonra Sırplar Slobodan Milošević liderliğinde harek e- te geçerek Yugoslav ya’yı (kon)federalleştirmiş olan 1974 Anaya sası ile getirilen dü- zenlemeleri ortadan kaldırmaya çalışmışlardır. Sırpların yeniden merkeziyetçiliğe dönüş çabaları sonucunda izledikleri politikalar 1991’de Yugoslavya’nın dağılma- sında belir leyici olmuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Hırvatistan, Yugoslavya, Federalizm, Milliyetçilik ii Sakarya University Institute of Social Sciences Abstract of PhD Thesis Title of the Thesis: Croatian Question in the First and Second Yugoslavia Author: Hakan DEMİR Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Nesrin KENAR Date: 26/01/2017 Nu. of pages: iii (pre.) + 177 (main body) Department : International Relations Subfield: International Relations In this study titled “Croatian Question in the First and Second Yugoslavia”, policies pursued by Croats in the direction of federalization of Yugoslav states, which they were part of it in the XXth century are elucidated. Determination of Croatian policy within the framework of the federalism program is based on political program of Croa- tian Yugoslavism movement that emerged in the XIXth Century. During this period, the idea that national integration of Croatia which was under the Habsburg Monarchy could be ensured by establishment of the federated Yugoslav state along with other Southern Slavs living in the monarchy formed the basis of the political program of Croatian Yu -goslavists. The Federal Yugoslavian program was also defended by the Croats in the Yugoslav period of XXth century. After the establishment of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1918, the Croats struggled for the organization of the political structure of this new state within federalism. However, the federalist policy of the Croats has been consistently hindered by the Serbs, who were tied to the idea of Great Serbia and advocated that the Yugo- slav state should be organized centrally in a unitary way. The Serbian blockade of Croatian federalist policy created a political crisis in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, which led to the emergence of the “Croatian Question”. In the so -called parliamentary regime, the Serbs prevented the Croats and other Southern Slavs in the kingdom from forming a federalist block and caused the state to enter a crisis of legitimacy. In the Socialist Yu goslavia state, founded in 1945 under the leadership of the Croatian com- munist Josip Broz Tito after the Second World War the conflict between federalist Croats and cen tralistic Serbs continued. However, with the socialist self-government model of which the Slovenian communist Edvard Kardelj was the planner and co- practiced with J. B. Tito, authorities of the federated republics in Yugoslavia increased and stated was federalized. In the 1980s the Serbs took action under the leadership of Slobodan Milošević and tried to eliminate the 1974 Constitution which was federal- ized Yugoslav state. When Croats with other Yugoslav nations opposed to efforts of Serbs to return to cen tralization, the Yugoslav state collapsed also because of the Cold War was ended. Keywords: Croatia, Yugoslavia, Federalism, Nationalism iii GİRİŞ Çalışmanın Amacı ve Kapsamı “Birinci ve İkinci Yugoslavya’da Hırvat Sorunu ” başlığını taşıyan bu çalışmanın amacı Hırvatların kendi ulusal entegrasyonlarını sağlayabilmek için XX. yüzyılda parçası ol- dukları Sı rp-Hırvat -Sloven Krallığı (1918 – 1929), Yugoslav ya Krallığı (1929 – 1941) ve Sosyalist Federal Yugoslavya Cumhuriyeti (1945 – 1991) devletlerinin siyasi yapısı- nın federalizm çerçevesinde şekillendirilmesi amacıyla izledikleri poli tikaların incelen- mesidir.
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