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Presentations of Identity in Survivor Narratives and Testimony Western Washington University Western CEDAR WWU Graduate School Collection WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship 2011 Foča Bosnia-Herzegovina: presentations of identity in survivor narratives and testimony Francesca Leaf Western Washington University Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Leaf, Francesca, "Foča Bosnia-Herzegovina: presentations of identity in survivor narratives and testimony" (2011). WWU Graduate School Collection. 168. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet/168 This Masters Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in WWU Graduate School Collection by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Foča, Bosnia-Herzegovina: Presentations of Identity in Survivor Narratives and Testimony By Francesca Leaf Accepted in Partial Completion Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Moheb A. Ghali, Dean of the Graduate School ADVISORY COMMITTEE Chair, Dr. Kathleen Z. Young Dr. Joyce D. Hammond Shurla Thibou MASTER’S THESIS In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Western Washington University, I grant to Western Washington University the non- exclusive royalty-free right to archive, reproduce, distribute, and display the thesis in any and all forms, including electronic format, via any digital library mechanisms maintained by WWU. I represent and warrant this is my original work, and does not infringe or violate any rights of others. I warrant that I have obtained written permissions from the owner of any third party copyrighted material included in these files. I acknowledge that I retain ownership rights to the copyright of this work, including but not limited to the right to use all or part of this work in future works, such as articles or books. Library users are granted permission for individual, research and non-commercial reproduction of this work for educational purposes only. Any further digital posting of this document requires specific permission from the author. Any copying or publication of this thesis for commercial purposes, or for financial gain, is not allowed without my written permission. Francesca Leaf November 9, 2011 Foča, Bosnia-Herzegovina: Presentations of Identity in Survivor Narratives and Testimony A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Western Washington University In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts By Francesca Leaf November 2011 iv Abstract In April of 1992 the Foča municipality of Bosnia-Herzegovina was taken over by the ultranationalist Bosnian Serb, Serb and Montenegrin forces. As part of a larger strategy of genocide, the ultranationalist forces systematically raped and sexually abused the Bosniak girls and women of Foča. The systematic rapes perpetrated in the Foča municipality are representative of the larger pattern of rape during the 1992-1995 genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The use of rape as a tactical force of war in the Foča municipality garnered international media attention; resulting in a wealth of literature, interviews with survivors and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia court case The Prosecutor v. Dragoljub Kunarac, Radomir Kovač and Zoran Vuković (Kunarac et al.). The academic discourse surrounding rape as a tactical force of war within the Foča municipality, and Bosnia-Herzegovina, portrays rape survivors as an amorphous group of women defined by their Bosniak identity and, ultimately, their victimhood. Through applying narrative analysis to 26 survivor accounts originating from the texts I Begged Them to Kill Me: Crime Against the Women of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Breaking the Wall of Silence: The Voices of Raped Bosnia and the survivor testimony from Kunarac et al. this thesis revisits the narratives and courtroom testimony of rape survivors from the Foča municipality, studying the presentation of their personal and social identities. Within the context of courtroom testimony, this thesis also examines patterns of questioning by the prosecuting and defense attorneys and the identity of rape survivors within the judicial system. Ultimately, this thesis argues that while there are commonalities between the survivors’ experiences and presentation of their personal and social identities, each individual survivor has her own unique perception, interpretation and coping mechanisms in regards to the trauma she experienced. To assign the Foča rape survivors a unidimensional identity is a denial of their individual identities and personhood. v Acknowledgements I would first like to extend my appreciation to my thesis committee: Dr. Kathleen Zuanich Young, Dr. Joyce Hammond and Shurla Thibou. Dr. Young offered invaluable guidance in navigating the literature surrounding Bosnia-Herzegovina and rape as a tactical force of war. Dr. Young also provided amazing support throughout my research process and wise counsel on the ethical considerations that need to be made when utilizing survivor narratives and testimony. Dr. Joyce Hammond’s professional and excellent feedback and critique were invaluable during the writing of this thesis, and I offer Shurla Thibou much thanks for both her encouragement and for always reminding me to not shy away from the “tough questions”. I would also like to extend my thanks to Western Washington University’s Libraries staff. Writing this thesis required access to a multitude of often difficult to find texts. I appreciate the staff’s assistance in ordering (and re-ordering) texts from various colleges and universities throughout the United States. Their patience and willingness to help was integral to my research. A huge thank-you also goes to my fellow graduate students. Their interest in the subject was encouraging, and I appreciate their amazing listening skills and feedback over the course of the program. Most of all, I would like to express my most sincere appreciation and gratitude to the courageous women of the Foča municipality of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Without their narratives and courtroom testimony I would never have been able to encounter the important issues that I try my best to address within this thesis. There are no words to express the impacts their narratives and testimony have had on me not only as an anthropologist but as a human being. vi Table of Contents Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………...iv Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………..v List of Figures and Tables…….…………………………………………………………vii Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..1 Chapter 1: Rape as a Tactical Force of War……………………………………………..11 Chapter 2: Methodology..…..……………………………………………………………34 Chapter 3: Personal and Social Identities during the Period of Victimization…………..45 Chapter 4: Personal and Social Identities during the Long-Term Recovery Process…....60 Chapter 5: Survivor Identities within The Prosecutor v. Dragoljub Kunarac, Radomir Kovač and Zoran Vuković………………………………………………………………..74 Conclusions and Implications……………………………… ………………………..…100 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………106 Appendix A: Maps…...…………………………………………….…………………...117 Appendix B: Background Information about Survivors and Witnesses………………..120 Appendix C: Narrative Analysis Data………………………………………………….127 vii List of Figures and Tables Figures Figure 1 Map of Bosnia-Herzegovina.…………………………..…………………..…118 Figure 2 Bosnia-Herzegovina, Dead and Missing, 1992-1995…………………….…..119 Tables Table 1 Themes in Narratives of the Period of Victimization……………....…..……..128 Table 2 Themes in Narratives of the Long-term Recovery Process.…….………..…...133 Table 3 Themes in Testimony of the Period of Victimization……………………....…137 Table 4 Themes in Testimony of the Long-term Recovery Process………...………....139 Table 5 Themes in Questions from the Prosecution…………………………………...142 Table 6 Themes in Questions from the Defense………..……………………………...144 Introduction I was shocked and lost. I was not able to believe that such evil could be done to people by people. – A Survivor (Ajanović 2000:158) This is a quote from a rape1 survivor’s personal narrative. As a young woman in the Foča municipality of Bosnia-Herzegovina she was subjected to repeated rapes, sexual enslavement, beatings and degrading treatment. She witnessed the murder of her close relatives, including her mother and her cousin, and witnessed the rape and torture of close friends and members of her community. The individuals perpetrating the abuse were not always strangers. Sometimes they were former friends and acquaintances. When reading her narrative, one can only wonder how she managed to survive, how she manages to keep living. This thesis is about the narratives and testimony of rape survivors who were victimized within the Foča municipality of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Through examining the narratives of the Foča rape survivors in the texts Breaking the Wall of Silence: The Voices of Raped Bosnia (1996) edited by Seada Vranić and I Begged Them to Kill Me: Crime Against the Women of Bosnia-Herzegovina (2000) edited by Irfan Ajanović and the survivor testimony from the Foča-related court case The Prosecutor v. Dragoljub Kunarac, Radomir Kovač and Zoran Vuković2 (Kunarac et al.) this thesis seeks to understand how the rapes impacted the survivors’ identities. The impacts examined include, but are not limited to, how the survivors perceived themselves, how they feel their communities perceived them, both
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