Meiotic Cohesin and Variants Associated with Human Reproductive Aging and Disease
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Atrec8 and Atscc3 Are Essential to the Monopolar Orientation of the Kinetochores During Meiosis
Research Article 4621 AtREC8 and AtSCC3 are essential to the monopolar orientation of the kinetochores during meiosis Liudmila Chelysheva, Stéphanie Diallo*, Daniel Vezon, Ghislaine Gendrot, Nathalie Vrielynck, Katia Belcram, Nathalie Rocques, Angustias Márquez-Lema‡, Anuj M. Bhatt§, Christine Horlow, Raphaël Mercier, Christine Mézard and Mathilde Grelon¶ Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Station de Génétique et d’Amélioration des Plantes, INRA de Versailles, Route de Saint-Cyr, 78026 Versailles CEDEX, France *Present address: Laboratoire de Microbiologie du Froid UPRES 2123, 55 Rue Saint-Germain, 27000 Evreux, France ‡Present address: Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (CSIC), Apartado 4084, E-14080, Córdoba, Spain §Present address: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK ¶Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 13 July 2005 Journal of Cell Science 118, 4621-4632 Published by The Company of Biologists 2005 doi:10.1242/jcs.02583 Summary The success of the first meiotic division relies (among other in meiotic nuclei as early as interphase, and bound to the factors) on the formation of bivalents between homologous chromosome axis from early leptotene through to anaphase chromosomes, the monopolar orientation of the sister I. We show here that both AtREC8 and AtSCC3 are kinetochores at metaphase I and the maintenance of necessary not only to maintain centromere cohesion at centromeric cohesion until the onset of anaphase II. The anaphase I, but also for the monopolar orientation of the meiotic cohesin subunit, Rec8 has been reported to be one kinetochores during the first meiotic division. We also of the key players in these processes, but its precise role in found that AtREC8 is involved in chromosome axis kinetochore orientation is still under debate. -
Distinct Functions of Human Cohesin-SA1 and Cohesin-SA2 in Double-Strand Break Repair
Distinct Functions of Human Cohesin-SA1 and Cohesin-SA2 in Double-Strand Break Repair Xiangduo Kong,a Alexander R. Ball, Jr.,a Hoang Xuan Pham,a Weihua Zeng,a* Hsiao-Yuan Chen,a John A. Schmiesing,a Jong-Soo Kim,a* Michael Berns,b,c Kyoko Yokomoria Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USAa; Beckman Laser Instituteb and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Samueli School of Engineering,c University of California, Irvine, California, USA Cohesin is an essential multiprotein complex that mediates sister chromatid cohesion critical for proper segregation of chromo- somes during cell division. Cohesin is also involved in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. In mammalian cells, cohesin is involved in both DSB repair and the damage checkpoint response, although the relationship between these two functions is un- clear. Two cohesins differing by one subunit (SA1 or SA2) are present in somatic cells, but their functional specificities with re- gard to DNA repair remain enigmatic. We found that cohesin-SA2 is the main complex corecruited with the cohesin-loading factor NIPBL to DNA damage sites in an S/G2-phase-specific manner. Replacing the diverged C-terminal region of SA1 with the corresponding region of SA2 confers this activity on SA1. Depletion of SA2 but not SA1 decreased sister chromatid homologous recombination repair and affected repair pathway choice, indicating that DNA repair activity is specifically associated with cohe- sin recruited to damage sites. In contrast, both cohesin complexes function in the intra-S checkpoint, indicating that cell cycle- specific damage site accumulation is not a prerequisite for cohesin’s intra-S checkpoint function. -
Evolution, Expression and Meiotic Behavior of Genes Involved in Chromosome Segregation of Monotremes
G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article Evolution, Expression and Meiotic Behavior of Genes Involved in Chromosome Segregation of Monotremes Filip Pajpach , Linda Shearwin-Whyatt and Frank Grützner * School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; fi[email protected] (F.P.); [email protected] (L.S.-W.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Chromosome segregation at mitosis and meiosis is a highly dynamic and tightly regulated process that involves a large number of components. Due to the fundamental nature of chromosome segregation, many genes involved in this process are evolutionarily highly conserved, but duplica- tions and functional diversification has occurred in various lineages. In order to better understand the evolution of genes involved in chromosome segregation in mammals, we analyzed some of the key components in the basal mammalian lineage of egg-laying mammals. The chromosome passenger complex is a multiprotein complex central to chromosome segregation during both mitosis and meio- sis. It consists of survivin, borealin, inner centromere protein, and Aurora kinase B or C. We confirm the absence of Aurora kinase C in marsupials and show its absence in both platypus and echidna, which supports the current model of the evolution of Aurora kinases. High expression of AURKBC, an ancestor of AURKB and AURKC present in monotremes, suggests that this gene is performing all necessary meiotic functions in monotremes. Other genes of the chromosome passenger complex complex are present and conserved in monotremes, suggesting that their function has been preserved Citation: Pajpach, F.; in mammals. -
Redundant and Specific Roles of Cohesin STAG Subunits in Chromatin Looping and Transcriptional Control
Downloaded from genome.cshlp.org on October 10, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Research Redundant and specific roles of cohesin STAG subunits in chromatin looping and transcriptional control Valentina Casa,1,6 Macarena Moronta Gines,1,6 Eduardo Gade Gusmao,2,3,6 Johan A. Slotman,4 Anne Zirkel,2 Natasa Josipovic,2,3 Edwin Oole,5 Wilfred F.J. van IJcken,1,5 Adriaan B. Houtsmuller,4 Argyris Papantonis,2,3 and Kerstin S. Wendt1 1Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; 2Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; 3Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; 4Optical Imaging Centre, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; 5Center for Biomics, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands Cohesin is a ring-shaped multiprotein complex that is crucial for 3D genome organization and transcriptional regulation during differentiation and development. It also confers sister chromatid cohesion and facilitates DNA damage repair. Besides its core subunits SMC3, SMC1A, and RAD21, cohesin in somatic cells contains one of two orthologous STAG sub- units, STAG1 or STAG2. How these variable subunits affect the function of the cohesin complex is still unclear. STAG1- and STAG2-cohesin were initially proposed to organize cohesion at telomeres and centromeres, respectively. Here, we uncover redundant and specific roles of STAG1 and STAG2 in gene regulation and chromatin looping using HCT116 cells with an auxin-inducible degron (AID) tag fused to either STAG1 or STAG2. Following rapid depletion of either subunit, we perform high-resolution Hi-C, gene expression, and sequential ChIP studies to show that STAG1 and STAG2 do not co-occupy in- dividual binding sites and have distinct ways by which they affect looping and gene expression. -
Cohesin Architecture and Clustering in Vivo Siheng Xiang, Douglas Koshland*
RESEARCH ARTICLE Cohesin architecture and clustering in vivo Siheng Xiang, Douglas Koshland* Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States Abstract Cohesin helps mediate sister chromatid cohesion, chromosome condensation, DNA repair, and transcription regulation. We exploited proximity-dependent labeling to define the in vivo interactions of cohesin domains with DNA or with other cohesin domains that lie within the same or in different cohesin complexes. Our results suggest that both cohesin’s head and hinge domains are proximal to DNA, and cohesin structure is dynamic with differential folding of its coiled coil regions to generate butterfly confirmations. This method also reveals that cohesins form ordered clusters on and off DNA. The levels of cohesin clusters and their distribution on chromosomes are cell cycle-regulated. Cohesin clustering is likely necessary for cohesion maintenance because clustering and maintenance uniquely require the same subset of cohesin domains and the auxiliary cohesin factor Pds5p. These conclusions provide important new mechanistic and biological insights into the architecture of the cohesin complex, cohesin–cohesin interactions, and cohesin’s tethering and loop-extruding activities. Introduction Chromosome segregation, DNA damage repair, and the regulation of gene expression require the tethering or folding of chromosomes (Uhlmann, 2016; Onn et al., 2008). Remarkably, these differ- ent types of chromosome organizations are all mediated by a conserved family of protein complexes *For correspondence: [email protected] called structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) (Onn et al., 2008; Nolivos and Sherratt, 2014; Hirano, 2016; Hassler et al., 2018). SMC complexes tether and fold chromosomes by two Competing interests: The activities. -
STAG3 Is a Strong Candidate Gene for Male Infertility
Human Molecular Genetics, 2014, Vol. 23, No. 13 3421–3431 doi:10.1093/hmg/ddu051 Advance Access published on March 7, 2014 STAG3 is a strong candidate gene for male infertility Elena Llano1,∗,{, Laura Gomez-H3,{, Ignacio Garcı´a-Tun˜ o´ n3, Manuel Sa´nchez-Martı´n2, Sandrine Caburet4,5, Jose Luis Barbero6, John C. Schimenti7, Reiner A. Veitia4,5 and Alberto M. Pendas3,∗ Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/23/13/3421/659338 by Universidad de Salamanca user on 01 September 2020 1Departamento de Fisiologı´a y Farmacologı´a and 2Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain, 3Instituto de Biologı´a Molecular y Celular del Ca´ncer (CSIC-USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain, 4Institut Jacques Monod, Universite´ Paris Diderot, CNRS UMR7592, Paris 75013, France, 5Universite´ Paris Diderot-Paris 7, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France, 6Centro de Investigaciones Biolo´gicas (CSIC), Madrid 28040, Spain and 7Center for Vertebrate Genomics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA Received December 20, 2013; Revised and Accepted January 31, 2014 Oligo- and azoospermia are severe forms of male infertility. However, known genetic factors account only for a small fraction of the cases. Recently, whole-exome sequencing in a large consanguineous family with inherited premature ovarian failure (POF) identified a homozygous frameshift mutation in the STAG3 gene leading to a pre- mature stopcodon. STAG3 encodesa meiosis-specific subunit of the cohesincomplex, a large proteinaceous ring withDNA-entrappingabilitythatensures sister chromatid cohesionandenablescorrect synapsisandsegregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. The pathogenicity of the STAG3 mutations was functionally vali- datedwithaloss-of-functionmousemodelfor STAG3inoogenesis. However,andsince noneof the malemembers of this family was homozygous for the mutant allele, we only could hypothesized its putative involvement in male infertility. -
Loss of Cohesin Complex Components STAG2 Or STAG3 Confers Resistance to BRAF Inhibition in Melanoma
Loss of cohesin complex components STAG2 or STAG3 confers resistance to BRAF inhibition in melanoma The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Shen, C., S. H. Kim, S. Trousil, D. T. Frederick, A. Piris, P. Yuan, L. Cai, et al. 2016. “Loss of cohesin complex components STAG2 or STAG3 confers resistance to BRAF inhibition in melanoma.” Nature medicine 22 (9): 1056-1061. doi:10.1038/nm.4155. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm.4155. Published Version doi:10.1038/nm.4155 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:31731818 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA HHS Public Access Author manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author Nat Med Manuscript Author . Author manuscript; Manuscript Author available in PMC 2017 March 01. Published in final edited form as: Nat Med. 2016 September ; 22(9): 1056–1061. doi:10.1038/nm.4155. Loss of cohesin complex components STAG2 or STAG3 confers resistance to BRAF inhibition in melanoma Che-Hung Shen1, Sun Hye Kim1, Sebastian Trousil1, Dennie T. Frederick2, Adriano Piris3, Ping Yuan1, Li Cai1, Lei Gu4, Man Li1, Jung Hyun Lee1, Devarati Mitra1, David E. Fisher1,2, Ryan J. Sullivan2, Keith T. Flaherty2, and Bin Zheng1,* 1Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 2Department of Medical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 3Department of Dermatology, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 4Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. -
Low Tolerance for Transcriptional Variation at Cohesin Genes Is Accompanied by Functional Links to Disease-Relevant Pathways
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.11.037358; this version posted April 13, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Title Low tolerance for transcriptional variation at cohesin genes is accompanied by functional links to disease-relevant pathways Authors William Schierdingǂ1, Julia Horsfieldǂ2,3, Justin O’Sullivan1,3,4 ǂTo whom correspondence should be addressed. 1 Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand 2 Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand 3 The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand 4 MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton Acknowledgements This work was supported by a Royal Society of New Zealand Marsden Grant to JH and JOS (16-UOO- 072), and WS was supported by the same grant. Contributions WS planned the study, performed analyses, and drafted the manuscript. JH and JOS revised the manuscript. Competing interests None declared. bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.11.037358; this version posted April 13, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Abstract Variants in DNA regulatory elements can alter the regulation of distant genes through spatial- regulatory connections. -
Shaping of the 3D Genome by the Atpase Machine Cohesin Yoori Kim1 and Hongtao Yu1,2
Kim and Yu Experimental & Molecular Medicine (2020) 52:1891–1897 https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-020-00526-2 Experimental & Molecular Medicine REVIEW ARTICLE Open Access Shaping of the 3D genome by the ATPase machine cohesin Yoori Kim1 and Hongtao Yu1,2 Abstract The spatial organization of the genome is critical for fundamental biological processes, including transcription, genome replication, and segregation. Chromatin is compacted and organized with defined patterns and proper dynamics during the cell cycle. Aided by direct visualization and indirect genome reconstruction tools, recent discoveries have advanced our understanding of how interphase chromatin is dynamically folded at the molecular level. Here, we review the current understanding of interphase genome organization with a focus on the major regulator of genome structure, the cohesin complex. We further discuss how cohesin harnesses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to shape the genome by extruding chromatin loops. Introduction dynamic and preferentially form at certain genomic loci to The diploid human genome contains 46 chromosomes regulate gene expression and other DNA transactions. In and 6 billion nucleotides of DNA that, when fully exten- this article, we review our current understanding of the ded, span a length of over 2 m. The genomic DNA has to local and global landscapes of interphase chromatin and fi 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; be folded and con ned in the nucleus, which has a discuss how cohesin structures chromatin. dimension of ~10 μm. The compaction of genomic DNA also needs to be dynamic and orderly to allow myriad Local folding of interphase chromatin biochemical reactions that occur on the DNA template, Until recently, the dominant hypothesis for genome including DNA replication and repair, homologous packaging was the hierarchical folding model. -
The Emerging Role of Cohesin in the DNA Damage Response
G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Review The Emerging Role of Cohesin in the DNA Damage Response Ireneusz Litwin * , Ewa Pilarczyk and Robert Wysocki Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, 50-328 Wroclaw, Poland; [email protected] (E.P.); [email protected] (R.W.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-71-375-4126 Received: 29 October 2018; Accepted: 21 November 2018; Published: 28 November 2018 Abstract: Faithful transmission of genetic material is crucial for all organisms since changes in genetic information may result in genomic instability that causes developmental disorders and cancers. Thus, understanding the mechanisms that preserve genome integrity is of fundamental importance. Cohesin is a multiprotein complex whose canonical function is to hold sister chromatids together from S-phase until the onset of anaphase to ensure the equal division of chromosomes. However, recent research points to a crucial function of cohesin in the DNA damage response (DDR). In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of cohesin function in DNA damage signaling and repair. First, we focus on cohesin architecture and molecular mechanisms that govern sister chromatid cohesion. Next, we briefly characterize the main DDR pathways. Finally, we describe mechanisms that determine cohesin accumulation at DNA damage sites and discuss possible roles of cohesin in DDR. Keywords: cohesin; cohesin loader; DNA double-strand breaks; replication stress; DNA damage tolerance 1. Introduction Genomes of all living organisms are continuously challenged by endogenous and exogenous insults that threaten genome stability. It has been estimated that human cells suffer more than 70,000 DNA lesions per day, most of which are single-strand DNA breaks (SSBs) [1]. -
Characterization of the Major Human STAG3 Variants Using Some Proteomics and Bioinformatics Assays Inam J
Lafta et al. Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics (2020) 21:9 Egyptian Journal of Medical https://doi.org/10.1186/s43042-020-0051-0 Human Genetics RESEARCH Open Access Characterization of the major human STAG3 variants using some proteomics and bioinformatics assays Inam J. Lafta1*, Bassam K. Kudhair2 and Noralhuda N. Alabid3 Abstract Background: STAG3 is the meiotic component of cohesin and a member of the Cancer Testis Antigen (CTA) family. This gene has been found to be overexpressed in many types of cancer, and recently, its variants have been implicated in other disorders and many human diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the major variants of STAG3. Western blot (WB) and immunoprecipitation (IP) assays were performed using two different anti-STAG3 antibodies that targeted the relevant protein in MCF-7, T-47D, MDA-MB-468, and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells with Jurkat and MCF-10A cells as positive and negative controls, respectively. In silico analyses were searched to study the major isoforms. Results: WB and IP assays revealed two abundant polypeptides < 191 kDa and ~ 75 kDa in size. Specific bioinformatics tools successfully determined the three-dimensional (3-D) structure, the subcellular localization, and the secondary structures of the isoforms. Furthermore, some of the physicochemical properties of the STAG3 proteins were also determined. Conclusions: The results of this study revealed the power of applying the biological techniques (WB and IP) with the bioinformatics assays and the possibility of their exploitation in understanding diseased genes. Exploring the major variants of STAG3 at the protein level could help decipher some disorders associated with their occurrence, along with designing drugs effective at least for some relevant diseases. -
Esco1 and Esco2 Regulate Distinct Cohesin Functions During Cell Cycle Progression
Esco1 and Esco2 regulate distinct cohesin functions during cell cycle progression Reem M. Alomera,1, Eulália M. L. da Silvab,1, Jingrong Chenb, Katarzyna M. Piekarzb, Katherine McDonaldb, Courtney G. Sansamb, Christopher L. Sansama,b, and Susannah Rankina,b,2 aDepartment of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and bProgram in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 Edited by Douglas Koshland, University of California, Berkeley, CA, and approved July 31, 2017 (received for review May 19, 2017) Sister chromatids are tethered together by the cohesin complex from Finally, chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments in somatic the time they are made until their separation at anaphase. The ability cells indicate that Esco1 and Esco2 have distinct chromosomal of cohesin to tether sister chromatids together depends on acetyla- addresses. Colocalization of Esco1 with the insulator protein tion of its Smc3 subunit by members of the Eco1 family of cohesin CTCF and cohesin at the base of chromosome loops suggests that acetyltransferases. Vertebrates express two orthologs of Eco1, called Esco1 promotes normal chromosome structure (14, 15). Consistent Esco1 and Esco2, both of which are capable of modifying Smc3, but with this, depletion of Esco1 in somatic cells results in dysregulated their relative contributions to sister chromatid cohesion are unknown. transcriptional profiles (15). In contrast, Esco2 is localized to dis- We therefore set out to determine the precise contributions of Esco1 tinctly different sites, perhaps due to association with the CoREST and Esco2 to cohesion in vertebrate cells. Here we show that cohesion repressive complex (15, 16).