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Experimantal and Theoretical Study of Magnetic Hyperthermia Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2007 Experimantal and Theoretcal Study of Magnetic Hyperthermia Saleh Saad Al-Hayek Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY FAMU-FSU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EXPERIMANTAL AND THEORETCAL STUDY OF MAGNETIC HYPERTHERMIA By SALEH SAAD AL-HAYEK A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2007 Copyright © 2007 Saleh S. AL-Hayek All Rights Reserved The members of the Committee approve the Dissertation of Saleh Saad Al-Hayek defended on June, 29th, 2007. Ching-Jen Chen Professor Directing Dissertation Jim P. Zheng Outside Committee Member Peter N. Kalu Committee Member Chifu Wu Committee Member Approved: Chiang Shih, Chair, Department of Mechanical Engineering Ching-Jen Chen, Dean, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii To my mother and late father, Aminah and Saad Al-Hayek, To my Wife, Ikhlas, To my children, Umar and Rhunda. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writing of a dissertation can be a lonely and isolating experience, yet it is obviously not possible without the help of God Almighty: ALLAH; The Creator, The Source of Peace, The Sovereign Lord, The Merciful, The Beneficent, The Provider, The Truth, The Wise, The One, The Eternal Owner of Sovereignty, The Reckoner, The First and The Last, and then, the personal and practical support of numerous people. Thus my sincere gratitude goes first to the Creator of the heavens and earths and what’s in between; ALLAH, glorified be He, then to his final messenger, and the seal of prophets; prophet Muhammad - peace be upon him, then to my parents, my wife and children, and all my friends, for their love, support, and patience over the last few years. This dissertation would not have been possible without the expert guidance of my esteemed advisor, Dean / Prof. Ching-Jen Chen. Not only was he readily available for me, as he so generously is for all of his students, but he always read and responded to the drafts of each chapter of my work more quickly than I could have hoped. His oral and written comments are always extremely perceptive, helpful, and appropriate. I wish to thank Profs. Jim P. Zheng, Peter N. Kalu, and Chifu Wu, of the FAMU- FSU college of Engineering, at Florida State University, for serving in my committee, and to my brother, Prof. Yousef Haik, for inspiring and encouraging me to pursue a higher education in mechanical engineering, and for enabling me to do so. My research for this dissertation was made more efficient but also much more extensive through the use of several characterization resources. Thus I gladly express my gratitude to Dr. Eric Lochner, the staff, and my good friend Shahid, at MARTECH, especially for the training on SQUID and X-Ray diffractometer, which I have used so frequently. Also, I would like to thank Mr. Veenu, from Quartek Int. inc., for his iv nanoparticle synthesis insight, and Dr. Yan Xin for her help in nanoparticles TEM characterization. Many people on the faculty and staff of the FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University assisted and encouraged me in various ways during my course of studies. I am especially grateful to Prof. Chiang Shih, the department chairman, for providing me with the financial support and for believing in me. Many thanks go to Mr. George Green, Mrs. Humose and Liza for their departmental support, and I was also greatly inspired by Profs. Patrick Hollis, William Oates, and Peterson Hruda for whom I was a Teaching Assistant for two years, and I thank the students whom I was privileged to teach and from whom I also learned much. v TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ................................................................................................viii List of Figures ................................................................................................x Abstract ...............................................................................................................xiv 1. INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................1 1.1 Motivation.............................................................................................1 1.2 Proposed Study .....................................................................................3 1.3 Outline ...............................................................................................5 2. BACKGROUND ............................................................................................6 2.1 Definition .............................................................................................6 2.2 Types of Hyperthermia .........................................................................8 2.3 Magnetic Materials ..............................................................................14 2.3.1 Magnetic Properties ....................................................................16 2.3.2 Magnetic Domains......................................................................20 2.3.3 Curie Temperature ......................................................................22 2.4 Magnetic Hyperthermia ........................................................................26 2.4.1 Hyperthermia Using Bulk Magnetic Materials ...........................27 2.4.2 Intracellular Hyperthermia ..........................................................29 2.4.3 Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia .....................................................31 2.5 Magnetic Loss Processes ......................................................................32 2.5.1 Hysteresis Losses………………………………………………..32 2.5.2 Relaxation……………………………………………………….35 2.5.2.1 Mechanisms of Rotation of Magnetic Moments .............37 2.5.2.2 Physical Basis of Heating SPM Particles……………….39 2.5.3 Eddy Current Loss…………………………………………… ...40 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS....................................................................43 3.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles ........................................................................43 3.2 Nanomagnetic Particles Fabrication and Encapsulation Methods........47 vi 3.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles Synthesis by Chemical Co-Precipitation ......56 3.3.1 Synthesis of MnZn Ferrite Nanoparticles.....................................56 3.3.2 PEG Encapsulated MnZnFe Using Polymer Emulsion Process ..63 3.3.3 Synthesis of ZnGd Ferrite Nanoparticles ....................................66 3.3.4 HSA Encapsulated ZnGdFe Nanoparticles ..................................66 3.3.5 Synthesis of ZnNd Ferrite Nanoparticles ....................................67 3.3.6 Polyvinyl alcohol Encapsulated ZnNdFe Nanoparticles .............68 3.3.7 Synthesis of GdZnCe Ferrite Nanoparticles ................................69 3.3.8 Ethyle Cellulose Encapsulated GdZnCeFe by Polymer Emulsion ................................................................................................70 3.4 Size Distribution and Morphology.........................................................71 3.4.1 X-Ray Diffraction .........................................................................71 3.4.2 Transmision Electron Microscopy................................................74 3.4.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy.....................................................77 3.5 Nanoparticles Surface Characterization.................................................79 3.6 Magnetic Heating Equipment and Instruments .....................................82 3.7 SQUID ................................................................................................86 4. RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS ..............................................................92 4.1 Powder XRD Pattern and TEM Magnetic Particles Characterization 92 4.2 Properties of Particles after Co-precipitation and Heating 107 4.3 Magnetic Properties of Particles and Magnetic Solution.......................110 4.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles SQUID Charactarization Results....................121 4.5 Magnetic Heating Tests and Results….…….........................................133 5. ANALYSIS AND ESTIMATE OF MAGNETIC HEATING .......................142 5.1 Dominant Magnetic Heating Mechanisms ............................................142 5.2 Power Calculation Model ......................................................................151 6. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK .....................................................162 APPENDIX ................................................................................................167 A Table of Conversions ............................................................................167 REFERENCES ................................................................................................168 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ...............................................................................182 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 2-1: Typical hyperthermia strategies in oncology .....................................11 Table 2-2: Comparison of the three main techniques of magnetic hyperthermia using magnetic particles as mediators. 13 Table 2-3: Type of change of the magnetic properties of a ferromagnet with a decrease in the substance dimensions from macroscopic to atomic. 15 Table 2-4: Summary of different types of magnetic behavior.............................19
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