THE PLIGHT of CRIME VICTIMS in MODERN SOCIETY Also by Ezzat A

THE PLIGHT OF CRIME VICTIMS IN MODERN SOCIETY Also by Ezzat A. Fattah

A SruDY OF TIIE DETERRENT EFFECT OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT FEAR OF PUNISHMENT (co-author) FROM CRIME POLICY TO VICTIM POLICY (editor) The Plight of Crime Victims in Modern Society Edited by Ezzat A. Fattah, Ph.D. Professor of Criminology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada

Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978-1-349-20085-6 ISBN 978-1-349-20083-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-20083-2

© Ezzat A. Fattah 1989 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1989 All rights reserved. For information, write: Scholarly & Reference Division, St. Martin's Press, Ine., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010

First published in the United States of Ameriea in 1989

ISBN 978-0-312-61758-5

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The plight of erime vietims in modern society. Bibliography: p. Inc1udes index. 1. Vietims oferimes-Congresses. 2. Vietims of erimes----Services for-Congresses. 3. Vietims of erimes----Government poliey-Congresses. I. Fattah, Ezzat A., 1929- HV6250.2.P56 1989 362.8'8 87-20540 ISBN 978-0-312-61758-5 Contents

Notes on the Contributors vii

Foreword xii

Acknowledgements xiv

Prologue ON COUNTING VICTIMS 1 A Comparison of National Crime Surveys Richard Block 3

PART I ON SOME NEGLECTED TYPES OF VICTIMIZATION 2 Victims of Abuse of Power: the DavidlGoliath Syndrome Ezzat A. Fattah 29 3 Victims of Extreme State Terrorism Raymond R. Corrado 74 4 Victims of Terrorism: Dimensions of the Victim Experience Edith E. Flynn 93 5 Victimization of Canada's Natives: the Conse quences of Socio-Cultural Deprivation Curt T. Griffiths, J. Colin Yerbury and Linda F. Weafer 118

PART 11 ON WOMEN AND CHILDREN AS VICTIMS 6 Women as Victims Laurie Vaughan-Evans and Diane Wood 141 7 The Victimhood of Battered Women: Psychological and Criminal Justice Perspectives Donald G. Dutton 161 8 The Child as Victim: Victimological Aspects of Child Abuse Ezzat A. Fattah 177

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9 Child Abuse and the Courts: Finnish and Swedish Experiences Marja Korpilahti 212

PART III ON RESPONSE TO, AND CONSEQUENCES OF, VICTIMIZATION 10 Victim-Offender Dynamics in Stranger to Stranger Violence: Robbery and Rape Richard Block 231 11 The Needs of Crime Victims Irvin Waller 252 12 Crime Reporting and Services for Victims Eduard Ziegenhagen 277

PART IV ON SERVICES FOR CRIME VICTIMS 13 Compensation by Offenders in Canada: a Victim's Right? Ab Thorvaldson 291 14 Legal Aid to Crime Victims Susan Hillenbrand 310 15 Victim-Witness Programmes Susan Hillenbrand 322 16 Family Violen ce and Changing Ideologies in Shelter Movement Teuvo Peltonierni 333

EPILOGUE: For a Charter of Rights for Crime Victims Andre Norrnandeau 347

APPENDIX: Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power 358 Notes on the Contributors

Richard Block is a professor of sociology at Loyola University of Chicago, a fellow of the University of Chicago Law School Center for Study in Criminal Justice, and a Research Associate of the North western University Center for Urban Affairs and Policy Research. He has been studying victims of crime since the First US National Victim Survey of 1966. Currently he is studying the dynamics of victim-offender interaction and the effect of resistance on the completion of crimes. Another continuing interest of his has been comparative research on violent crime. This cross-national research began with a compari son of Amsterdam and Chicago and has continued with a published (1982) volume Victimization and Fear o[ Crime: World Per- spectives, which he edited for the US Bureau of Justice Statistics.

Raymond R. Corrado is an associate professor in the Department of Criminology at Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Colum bia. He received his Ph.D. in Political Science from Northwestern University. He has published articles and chapters on various aspects of terrorism. His current research interest in terrorism is focused on why and how governments employ terrorism in plural ist democratic societies.

Donald G. Dutton is an associate professor of psychology at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. Trained as an experimental social psychologist, his early research interests were in interpersonal attraction, inter-racial altruism and attribution theory. Since 1974 he has worked in areas of psychology related to the Criminal Justice system, including police training, programme eva luation, policy research, and his current research interest: spouse assault.

Ezzat A. Fattah is a professor of criminology at Simon Fraser University. He studied law at the University of Cairo where he obtained an LL.L. degree. He worked for 13 years as a prosecutor in his native country, Egypt. This was followed by 3 yeilfS of graduate work at the Institute of Criminology, University of Vienna, Austria. In 1964 he moved to Canada where he obtained an M.A. and a Ph.D.

vii viii Notes on the Contributors from the University of Montreal. He taught criminology at that University until 1974 when he was invited to found and chair a Department of Criminology at Simon Fraser University in Van couver. Dr Fattah is a pioneer in victimology and first wrote on the topic as early as 1966. His list of publications i'ncludes 6 books and 80 papers published in learned journals. He received several honours including the Beccaria Prize and the Alex Edmison Award. He served for many years as anational councillor for the Canadian section of Amnesty International and is currently a member of the Board of Directors of the International Society of Criminology.

Edith E. Flynn is professor of criminal justice, Northwestern Univers ity in Boston, Massachusetts. She served on several National Com mittees and was one of the key figures in the National Advisory commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals. Dr Flynn is author/co-author of numerous publications including The New and the Old Criminology (1978); 'Political Prisoners and Terrorists in American Correctional Institutions' in Terrorism and Criminal lustice (1978); 'Crime Victims: an Agenda for the 1980s', in An Anatomy 0/ Criminal lustice (1980); Crime and Violence in American Society, American Behavioral Scientist (1980); 'Theory Development in Victimology' in The Victim in International Perspective (1982); 'Women as Criminal Justice Professionals' in ludge, Lawyer, Victim, Thie/ (1982).

Curt T. Griftiths is an associate professor, Department of Crimino logy, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia. He received his Ph.D. in Sociology from the University of Montana in 1977. His major areas of teaching and research include Native North Americans and the law; Formal and Informal Systems of Social Control; Delivery of Criminal Justice Services in the Canadian North. Dr Griffiths co-authored Criminallustice in Canada: an Introductory Text (1980) with S. N. Verdun-Jones and J. F. Klein, and Corrections in Canada: Policy and Practice (1984) with J. W. Ekstedt, and has published several articles in learned journals.

Susan W. Hillenbrand is the co-ordinator of the VictimIWitness Assistance Project funded by the American Bar Association (section of criminal justice). The project developed a set of guidelines for fair treatment of victims and witnesses in the Criminal Justice System. Notes on the Contributors ix

Marja Korpilahti took her Master of Laws degree in 1981 at the University of Uppsala, Sweden. She is now a postgraduate student at the University of Helsinki. Ms Korpilahti has studied child abuse and neglect at the University of Uppsala with grants from the Scandinavian Research Council of Criminology and the Research Institute of Legal Policy in Helsinki, Finland. She now works at Kalervo Insurance Ltd, in Helsinki. Ms Korpilahti has published results of her studies on child abuse in Finland and Sweden in the report series of the Research Institute of Legal Policy.

Andre Normandeau received his Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania. Since then he has been teaching at the School of Criminology, University of Montreal. In addition to his teaching duties he is currently director of the International Centre for Compa rative Criminology, University of Montreal. He also served as the secretary for a task force set up by the Quebec provincial government to study armed robberies in the province. Dr Normandeau has written several books and articles dealing with various aspects of criminology.

Teuvo Peltoniemi took his M.A. in Sociology in 1974 at the University of Tampere and his Lic.PoI.Sc. in 1980 at the University of Helsinki where he is now a doctoral student. Mr Peltoniemi has worked as researcher at the University of Tampere, the Finnish Foundation for Alcohol Studies and Research Institute of Legal Policy. He is presently the principal investigator in a health education study at the Provincial Board of Uusimaa, Helsinki, and a lecturer in Sociological Alcohol Research at the University of Tampere. Mr Peltoniemi is the author of a forthcoming book on family violence in Finland and the editor of a book on Alcohol Sociology.

Ab Thorvaldson received a B.A. in Political Science from the University of Manitoba, an M.A. in experimental psychology from the University of British Columbia, and a Ph.D. in criminology from the Institute of Criminology, Cambridge for his thesis on the aims and effectiveness of community service by offenders. He is presently the Director of the Research and Evaluation Division of the Ministry of Attorney General, British Columbia, having previously served the same ministry as probation officer , director of offen der classification in the provincial prison system, and corrections research director. He x Notes on the Contributors

is the author of many published articles on reparative sanctions and other topics.

Irvin Waller is a professor of criminology at the University of Ottawa, Canada. From 1966 to 1974 he was at the Centre of Criminology, University of Toronto, where he published Men Re leased from Prison and Burglary, the Victim and the Public. Dr Waller was the first Director General of Research and Statistics for the Solicitor General of Canada where he initiated and spearheaded a 'research program for policy', which includes major initiatives on crime prevention, victims, sentence disparity, policing, and alternat ives to prison use. He is a Director of the National Organization of Victim Assistance and is on the executive of the World Society of Victimology.

Linda F. Weafer received her B.A. in Criminology from Simon Fraser University in 1982. She is currently enrolled in the Graduate Studies Pro gram in the Department of Criminology at Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia. Major areas of interest include, Justice in the North, Native Justice, and Minorities and the Criminal Justice System. She has recently co-authored Native North Americans: Crime, Conflict, and Criminal Justice: a Research Bibliography, with Curt Taylor Griffiths and Gregory F. Williams.

Diane Wood has held several federal government positions in the public relations and information field. Since 1982, she is Chief of Social Policy and International Relations at Status of Women Ca nada. Among other things, she co-ordinates federal response around the issue of family violence through an interdepartmental committee.

J. CoUn Yerbury is currently Director, Directed Independent Study courses, Continuing Studies, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia. His major areas of teaching and research include: Minorities and the Criminal Justice System; Ethnohistory; Ethnology of Law; Anthropological Theory; and Cultural Ecology and Cultural Evolution. Among his recent works is a book entitled: The Subarctic Indians and the Pur Trade: 1680-1869 (University of Toronto Press) and his research papers have appeared in the Journal of Ethnic Studies, Alberta History, Arctic Anthropology, Current Anthropo logy. Ethnohistory, and the Western Canadian Journal of Anthropo logy. He is currently writing a book with Curt Taylor Griffiths: Native North Americans: Crime, Deviance and Criminal Justice. Notes on the Contributors xi

Eduard A. Ziegenhagen, Ph.D., is an associate professor of Political Science, State University of New York at Binghamton, Research Associate, Center for Sodal Analysis. He is the author of the following publications: Techniques Jor Political Analysis (1971); with George Bowlby, Victims,Crime and Social Control (1977); 'The Recidivist Victim of Violent Crime, Victimology, vol 7. (1976); 'Toward a Theory of Victim-Criminal Justice System Interactions in William F. McDonald (ed.) Criminallustice and the Victim (1976); 'Victim Interests, Victim Services and Social Control' in Bert Gala way and Joe Hudson (eds) Perspectives on Crime Victims (1981); 'Controlling Crime by Regulating Victim Behavior' in H. J. Sch neider (ed.) International Perspectives on the Victim (1980). He was Director, Crime Victim's Consultation Project, 1973-74. Foreword

The international course in criminology has an impressive history and is universally considered to be one of the major scholarly events in the field of criminology. Organized jointly by the International Society of Criminology (Paris) and one of the world's leading universities, the course has been held in various cities and capitals all over the globe. Each year the course is devoted to a general theme chosen for its importance and currency. The theme selected for the 33rd international course was 'Victims of Crime', a most timely topic. The course was held at the Westin Bayshore Hotel in Vancouver, Canada, in March 1983 and was generously funded through grants from Simon Fraser University, the Solicitor-General of Canada and the Federal Department of Justice. The course dealt with both theoretical and applied aspects of victimology and examined in depth the problems of research and practice encountered in this young and growing discipline. The course was attended by 150 participants from Canada, the United States, Europe, Africa, and Asia. The interna tional faculty for the course consisted of some of the world's best experts and recognized authorities in the field of victimology. Each faculty member invited was asked to prepare one or two original papers for the course. This yielded over 40 previously unpublished papers. A first volume, From Crime Policy To Victim Policy Reorienting the lustice System was published in 1986, also by Macmil lan, and was devoted mainly to research and policy issues. The present volume contains chapters of a more applied nature, focusing on victims, victimization, and victim services. Together, the two volumes constitute an invaluable reference to all those interested or involved in victim research, victim services, or in the administration of justice. A few years ago, the organization of an international course on victims of crime and the publication of the ensuing papers seemed like an impossible dream. With the publication of this volume, the dream has become a reality and it is with a great sense of relief and gratification that I see the whole project come to fruition. I wish, therefore, to express my warm and sincere thanks to the contributors whogave generously of their time, to Dr Denis Szabo, past President of the International Society of Criminology, for asking me to organize and direct the course, to my colleagues at Simon Fraser

xii Foreword xiii

University for their encouragement and support, to my family for their understanding, and finally to Ann Marangos for her editorial assistance. Acknowledgements

The 33rd International Course in Criminology on Victims of Crime (Vancouver, 1983), for which most of the papers in this volume were prepared, was generously funded by grants from Simon Fraser University, the Solicitor-General of Canada, and the Federal Minis try of Justice. Their contribution is acknowledged with sincere thanks. The editor and publishers wish to thank the following who have kindly given permission for the use of copyright material: Interna tional University Press, Inc., for the extracts from Henry Krystal's Massive Psychic Trauma; A. B. Raben and Sjögren Bokförlag, for the table from Karin Alfredsson's Den Man Äiskar Agar Man; and the Revue Internationale de Droit Penal for permission to reproduce Ezzat Fattah's article 'The Child as Victim'. They also wish to thank Rusins Kaufmann for his kind permission to reproduce the cartoon (Chapter 11) which first appeared in the Ottawa Citizen in September 1981.

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