THE PLIGHT OF CRIME VICTIMS IN MODERN SOCIETY Also by Ezzat A. Fattah A SruDY OF TIIE DETERRENT EFFECT OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT FEAR OF PUNISHMENT (co-author) FROM CRIME POLICY TO VICTIM POLICY (editor) The Plight of Crime Victims in Modern Society Edited by Ezzat A. Fattah, Ph.D. Professor of Criminology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978-1-349-20085-6 ISBN 978-1-349-20083-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-20083-2 © Ezzat A. Fattah 1989 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1989 All rights reserved. For information, write: Scholarly & Reference Division, St. Martin's Press, Ine., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010 First published in the United States of Ameriea in 1989 ISBN 978-0-312-61758-5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The plight of erime vietims in modern society. Bibliography: p. Inc1udes index. 1. Vietims oferimes-Congresses. 2. Vietims of erimes----Services for-Congresses. 3. Vietims of erimes----Government poliey-Congresses. I. Fattah, Ezzat A., 1929- HV6250.2.P56 1989 362.8'8 87-20540 ISBN 978-0-312-61758-5 Contents Notes on the Contributors vii Foreword xii Acknowledgements xiv Prologue ON COUNTING VICTIMS 1 A Comparison of National Crime Surveys Richard Block 3 PART I ON SOME NEGLECTED TYPES OF VICTIMIZATION 2 Victims of Abuse of Power: the DavidlGoliath Syndrome Ezzat A. Fattah 29 3 Victims of Extreme State Terrorism Raymond R. Corrado 74 4 Victims of Terrorism: Dimensions of the Victim Experience Edith E. Flynn 93 5 Victimization of Canada's Natives: the Conse­ quences of Socio-Cultural Deprivation Curt T. Griffiths, J. Colin Yerbury and Linda F. Weafer 118 PART 11 ON WOMEN AND CHILDREN AS VICTIMS 6 Women as Victims Laurie Vaughan-Evans and Diane Wood 141 7 The Victimhood of Battered Women: Psychological and Criminal Justice Perspectives Donald G. Dutton 161 8 The Child as Victim: Victimological Aspects of Child Abuse Ezzat A. Fattah 177 v vi Contents 9 Child Abuse and the Courts: Finnish and Swedish Experiences Marja Korpilahti 212 PART III ON RESPONSE TO, AND CONSEQUENCES OF, VICTIMIZATION 10 Victim-Offender Dynamics in Stranger to Stranger Violence: Robbery and Rape Richard Block 231 11 The Needs of Crime Victims Irvin Waller 252 12 Crime Reporting and Services for Victims Eduard Ziegenhagen 277 PART IV ON SERVICES FOR CRIME VICTIMS 13 Compensation by Offenders in Canada: a Victim's Right? Ab Thorvaldson 291 14 Legal Aid to Crime Victims Susan Hillenbrand 310 15 Victim-Witness Programmes Susan Hillenbrand 322 16 Family Violen ce and Changing Ideologies in Shelter Movement Teuvo Peltonierni 333 EPILOGUE: For a Charter of Rights for Crime Victims Andre Norrnandeau 347 APPENDIX: Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power 358 Notes on the Contributors Richard Block is a professor of sociology at Loyola University of Chicago, a fellow of the University of Chicago Law School Center for Study in Criminal Justice, and a Research Associate of the North­ western University Center for Urban Affairs and Policy Research. He has been studying victims of crime since the First US National Victim Survey of 1966. Currently he is studying the dynamics of victim-offender interaction and the effect of resistance on the completion of crimes. Another continuing interest of his has been comparative research on violent crime. This cross-national research began with a compari­ son of Amsterdam and Chicago and has continued with a published (1982) volume Victimization and Fear o[ Crime: World Per- spectives, which he edited for the US Bureau of Justice Statistics. Raymond R. Corrado is an associate professor in the Department of Criminology at Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Colum­ bia. He received his Ph.D. in Political Science from Northwestern University. He has published articles and chapters on various aspects of terrorism. His current research interest in terrorism is focused on why and how governments employ terrorism in plural ist democratic societies. Donald G. Dutton is an associate professor of psychology at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. Trained as an experimental social psychologist, his early research interests were in interpersonal attraction, inter-racial altruism and attribution theory. Since 1974 he has worked in areas of psychology related to the Criminal Justice system, including police training, programme eva­ luation, policy research, and his current research interest: spouse assault. Ezzat A. Fattah is a professor of criminology at Simon Fraser University. He studied law at the University of Cairo where he obtained an LL.L. degree. He worked for 13 years as a prosecutor in his native country, Egypt. This was followed by 3 yeilfS of graduate work at the Institute of Criminology, University of Vienna, Austria. In 1964 he moved to Canada where he obtained an M.A. and a Ph.D. vii viii Notes on the Contributors from the University of Montreal. He taught criminology at that University until 1974 when he was invited to found and chair a Department of Criminology at Simon Fraser University in Van­ couver. Dr Fattah is a pioneer in victimology and first wrote on the topic as early as 1966. His list of publications i'ncludes 6 books and 80 papers published in learned journals. He received several honours including the Beccaria Prize and the Alex Edmison Award. He served for many years as anational councillor for the Canadian section of Amnesty International and is currently a member of the Board of Directors of the International Society of Criminology. Edith E. Flynn is professor of criminal justice, Northwestern Univers­ ity in Boston, Massachusetts. She served on several National Com­ mittees and was one of the key figures in the National Advisory commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals. Dr Flynn is author/co-author of numerous publications including The New and the Old Criminology (1978); 'Political Prisoners and Terrorists in American Correctional Institutions' in Terrorism and Criminal lustice (1978); 'Crime Victims: an Agenda for the 1980s', in An Anatomy 0/ Criminal lustice (1980); Crime and Violence in American Society, American Behavioral Scientist (1980); 'Theory Development in Victimology' in The Victim in International Perspective (1982); 'Women as Criminal Justice Professionals' in ludge, Lawyer, Victim, Thie/ (1982). Curt T. Griftiths is an associate professor, Department of Crimino­ logy, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia. He received his Ph.D. in Sociology from the University of Montana in 1977. His major areas of teaching and research include Native North Americans and the law; Formal and Informal Systems of Social Control; Delivery of Criminal Justice Services in the Canadian North. Dr Griffiths co-authored Criminallustice in Canada: an Introductory Text (1980) with S. N. Verdun-Jones and J. F. Klein, and Corrections in Canada: Policy and Practice (1984) with J. W. Ekstedt, and has published several articles in learned journals. Susan W. Hillenbrand is the co-ordinator of the VictimIWitness Assistance Project funded by the American Bar Association (section of criminal justice). The project developed a set of guidelines for fair treatment of victims and witnesses in the Criminal Justice System. Notes on the Contributors ix Marja Korpilahti took her Master of Laws degree in 1981 at the University of Uppsala, Sweden. She is now a postgraduate student at the University of Helsinki. Ms Korpilahti has studied child abuse and neglect at the University of Uppsala with grants from the Scandinavian Research Council of Criminology and the Research Institute of Legal Policy in Helsinki, Finland. She now works at Kalervo Insurance Ltd, in Helsinki. Ms Korpilahti has published results of her studies on child abuse in Finland and Sweden in the report series of the Research Institute of Legal Policy. Andre Normandeau received his Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania. Since then he has been teaching at the School of Criminology, University of Montreal. In addition to his teaching duties he is currently director of the International Centre for Compa­ rative Criminology, University of Montreal. He also served as the secretary for a task force set up by the Quebec provincial government to study armed robberies in the province. Dr Normandeau has written several books and articles dealing with various aspects of criminology. Teuvo Peltoniemi took his M.A. in Sociology in 1974 at the University of Tampere and his Lic.PoI.Sc. in 1980 at the University of Helsinki where he is now a doctoral student. Mr Peltoniemi has worked as researcher at the University of Tampere, the Finnish Foundation for Alcohol Studies and Research Institute of Legal Policy. He is presently the principal investigator in a health education study at the Provincial Board of Uusimaa, Helsinki, and a lecturer in Sociological Alcohol Research at the University of Tampere. Mr Peltoniemi is the author of a forthcoming book on family violence in Finland and the editor of a book on Alcohol Sociology. Ab Thorvaldson received a B.A. in Political Science from the University of Manitoba, an M.A. in experimental psychology from the University of British Columbia, and a Ph.D. in criminology from the Institute of Criminology, Cambridge for his thesis on the aims and effectiveness of community service by offenders. He is presently the Director of the Research and Evaluation Division of the Ministry of Attorney General, British Columbia, having previously served the same ministry as probation officer , director of offen der classification in the provincial prison system, and corrections research director. He x Notes on the Contributors is the author of many published articles on reparative sanctions and other topics. Irvin Waller is a professor of criminology at the University of Ottawa, Canada. From 1966 to 1974 he was at the Centre of Criminology, University of Toronto, where he published Men Re­ leased from Prison and Burglary, the Victim and the Public.