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The Position of Secretary of Defense: Statutory Restrictions and Civilian-Military Relations
The Position of Secretary of Defense: Statutory Restrictions and Civilian-Military Relations Updated January 6, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44725 Position of Secretary of Defense: Statutory Restrictions and Civilian-Military Relations Summary The position of Secretary of Defense is unique within the United States government; it is one of two civilian positions within the military chain of command, although unlike the President, the Secretary of Defense is not elected. Section 113 of the United States Code states that the Secretary of Defense is to be “appointed from civilian life by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.” The section goes on to elaborate a key mechanism by which civilian control of the armed forces is maintained: A person may not be appointed as Secretary of Defense within seven years after relief from active duty as a commissioned officer of a regular component of an armed force. The proposed nomination of General (Ret.) Lloyd Austin, United States Army, who retired from the military in 2016, to be Secretary of Defense may lead both houses of Congress to consider whether and how to suspend, change, or remove that provision. This provision was originally contained in the 1947 National Security Act (P.L. 80-253), which mandated that 10 years pass between the time an officer is relieved from active duty and when he or she could be appointed to the office of the Secretary of Defense. In 2007, Section 903 of the FY2008 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 110-181), Congress changed the period of time that must elapse between relief from active duty and appointment to the position of Secretary of Defense to seven years. -
Congressional Record United States Th of America PROCEEDINGS and DEBATES of the 117 CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION
E PL UR UM IB N U U S Congressional Record United States th of America PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 117 CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION Vol. 167 WASHINGTON, FRIDAY, JANUARY 22, 2021 No. 13 House of Representatives The House was not in session today. Its next meeting will be held on Monday, January 25, 2021, at 1:30 p.m. Senate FRIDAY, JANUARY 22, 2021 The Senate met at 10 a.m. and was NATIONAL GUARD We owe an enormous debt of grati- called to order by the President pro Mr. SCHUMER. Mr. President, now, tude to the men and women who tempore (Mr. LEAHY). it came to our attention last night worked to keep us safe on January 6 and the days since. A situation like f that members of the National Guard, after standing on duty to protect the last night will never happen again. PRAYER Capitol for Inauguration Day, keeping f The Chaplain, Dr. Barry C. Black, of- us safe, were sleeping in parking ga- BUSINESS BEFORE THE SENATE fered the following prayer: rages and cramped quarters without Mr. SCHUMER. Now, I have spoken Let us pray. proper space or ventilation. It was ut- about the Senate’s agenda for the next Sovereign King, our hope for years to terly unacceptable. several weeks. We have three essential come, deliver us from the sin of run- I have told those who run the secu- items on our plate: one, the confirma- ning from the truth. Remind us often rity of the Capitol that it can never tion of President Biden’s Cabinet and that truth brings freedom. -
ALABAMA Senators Jeff Sessions (R) Methodist Richard C. Shelby
ALABAMA Senators Jeff Sessions (R) Methodist Richard C. Shelby (R) Presbyterian Representatives Robert B. Aderholt (R) Congregationalist Baptist Spencer Bachus (R) Baptist Jo Bonner (R) Episcopalian Bobby N. Bright (D) Baptist Artur Davis (D) Lutheran Parker Griffith (D) Episcopalian Mike D. Rogers (R) Baptist ALASKA Senators Mark Begich (D) Roman Catholic Lisa Murkowski (R) Roman Catholic Representatives Don Young (R) Episcopalian ARIZONA Senators Jon Kyl (R) Presbyterian John McCain (R) Baptist Representatives Jeff Flake (R) Mormon Trent Franks (R) Baptist Gabrielle Giffords (D) Jewish Raul M. Grijalva (D) Roman Catholic Ann Kirkpatrick (D) Roman Catholic Harry E. Mitchell (D) Roman Catholic Ed Pastor (D) Roman Catholic John Shadegg (R) Episcopalian ARKANSAS Senators Blanche Lincoln (D) Episcopalian Mark Pryor (D) Christian Representatives Marion Berry (D) Methodist John Boozman (R) Baptist Mike Ross (D) Methodist Vic Snyder (D) Methodist CALIFORNIA Senators Barbara Boxer (D) Jewish Dianne Feinstein (D) Jewish Representatives Joe Baca (D) Roman Catholic Xavier Becerra (D) Roman Catholic Howard L. Berman (D) Jewish Brian P. Bilbray (R) Roman Catholic Ken Calvert (R) Protestant John Campbell (R) Presbyterian Lois Capps (D) Lutheran Dennis Cardoza (D) Roman Catholic Jim Costa (D) Roman Catholic Susan A. Davis (D) Jewish David Dreier (R) Christian Scientist Anna G. Eshoo (D) Roman Catholic Sam Farr (D) Episcopalian Bob Filner (D) Jewish Elton Gallegly (R) Protestant Jane Harman (D) Jewish Wally Herger (R) Mormon Michael M. Honda (D) Protestant Duncan Hunter (R) Protestant Darrell Issa (R) Antioch Orthodox Christian Church Barbara Lee (D) Baptist Jerry Lewis (R) Presbyterian Zoe Lofgren (D) Lutheran Dan Lungren (R) Roman Catholic Mary Bono Mack (R) Protestant Doris Matsui (D) Methodist Kevin McCarthy (R) Baptist Tom McClintock (R) Baptist Howard P. -
Congressional Record
E774 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks May 10, 2012 succeed, Iliana and Agnes are transforming ment Foundation and continues her critical nation’s farmers and ranchers and extend lives and helping students to reach their full role in the publication of Setting Course. birthday wishes to the USDA. potential. I truly admire Deborah’s ongoing commit- f As our nation observes Teacher Apprecia- ment to helping people of all ages understand tion Week, I urge my colleagues and all Amer- the importance of good nutrition, healthy living, TEACHER APPRECIATION WEEK icans to support critical investments in edu- and being a force for positive change in their cation that help to provide all students with a communities. HON. DEBBIE WASSERMAN SCHULTZ OF FLORIDA high quality education and to make teaching f one of the most valued professions in Amer- IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ica. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF Thursday, May 10, 2012 AGRICULTURE’S 150TH ANNIVER- f SARY Ms. WASSERMAN SCHULTZ. Mr. Speaker, IN RECOGNITION OF THE CON- I rise today to pay tribute to the teachers of TRIBUTIONS OF DEBORAH HON. LAURA RICHARDSON Broward and Miami-Dade Counties during Na- SZEKELY tional Teacher Appreciation Week, taking OF CALIFORNIA place this year from May 7 through May 11, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 2012. HON. SUSAN A. DAVIS Thursday, May 10, 2012 This week affords students, parents, and OF CALIFORNIA communities across the nation a chance to IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Ms. RICHARDSON. Mr. Speaker, I rise come together and honor the extraordinary today to pay tribute to one of our greatest Thursday, May 10, 2012 work our teachers are doing in the classroom American success stories. -
Trump's Generals
STRATEGIC STUDIES QUARTERLY - PERSPECTIVE Trump’s Generals: A Natural Experiment in Civil-Military Relations JAMES JOYNER Abstract President Donald Trump’s filling of numerous top policy positions with active and retired officers he called “my generals” generated fears of mili- tarization of foreign policy, loss of civilian control of the military, and politicization of the military—yet also hope that they might restrain his worst impulses. Because the generals were all gone by the halfway mark of his administration, we have a natural experiment that allows us to com- pare a Trump presidency with and without retired generals serving as “adults in the room.” None of the dire predictions turned out to be quite true. While Trump repeatedly flirted with civil- military crises, they were not significantly amplified or deterred by the presence of retired generals in key roles. Further, the pattern continued in the second half of the ad- ministration when “true” civilians filled these billets. Whether longer-term damage was done, however, remains unresolved. ***** he presidency of Donald Trump served as a natural experiment, testing many of the long- debated precepts of the civil-military relations (CMR) literature. His postelection interviewing of Tmore than a half dozen recently retired four- star officers for senior posts in his administration unleashed a torrent of columns pointing to the dangers of further militarization of US foreign policy and damage to the military as a nonpartisan institution. At the same time, many argued that these men were uniquely qualified to rein in Trump’s worst pro- clivities. With Trump’s tenure over, we can begin to evaluate these claims. -
Microsoft Political Action Committee Federal Candidate Contributions 2009 January 1, 2009 – December 31, 2009
Microsoft Political Action Committee Federal Candidate Contributions 2009 January 1, 2009 – December 31, 2009 Office Total 2009 Candidate State Sought Contribution Sen. Lisa A. Murkowski (R) AK US Senate $ 2,500 Rep. Bobby Bright (D) AL US House $ 1,000 Rep. Parker Griffith (R) AL US House $ 1,000 Rep. Spencer T. Bachus, III (R) AL US House $ 1,000 Sen. Blanche Lincoln (D) AR US Senate $ 5,000 Rep. Ann Kirkpatrick (D) AZ US House $ 1,000 Rep. Gabrielle Giffords (D) AZ US House $ 2,500 Rep. Jeff Flake (R) AZ US House $ 1,000 Rep. John Shadegg (R) AZ US House $ 2,000 Rep. Trent Franks (R) AZ US House $ 1,000 Rep. Adam B. Schiff (D) CA US House $ 1,000 Rep. Barbara J. Lee (D) CA US House $ 1,000 Rep. Bob Filner (D) CA US House $ 1,000 Rep. Brian P. Bilbray (R) CA US House $ 1,000 Rep. Daniel E. Lungren (R) CA US House $ 2,500 Rep. Darrell Issa (R) CA US House $ 6,000 Rep. David T. Dreier (R) CA US House $ 3,000 Rep. Dennis A. Cardoza (D) CA US House $ 1,000 Rep. Devin G. Nunes (R) CA US House $ 1,000 Rep. Doris O. Matsui (D) CA US House $ 1,000 Rep. Duncan D. Hunter (R) CA US House $ 1,000 Rep. Edward R. Royce (R) CA US House $ 1,000 Rep. Elton W. Gallegly (R) CA US House $ 1,000 Rep. George P. Radanovich (R) CA US House $ 2,000 Rep. Gerald McNerney (D) CA US House $ 2,000 Rep. -
The 15 Most Corrupt Members of Congress Featuring
CREW’S MOST THE 15 MOST CORRUPT MEMBERS OF CONGRESS FEATURING A Project of TABLE OF CONTENTS ______________________________________________________________________________ Executive Summary.........................................................................................................................1 Methodology....................................................................................................................................2 The Violators A. Members of the House.............................................................................................3 I. Vern Buchanan (R-FL) ...............................................................................4 II. Ken Calvert (R-CA).....................................................................................9 III. Nathan Deal (R-GA)..................................................................................18 IV. Jesse Jackson, Jr. (D-IL)............................................................................24 V. Jerry Lewis (R-CA)...................................................................................27 VI. Alan Mollohan (D-WV).............................................................................44 VII. John Murtha (D-PA)..................................................................................64 VIII. Charles Rangel (D-NY).............................................................................94 IX. Laura Richardson (D-CA).......................................................................110 X. Pete Visclosky -
Civil-Military Module Discussion Questions
Civil-Military Module Discussion Questions ............................................................................ 1 Introduction Richard H. Kohn, “Six Myths about Civil-Military Relations in the United States” ................... 2 Civil-Military Relations and Civilian Control Eliot A. Cohen, Supreme Command: Soldiers, Statesmen, and Leadership in Wartime (New York: The Free Press, 2002), Pgs. 1-14, 199-207, 225-233, 239-248 .......................................... 3 Participation in Politics Gen Martin E. Dempsey, “Letter to the Editor: Military leaders do not belong at political conventions,” Washington Post, July 30, 2016 and “Keep Your Politics Private, My Fellow Generals and Admirals,” Defense One, August 1, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/military-leaders-do-not-belong-at-political- conventions/2016/07/30/0e06fc16-568b-11e6-b652-315ae5d4d4dd_story.html , https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2016/08/keep-your-politics-private-my-fellow-generals-and- admirals/130404/; Heidi Urben, “Commentary: Generals Shouldn’t Be Welcome at These Parties: Stopping Flag Officer Endorsements,” War on the Rocks, July 27, 2020, https://warontherocks.com/2020/07/generals-shouldnt-be-welcome-at-these-parties-stopping- retired-flag-officer-endorsements/ ; Bryan Bender, “’Disturbing and reckless:’ Retired brass spread election lie against Biden and Democrats,” Politico, May 11, 2021, https://www.politico.com/news/2021/05/11/retired-brass-biden-election-487374 ...................... 4 Resignation Peter Feaver, “Should Senior Military Officers -
Eeee Marne Express
e e h h T T MMaarrnnee EExxpprreessss “Mission, Soldiers, Teamwork” Volume 2, Issue 5 Serving the Soldiers of Task Force Baghdad April 24, 2005 In this week’s Marne Express Desert Rogues page 5 Nation honors 3rd Inf. Div. Soldier Army News Service ago, in an action outside the then- “On this day two years ago, Sergeant Special to The Marne Express Saddam Hussein International Airport. Smith gave his all for his men. Five Smith manned the .50-caliber days later, Baghdad fell, and the Iraqi WASHINGTON, D.C. — An machine gun on top of an armored per- people were liberated,” Bush said. “And American Soldier’s family received the sonnel carrier in order to defend a court- today, we bestow upon Sergeant Smith highest military recognition, the first yard while his men from the 11th the first Medal of Honor in the war on Medal of Honor for Operation Iraqi Engineer Battalion, 3rd Infantry terror. He’s also the first to be awarded Freedom, from President George W. Division, withdrew and evacuated this new Medal of Honor flag, author- Bush in the East Room of the White wounded. Late in the action, he died ized by the United States Congress. We House April 4. after being struck by enemy fire. count ourselves blessed to have soldiers Bush presented the Medal of Honor The president quoted a letter Smith like Sergeant Smith, who put their lives to David Smith, the 11-year-old son of wrote to his parents, but never mailed, on the line to advance the cause of free- Sgt. -
July 13, 2009 the Honorable Laura Richardson US House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Richardson
July 13, 2009 The Honorable Laura Richardson U.S. House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Richardson: The Customs and Border Coalition (CBC), an industry voice on trade facilitation, national security and customs and border issues, represents a broad base of companies and associations (many in your district) engaged in international trade. The Coalition includes manufacturers, retailers, customs brokers, freight forwarders, and virtually every other entity involved in global supply chains. We write today in opposition to a proposed increase in the Harbor Maintenance Tax (HMT) from 0.125 percent to 0.4375 percent, as outlined in the Making Opportunities Via Efficient and More Effective National Transportation Act of 2009 (MOVEMENT Act). While the CBC agrees that improvements to infrastructure are needed, there are several reasons why increasing the HMT is the not the proper financing method. First, the HMT is a user fee designed to reimburse the government for services provided to users (e.g., importers and exporters) of the nation’s ports as part of transportation infrastructure funding. The HMT trust fund has enjoyed a surplus for many years and no projects are backlogged for lack of funds. Thus, we do not believe that an increase in the HMT is warranted. Second, in light of the current global and U.S. economic crisis, the proposed increase in the HMT will increase operating costs by billions of dollars for U.S. industry, seriously harming our ability to compete in the global market. The financial burden of such an increase will fall on industries importing critical components and final products for their domestic operations, including small and medium-sized businesses that are already heavily affected by the current negative economic climate. -
Nos. 10-2204, 10-2207 and 10-2214 in the UNITED STATES COURT
Case: 10-2207 Document: 00116286118 Page: 1 Date Filed: 11/03/2011 Entry ID: 5593009 Nos. 10-2204, 10-2207 and 10-2214 _________________________________________________________________________________ IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIRST CIRCUIT _________________________________________________________________________________ COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES et al., Defendants-Appellants _________________________________________________________________________________ DEAN HARA, Plaintiff-Appellee/Cross-Appellant, NANCY GILL et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT et al., Defendants-Appellants/Cross-Appellees _________________________________________________________________________________ On appeal from final orders of the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts Civil Action Nos. 1:09-cv-11156, 1:09-cv-10309 _________________________________________________________________________________ BRIEF OF MEMBERS OF THE U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES— INCLUDING OBJECTING MEMBERS OF THE BIPARTISAN LEGAL ADVISORY GROUP, REPRESENTATIVES NANCY PELOSI AND STENY H. HOYER—AS AMICI CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF PLAINTIFFS-APPELLEES AND URGING AFFIRMANCE* _________________________________________________________________________________ Heather C. Sawyer, Minority Counsel Miriam R. Nemetz COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY Kathleen Connery Dawe Ranking Members John Conyers, Jr. Michael B. Kimberly and Jerrold Nadler MAYER BROWN LLP B-336 -
Lessons-Encountered.Pdf
conflict, and unity of effort and command. essons Encountered: Learning from They stand alongside the lessons of other wars the Long War began as two questions and remind future senior officers that those from General Martin E. Dempsey, 18th who fail to learn from past mistakes are bound Excerpts from LChairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: What to repeat them. were the costs and benefits of the campaigns LESSONS ENCOUNTERED in Iraq and Afghanistan, and what were the LESSONS strategic lessons of these campaigns? The R Institute for National Strategic Studies at the National Defense University was tasked to answer these questions. The editors com- The Institute for National Strategic Studies posed a volume that assesses the war and (INSS) conducts research in support of the Henry Kissinger has reminded us that “the study of history offers no manual the Long Learning War from LESSONS ENCOUNTERED ENCOUNTERED analyzes the costs, using the Institute’s con- academic and leader development programs of instruction that can be applied automatically; history teaches by analogy, siderable in-house talent and the dedication at the National Defense University (NDU) in shedding light on the likely consequences of comparable situations.” At the of the NDU Press team. The audience for Washington, DC. It provides strategic sup- strategic level, there are no cookie-cutter lessons that can be pressed onto ev- Learning from the Long War this volume is senior officers, their staffs, and port to the Secretary of Defense, Chairman ery batch of future situational dough. The only safe posture is to know many the students in joint professional military of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and unified com- historical cases and to be constantly reexamining the strategic context, ques- education courses—the future leaders of the batant commands.