Drinking and Public Disorder
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Drinking and Public Disorder A report of research conducted for The Portman Group by MCM Research Peter Marsh and Kate Fox Kibby First published in 1992 by The Portman Group 2d Wimpole Street London W1M 7AA © 1992 The Portman Group Designed and typeset by MCM Research Ltd. Oxford Printed and bound by ...... All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced or used in any form or by any means without written permission from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Marsh, Peter Drinking and Public Disorder 1. Alcohol - aggression I. Title II. Fox Kibby, Kate ISBN 0-000-00000-0 MCM Research Team Director Dr Peter Marsh Project Director Kate Fox Kibby Research Director John Middleton Researchers Joe McCann, Kerry Gamble Research Assistants Sonia Alvino, Claire Blowers, Emanuele Giunti, Marco Palmonari, Bob Slatcher, Agnes and John Wouterse. Project Assistants Jo Barrow, Tricia Skuse, Annette Schlösser. Consultant Dr. Giovanni Carnibella The final drafts of this report were written by Kate Fox Kibby and Peter Marsh. The sections in the report relating to fieldwork in the UK and Eire were prepared by John Middleton and Joe McCann. Dr Carnibella prepared the material on Italy in the Cross Cultural Research section. The Bibliography was researched and prepared by Joe McCann. 1 Table of Contents 1 Introduction ............................9 Methods ............................9 Report style ..........................12 2 Historical background ......................14 3 Overview and analysis ......................20 The scale of the ‘problem’ ..................20 Characteristics of participants ................24 The ‘ideology’ of participants ................25 Situational factors.......................27 4 Drinking and aggression .....................30 Cognitive and perceptual approaches. ............34 Frustration...........................36 Expectations .........................37 Integration of perspectives ..................38 5 UK research ............................41 Banbury ............................44 Levels and perceptions ..................45 The ‘riot’ .........................46 Policing ..........................48 Underage drinkers ....................50 Fast Food and Restaurants ................51 The role of alcohol ....................53 Coventry ...........................55 The scale of the problem .................56 Doormen .........................60 Underage drinkers ....................62 Perceptions of the police .................62 The officials’ view ..................62 The managers’ view .................63 2 Drinking and Public Disorder The users’ view ...................64 The police view ...................65 Effects of the Bye-law ..................66 The officials’ view ..................66 The managers’ view .................67 The users’ view ...................67 Perceptions of the city centre...............68 The officials’ view ..................68 Reputation ......................69 Perceived causes of disorder ...............71 The ‘users’ view ...................74 Oxford.............................77 Levels and perceptions ..................77 The ‘Squad’ .....................78 The role of alcohol ..................83 Policing........................85 Preston ............................86 Levels and perceptions ..................87 Drugs ...........................89 The pool team ......................89 The ‘three-week riots’ ..................90 Policing ..........................91 Wakefield ...........................92 Levels and nature of disorder...............92 Policing ..........................98 Doormen .........................99 Underage drinkers....................101 The media ........................102 Fast food and restaurants ................102 Holiday resorts........................104 Blackpool ........................104 Brighton .........................107 The Scottish experience ...................110 The Irish experience .....................116 Dingle ..........................116 3 Levels and perceptions ...............116 Alcohol and aggression ...............118 Underage drinkers..................119 Dublin ..........................119 Levels and perceptions ...............119 Causes of violence .................122 Underage drinkers .................124 Policing .......................125 Summary........................127 School Students .......................127 Drinking experience and habits .............128 Drinking and aggression ................129 Perceptions of ‘lager louts’ ...............131 Influences ........................134 6 Cross-cultural comparisons ...................137 Holland ...........................138 Levels and patterns of disorder .............139 Alcohol and aggression .................140 ‘Free closing’ experiments ...............141 Management style ....................144 Transport ........................145 Italy .............................146 Drinking in its social context ..............149 Violence in discos ....................152 Links between drinking and violence ..........153 Violence in a broader context ..............154 Violence in sports stadiums ...............155 Campanilismo ......................156 Management/control of violence ............156 Spain.............................157 Levels and nature of disorder ..............158 Drinking styles and culture ...............159 Alcohol and aggression .................160 The police ........................160 Management style ....................161 4 Drinking and Public Disorder France ............................161 Drinking styles .....................162 Licensing hours .....................163 Alcohol and aggression .................163 Non-metropolitan disorder ...............164 7 Recommendations and proposals ................167 Changes in licensing laws ..................167 Consistency in application of existing licensing laws. 172 Policing ...........................173 Pub licensees ........................174 Liaison between police and licensees ............175 Night clubs and discotheques ................176 Transportation ........................176 Fast-food and refreshment facilities .............177 Role of the media ......................178 Marketing and advertising..................178 Best practices ........................179 8 Appendix A Police statistics ..................180 Preston ............................182 Cambridgeshire .......................183 Summary analysis ....................183 West Mercia constabulary ..................184 Summary analysis ....................186 Merseyside..........................187 Summary analysis ....................188 Wiltshire ...........................189 Summary analysis ....................189 Leeds ............................190 Summary analysis ....................191 Lincolnshire .........................192 Summary analysis ....................194 5 Wakefield ..........................196 Summary analysis ....................197 Oxford ............................198 Summary analysis ....................200 Coventry ...........................203 Eire .............................204 Summary analysis ....................204 9 Appendix B Observation Logs .................205 Analysis .........................207 10 Appendix C Custody logs ....................209 Wakefield ..........................209 Preston ............................212 11 Appendix D - Conflict and Violence in Pubs . .......216 The scale of the problem ..................216 The nature of the problem ..................220 Effective management ...................223 Closing time .........................226 12 Selected and Annotated Bibliography .............227 Books ............................227 Journals ...........................252 6 Drinking and Public Disorder Acknowledgements We would like to express our gratitude to The Portman Group for their support, encouragement and patience and to Carolyn Panzer, John Rae and George Winstanley at TPG in particular. We would also like to say thank you to the many people listed below who have assisted in our research in a variety of ways. Not named, however, for a variety of reasons, are perhaps the most important contributors - the thousands of interviewees, ranging from ‘punters’ to hot-dog stall operators, taxi drivers and beat constables, whose evidence forms the basis of this report. Inspector Ansell, Thames Valley Police; Dr. Piero Bastia, Bologna, Italy; Superintendent A. Beaumont, Bramshill Police College; Superintendent P. Bennett Shipley, Police Station, West Yorkshire Police; Mr. J. Bennett, Community Education Dept., Coventry; Liam Berigan, Dublin, Ireland; Kathleen Berigan, Dublin, Ireland; PC Billsborough, Lancashire Constabulary; Chief Constable Birch, Sussex Constabulary; Chief Superintendent K. Birch, West Midlands Police; Mr. G. Booth, Chairman, Coventry Licensing Committee; Mr. C. Bradley, School Counsellor, Peers School, Oxford; Professor Paul Brain, University of Swansea, Wales; Mr. Mike Bromley, Bass Inns and Taverns; Superintendent M. Bromwich, West Midlands Police; Inspector S. Brook, West Yorkshire Police; WPC Debbie Campbell, Lancashire Constabulary; Professor Anne Campbell, Teeside Polytechnic; Ms. Judith Cocker, Gateshead Social Services; Patrick Coldrick, The Gardeners Arms, Oxford; Mr. C. Collings, Whitbread Inns; Mr. Tony Conway, Godmer House, Oxford; Chief Inspector Darling, West Yorkshire Constabulary; Mr. A. Davidson, Scottish and Newcastle Breweries, Edinburgh; Dr. John