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AN OVERVIEW of the PROGRAM to RESTORE Atlantic SALMON and OTHER DIADROMOUS FISHES 289 but Apparently in Greatly Reduced Numbers, Even Each State and Federal Agency

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AN OVERVIEW of the PROGRAM to RESTORE Atlantic SALMON and OTHER DIADROMOUS FISHES 289 but Apparently in Greatly Reduced Numbers, Even Each State and Federal Agency Exhibit EN-LWB-1 American Fisheries Society Monograph 9:287-317, 2004 286 MULLANEYMUllANEY Fisheries Society Monograph 9:287-317, 2004 © 2004 by thethe AmericanAmerican FisheriesFisheries SocietySociety Connecticut, 1969-88. U.S.U.S. GeologicalGeological SurveySurvey Connecticut and Massachusetts portionportion ofof Tham Thameses, Water-Resources InvestigationsInvestigations ReportReport 9~161,96-4161, Connecticut, andand HousatonicHousatonic river river basins. basins. PresentedPresented Hartford, Connecticut. before the Natural ResourcesResources andand Power Power Subcom- Subcom­ Trench, E. C. T. 2000. Nutrient sources and loads in mittee of the House CommitteeCommittee onon Government,Government, 4 the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames riverriver October 1963,1963, U.S.U.S. DepartmentDepartment of of Health, Health, Educa-Educa­ An Overview ofof thethe ProgramProgram toto RestoreRestore AtlanticAtlantic SalmonSalmon basins. U.S. Geological SurveySurvey Water-Resources tion and Welfare, Region I, Boston. Investigations Report 99-4236, East Hartford, and Other Diadromous Fishes to the Connecticut River with Report 99-4236, East Hartford, Vecchia, A. V. 1985.1985. PeriodicPeriodic autoregressive-movinautoregressive-movingg and Other Diadromous Fishes to the Connecticut River with Connecticut. Connecticut. average (PARMA)(PARMA) modeling withwith applicationsapplications toto Notes on the CurrentCurrent Status o~of thesethese Species inin the River Trench, E.E. C.C. T., and A. V. Vecchia.Vecchia. 2002.2002. Water-qualityWater-quality water resources.resources. WaterWater ResourcesResources BulletinBulletin the River trend analysis and sampling design for streams in 21(5):721-730. Connecticut, 1968-98. U.S.U.S. GeologicalGeological SurveySurvey Vecchia, A. V. 2000. Water-quality trendtrend analysisanalysis andand STEPHEN GEPHARD*GEPHARD* Water-Resources Investigations ReportReport 02--4011,02-4011, sampling design forfor thethe Souris River, Saskatchewan, River, Saskatchewan, Connecticut Department ofof Environmental Protection, Inland Fisheries Division East Hartford, Connecticut. North Dakota, andand Manitoba.Manitoba. U.S. Geological Sur- U.S. Geological Sur­ Post Office Box 719, Old Lyme, Connecticut06371,Connecticut 06371, USA U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. 1963. vey Water- Resources InvestigationsInvestigations ReportReport 00- Statement on water quality management, states of 4019, Bismarck, North Dakota. JAMES McMENEMYMCMENE/vIY Vermont Department of Fish and Wildlife, Springfield Regional Office 100 Mineral Street, Suite 302, Springfield, Vermont 05156, USA 11114- Abstract.-AAbstract.—A federal and multi-state cooperative program to restore American shadAlosa multi-state cooperative program to restore American shadAlosa sapidissima N[1111111111111M0 and Atlantic salmon Salmo salar to the Connecticut River basin was begun in 1967 and has evolved 11111111i111111111111 to include many other species. The program began inin the last years oftheof the ConnecticutConnecticut River Ecologi­Ecologi- cal Study, but most of itsits activitiesactivities havehave occurredoccurred sincesince thethe studystudy ended.ended. TheThe ConnecticutConnecticut RiverRiver Atlantic Salmon Commission manages the program. Emphasis has been placed on the provision of Atlantic Salmon Commission manages the program. Emphasis has been placed on the provision of INm fish passage at barrier dams. Early fishwaysfishways were justified on the basis of existing American shad runs, and later upriver fishways were built to support future salmon runs. Fishways exist at five main- and later upriver fish ways were built to support future salmon runs. Fish ways exist at five main­ IIIIINIIIlillilllilllli stem dams and eight tributarytributary dams, with facilities for downstream fish passage provided at many additional dams. Salmon restoration has been pursued with stockingstocking of hatchery-rearedhatchery-reared fry and smolts, catch prohibitions, kelt reconditioning, fish health management, and various genetic manage­manage- 11I111 111111111114111111N11!111111 ment and marking schemes. Annual runs typically have numbered in the hundreds but recently have declined to less than 100 at the same time runs elsewhere through the species' range have also declined to less than 100 at the same time runs elsewhere through the species' range have also lfYIIIYNIII declined. Annual runs of American shad, blueback herring A. declined. Annual runs ofAmerican shad, blueback herring A. aestivalis, and alewife A. pseudoharengus increased but recently experienced declines, for which stock recovery of the striped bass increased but recently experienced declines, for which stock recovery of the striped bass MoroneMarone saxatilis is thought to be at least partially responsible. Gizzard shad saxatilis is thought to be at least partially responsible. Gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum and hickory shad A. mediocris hickory shad A. mediocris experienced significant range extensions into the Connecticut River basin IIY since the 1990s,1990s, and thethe numbernumber ofof nonspawningnonspawning striped bass that enter thethe riverriver annuallyannually has increased dramatically during the same time period. Brief reviews of the status in the Connecticut IIY increased dramatically during the same time period. Brief reviews of the status in the Connecticut ~~~---­ River basin of these anadromous species as well as of the shortnose sturgeon 1111IIIIIINIIIIIKIIilllllllllllllllmll~ River basin of these anadromous species as well as of the shortnose sturgeonAcipenserAcipenser brevirostrum, Atlantic sturgeon A. oxyrinchus, white perch Marone Morone americana, rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax, I 1111111INRIN WXtlI sea lamprey sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus, midand sea-run brown trout Salmo trutta and the catadromous Ameri­Ameri- can eel Anguilla rostrata are provided. Introduction cending many tributaries of the river untiluntil gener-gener­ ally stopped by waterfallswaterfalls (Atkins(Atkins 1874).1874). RunsRuns Diadromousfish fish speciesspecies were very abundantabundant were extirpated in southernsouthern tributariestributaries beginningbeginning throughouftthe the Connecticut Connecticut River River basinbasin prior to in thethe earlyearly toto mid-1700smid-1700s duedue toto thethe constructionconstruction Europeancontact contact (Moffitt (Moffitt etet al.al. 1982). Atlantic of damsdams to powerpower millsmills andand factories.factories. The first Balloon Salmo salar are reported to havehave ascendedascended dam that completelycompletely blocked the main-stemmain-stem river the riverapproximately approximately 615 615 kmkm toto the presentpresent· was built in 17981798 near the present day site of Turn-Turn­ day citeof of Beechers Beechers Falls,Falls, VermontVermont (Atkins(Atkins 1874; ers Falls, Massachusetts,Massachusetts, and it resulted in thethe Kkimiall1935; 1935; Moffitt Moffitt et et al. al. 1982), 1982), asas well as- extirpation of the last run ofof AtlanticAtlantic salmonsalmon to the riverriver (Atkins(Atkins 1874;1874; CRASCCRASC 1998).1998). EveryEvery Corresponding author: [email protected] other diadromous fish species was able to survivesurvive 287 Exhibit EN-LWB-1 288 GEPHARD AND MCMENEMY AN OVERVIEW OF THE PROGRAM TO RESTORE ATLANTic SALMON AND OTHER DIADROMOUS FISHES 289 but apparently in greatly reduced numbers, even each state and federal agency. It was charged with as downstream dams were built in Holyoke, Mas­ carrying out the necessary field activities (culture sachusetts and Enfield, Connecticut (Figure 1) and stocking of juvenile salmon, adult capture, because some spawning habitat for these species transport, holding, and spawning, egg incubation, remained accessible downstream of all of the dams. etc.). The states typically funded their activities through Sport Fish Restoration Funds (authorized by the "Dingell-Johnson Act" and later the "Wal­ Early History of Restoration lop-Breaux Act"). Dams Tributaries Efforts The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Leesville 1. Eidl.mttnile River provided a river program coordinator to expedite The first effort to restore runs of fish to the Con­ 2. Salmon River communication among the partners and coordi­ Rainbow 3.F~nRiver necticut River was initiated in 1867 when the 4. Westfield River nate their efforts. In a sense, the coordinator was a 5. Manhan River newly created Fish Commissions of the four Con­ Enfield 6; Mill River one-person staff for the program. The four states necticut River states (Connecticut, Massachusetts, 7. MillRiver helped fund the coordinator's office. DSI 8. Fort River New Hampshire, Vermont) met to organize the ef­ 9. Sawmill River During the final years of the Connecticut River fort (CRASC 1998). The restoration program re­ Holyoke 10, DEierfield River Ecological Study, the restoration program was get­ 11. Filii River sulted in hundreds of salmon returning to the 12'. Millms River ting organized, and the Policy and Technical com­ Turners Falls 13. Four Mile Brook Connecticut, but the effort was abandoned after 14. Mill Brook · mittees were in negotiation with the power Vernon 15. Ashuelot River 25 years due to the lack of effective fish passage t 16. West River companies about the provision of fish passage at at the dams and the failure to protect the return­ 17. Cold River the Holyoke, Turners Falls, Vernon, Bellows Falls, Bellows Falls N l8., Saxtons River ing salmon from harvesting (Foster 1991). There and Wilder dams (dams 5 through 9 in Figure 1) 19.
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