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Universidad Autonoma Chapingo UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA CHAPINGO División De Ciencias Forestales CONTRIBUCIÓN AL ESTUDIO DE LOS Salix spp. EN MEXICO T E S I S PROFESIONAL QUE COMO REQUISITO PARCIAL PARA OBTENER EL TITULO DE: INGENIERO EN RESTAURACIÓN FORESTAL PRESENTA: CRISTINA RODRÍGUEZ GARCÍA Chapingo, Texcoco, Estado de México, Abril del 2002. 1 AGRADECIMIENTOS Mi mas sincero agradecimiento a la Universidad Autónoma Chapingo por haberme brindado la oportunidad de estudiar una carrera. A la División de Ciencias Forestales, maestros y compañeros que influyeron en mi formación profesional. A mi directora de tesis la M. en C. Geogina F. López Ríos quien admiro y respeto, por su paciencia, apoyo y fe depositada en mi persona para la realización de este trabajo. Al Dr. Diódoro Granados Sánchez por sus atinadas recomendaciones y revisión detallada de este documento así como por su espíritu de conocimiento. Al Ing. Reyes Bonilla Beas por ser un ejemplo a seguir en el campo forestal, así como sus palabras de aliento y su disponibilidad para mi y mis compañeros durante nuestra formación profesional. A la Dra, Amparo Borja de La Rosa por las observaciones y recomendaciones aportadas a este trabajo. A la M. en C. Emma Estrada Martínez por la revisión detallada de este documento y su apoyo bibliográfico, por ser una persona de amplio criterio. A la Srita. Ma. Marcos Martínez Campos del laboratorio de Fisiología Forestal por su apoyo en la realización de preparaciones histológicas. Al Sr. Francisco Pérez Cuevas del laboratorio Anatomía de la Madera, por su ayuda en la elaboración de preparaciones de cortes de madera. A Sr. Ricardo Domínguez López del herbario CHAP de la División de Ciencias Forestales por la realización de los montajes de los ejemplares para herbario. A las personas responsables de los herbarios visitados HHJES, XOLO, CHAP, INIFAP, CHAPA, MEXU, FCME, IPN IMSS y ICUAP. Y a todos aquellos que hicieron posible la conclusión de este trabajo. 2 ¡GRACIAS! DEDICATORIA A Dios por todo lo que me ha dado A mi madre la Sra. Guillermina García Rojas por darme la vida, apoyo en todo momento, amor y confianza. A mis hermanos: Roxana, Javier y Arturo porque logren sus metas propuestas y aunque pase el tiempo siempre estemos unidos. A mi sobrina Gissel A Herminia y Guadalupe Monroy Lozano A la Familia Plancarte Velázquez Por su apoyo y amistad incondicional Al Sr. Juan Manuel López Vargas, por que Dios siempre lo cuide. A mis compañeros y amigos: Maru, Daniela, Lucía, Mónica, Diana, Cacique, Vicente y Edgar A Tejada por todo el cariño y apoyo que me ha dado. 3 AGRADECIMIENTOS............................................................................................................... ii DEDICATORIA..........................................................................................................................i ii ÍNDICE GENERAL....................................................................................................................iv ÍNDICE DE CUADROS...........................................................................................................viii ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS...............................................................................................................ix RESUMEN .............................................................................…...............................….............xii SUMMARY................................................................................…...............................……....xi ii ÍNDICE GENERAL 1. INTRODUCCION................................................................................................................14 2. OBJETIVOS .........................................................................................................................15 3. REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRAFICA ..........................................................................................16 3.1 Antecedentes del género Salix..........................................................................................16 3.2 Ubicación taxonómica ......................................................................................................16 3.2.1 Familia Salicaceae .................................................................................................16 3.2.2 Género Salix ..........................................................................................................17 3.2.3 Subgéneros de Salix...............................................................................................21 3.2.4 Sinonimia...............................................................................................................25 3.3 Origen y distribución global.............................................................................................26 3.4 Ecología............................................................................................................................29 4 3.4.1 Factores abióticos ......................................................................................................30 3.4.1.1 Necesidades de luz .............................................................................................30 3.4.1.2 Salinidad .............................................................................................................30 3.4.1.3 Necesidades de oxígeno .....................................................................................31 3.4.1.4 Necesidades hídricas...........................................................................................31 3.4.1.5 Elementos minerales...........................................................................................32 3.4.2 Efecto de factores abióticos y bióticos en salicaceas ................................................34 3.5 Usos actuales y potenciales .............................................................................................34 3.5.1 Maderables ................................................................................................................35 3.5.1.1 Energético...........................................................................................................36 3.5.2 No maderables ...........................................................................................................37 3.5.2.1 Artesanal.............................................................................................................37 3.5.2.2 Uso forrajero.......................................................................................................43 3.5.2.3 Uso medicinal (farmacéutico y tradicional) .......................................................43 3.5.2.4 Uso ornamental..................................................................................................46 3.5.2.5 Uso ecológico .....................................................................................................49 3.6 Fisiología ..........................................................................................................................52 3.6.1 Productividad.............................................................................................................52 3.6.2 Biología de la reproducción.......................................................................................52 3.6.2.1 Semillas ..............................................................................................................52 3.6.2.2 Propagación asexual ...........................................................................................55 3.6.3 Potencial hídrico........................................................................................................58 3.6.4 Características de la madera ......................................................................................59 3.6.5 Anatomía ...................................................................................................................60 3.6.6 Densidad ....................................................................................................................62 3.6.7 Poder calorífico .........................................................................................................63 3.7 Manejo forestal.................................................................................................................63 3.8. Descripción del área de estudio.......................................................................................68 4. METODOLOGÍA.................................................................................................................74 5 4.1. Revisión bibliográfica sobre el género Salix spp. a nivel mundial, nacional y regional. 74 4.2. Análisis de información de ejemplares herborizados de Salix spp.................................74 4.3. Estudio de caso: Salix paradoxa H.B.K. .........................................................................75 4.3.1. Descripción del lugar de colecta...............................................................................75 Análisis de muestras de suelo.........................................................................................75 4.3.2. Descripción de Salix paradoxa HBK .......................................................................75 4.3.2.1 Procedimiento histológico ..................................................................................76 4.3.2.2 Biomasa ..............................................................................................................76 4.3.2.3 Área foliar...........................................................................................................77
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