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Släkte Phyllocnistis UNDERFAMILJ Phyllocnistinae

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Släkte Phyllocnistis UNDERFAMILJ Phyllocnistinae gracillariidae: phyllocnistis • 1 UNDERFAMILJ Phyllocnistinae STAM Arthropoda UNDERSTAM Hexapoda Denna underfamilj, som tidigare har förts till en egen Fjärilarna i underfamiljen Phyllocnistinae utmärks ORDNING Lepidoptera familj (Phyllocnistidae), omfattar endast ett släkte i av att de saknar en serie med borst på bakskenbenen ÖVERFAMILJ Gracillarioidea FAMILJ Gracillariidae Norden. I Europa finns fem eller sex arter – beroende som finns hos de två övriga underfamiljerna inom UNDERFAMILJ på hur Phyllocnistis xenia ska uppfattas – varav tre före- familjen styltmalar (Gracillariidae). Andra känne- SLÄKTE kommer i Norden. tecken är att larverna saknar fötter samt har mundelar som genomgår en omvandling först i sista stadiet, och då enbart för att spinna en kokong. SLÄKTE Phyllocnistis STAM Arthropoda UNDERSTAM Hexapoda Saftmalar är små, vita och smalvingade. Släktet har arter synonymiseras, och somliga arter tillhör troli- ORDNING Lepidoptera ÖVERFAMILJ Gracillarioidea en världsvid utbredning och omfattar ungefär 90 be- gen andra släkten. FAMILJ Gracillariidae skrivna arter, men eftersom det inte har genomgått UNDERFAMILJ Phyllocnistinae någon taxonomisk revision är osäkerheten beträffan- NAMNGIVNING Phyllocnistis Zeller, 1848. Linn. Ent. 3: 250, SLÄKTE 264. de det verkliga artantalet stor. Sannolikt bör många Etymologi: Phyllocnistis = som skrapar löv; phyllon (gr.) = löv; knizo (gr.) = skrapa; syftar på larvens sätt att inta föda. Sc De nordiska saftmalarna påminner om arterna i fa- R1 R Vingarna har ett reducerat 2+3 R4 R5 ribbnät. I framvingen saknas miljen rullvingemalar (Lyonetiidae). Fjärilarna har CuA1 och CuA2, och i bak- vita framvingar med mörka teckningar. Vid spetsen M1 M2 vingen består radialribban Rs M3 av framvingen finns en mörk punkt, och från denna CuP bara av en lång ribba. Bilden utgår mörka strålar genom fransarna. Dessa teckning- visar vingribbsmönstret hos ar kan påminna om ögon och korta antenner, vilket poppelsaftmal Phyllocnistis unipunctella. gör att en angripare anfaller fel del av djuret. Ving- ILLUSTRATION: ANDREA KLINTBJER arna har ett reducerat ribbnät. I framvingen saknas Rs CuA1 och CuA2, och i bakvingen består radialribban M1 Rs bara av en lång ribba. M2 Hanens genitalier kännetecknas av en långsträckt, membranliknande tegumen utan uncus och gnathos. Genitalklaffarna är långa, smala och klubbformiga. barken på unga skott. Larven har fyra stadier och le- Vinculum är en oftast sluten, jämnbred gördel som ver hela sitt liv på växtsafter, dvs. den äter inte av de saknar saccus. Aedeagus består av ett cylindriskt, fasta vävnaderna inuti bladen. Den är platt och saknar tvärveckat rör med membranös vägg där en skleroti- fötter, men på det åttonde kroppssegmentet finns två serad, långsträckt och i båda ändar spetsig list sitter. par utskott med vilka den kan förflytta sig i minan. Åttonde segmentet har doftpenslar (coremata), och Huvudet är trekantigt och platt. Munnen är spe- på sjunde segmentet sitter två ovala lober på vardera cialiserad och saknar normala käkar. Varje mandibel sidan. Honan har veka, breda äggläggningspapiller består av en sågtandad platta, med vilken den river med relativt korta apofyser. Äggläggningsapparaten sönder växtcellerna för att få tillgång till växtsaften. är inte utskjutbar. Corpus bursae innehåller signa i Kroppssegmenten är tydligt åtskilda av djupa insnör- form av två lika stora månskäror som har två utstick- ningar. De tre bröstsegmenten är ganska breda och ande utskott på mitten. korta, medan de två sista segmenten smalnar av bakåt Larverna lever i minor i blad av viden Salix spp. el- så kraftigt att det sista segmentet liknar en pipett. ler popplar Populus spp., och hos pilsaftmal Phyllo cnistis Larven avger inga fasta exkrementer, utan avföringen saligna fortsätter larven dessutom via bladskaftet in i består av stora droppar som utsöndras vid ett fåtal 2 • nationalnyckeln till sveriges flora och fauna tillfällen. I fjärde och sista stadiet omvandlas larven Minan utvecklas strax under övre epidermis och enbart för att kunna tillverka kokongen. Spinnkör- liknar ett långt snigelspår med en mörk exkrement- teln, som saknades tidigare, har då utvecklats. Hela linje i mitten. Betraktad från en viss vinkel kan den larven avviker starkt från utseendet hos andra fjärils- vara osynlig, medan den från andra håll är sidenglän- larver − i synnerhet i fråga om huvudet, som är litet sande och mycket iögonfallande. Kokongen spinns in- och påminner om det hos en parasitstekellarv. uti minan och fästs vid bladkanten, som böjs. Puppan är långsträckt med rörliga kroppssegment (hos hanen segment 4–6, hos honan 4–7). Huvudet har en skarp, äggläggnings- böjd spets som är taggig på insidan. Med denna spets papiller rispar den hål på kokongen vid kläckningen. Puppan bakre är adektisk, vilket innebär att antenn-, ving- och ben- apofys slidorna är fria. Kroppssegmenten har korta utskott främre på ryggsidan, och på sista segmentets bakkant finns aopfys häftborst (kremaster). ostium ductus bursae genitalklaff list tegumen signa corpus bursae doftpensel doftpensel vinculum Genitalier ♀ Genitalkapsel ♂ Aedeagus ♂ Hanens genitalier kännetecknas av en långsträckt, membranliknande tegumen utan uncus och gnathos. Genitalklaffarna är långa, smala och klubbformiga. Vinculum är en oftast sluten, jämnbred gördel som saknar saccus. Aedeagus består av ett cylindriskt, tvärveckat rör med membranös vägg där en sklerotiserad, långsträckt och i båda ändar spetsig list sitter. Åttonde segmentet har doftpenslar (coremata). Honan har veka, bre- da äggläggningspapiller med relativt korta apofyser. Corpus bursae innehåller signa i form av två lika stora månskäror som har två utstickande utskott på mitten. Bilderna visar genitalierna hos aspsaftmal Phyllocnistis labyrinthella. ILLUSTRATION: ROLAND JOHANSSON.
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