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Prairie Restoration Project Plant Species E. Ashley Bair and Ana Locci Case Western Reserve University Summer 2007 Plants species planted during June 2006 Bouteloua curtipendula Side-oats Grama ¾ Class Liliopsida • Order Cyperales • Family Poaceae ¾ Foliage is Blue-green in color ¾ Bright purple flowers ¾ Height: 12-40 inches USDA NRCS Plants Database Schizachyrium scoparium Little Bluestem ¾Class Liliopsida • Order Cyperales • Family Poaceae ¾Also called alkali grass or desert saltgrass ¾Flat, hairless leaves bluish- green to reddish-brown in color ¾Fluffy white seeds ¾Height: 1-5 feet tall ¾Observed third week of July USDA NRCS Kansas Wildflowers and Grasses Plants Database http://www.lib.ksu.edu/wildflower/ Elymus canadensis Nodding Wild Rye ¾Class Liliopsida • Order Cyperales • Family Poaceae ¾Tufted at the base ¾Spikes curve when blooms open ¾Long, spear-like leaves which are green on the top surface, bluish on the bottom surface ¾3-5 feet tall USDA NRCS Plants Database Kansas Wildflowers and Grasses http://www.lib.ksu.edu/wildflower/ Sorghastrum nutans Indian Grass ¾Class Liliopsida • Order Cyperales • Family Poaceae ¾Leaf blades are up to 24 inches long, tapering to a narrow base ¾Seed heads are yellowish to reddish-brown with reddish- brown hairs ¾3-7 feet tall USDA NRCS Plants Database Andropogon gerardii Big Bluestem ¾Class Liliopsida • Order Cyperales • Family Poaceae ¾Bluish-purple stem base ¾Leaf blades are 6-24 inches long, rough on the upper surface and hairy near the stem ¾Seed heads have three spike-like projections ¾2-6 feet tall USDA NRCS Plants Database Chamaecrista fasciculata Partridge Pea ¾Class Magnoliopsida •Order Fabales • Family Fabaceae ¾Leaf blades 1-4 inches long with 6-15 pairs of leaflets. Leaflets are smooth with hairs on the edges and may be blunt or pointed ¾Flowers are yellow with reddish bases ¾1-4 feet tall USDA NRCS Plants Database Sporobolus heterolepis Prairie Dropseed ¾Class Liliopsida • Order Cyperales • Family Poaceae ¾Grows in bunches ¾Leaves are slender and can be green to golden ¾Flowers are rust-colored ¾Seed heads may have the scent of popcorn, cilantro, or sunflower seeds seeds USDA NRCS Plants Database ¾1-4 feet tall Echinacea purpurea Purple Coneflower ¾Class Magnoliopsida • Order Asterales • Family Asteraceae ¾Also known as Black Sampson Echinace ¾Leaves are long lances, getting progressively smaller up the stem ¾Flowers are light pink to purple, with a central egg- shaped yellowish to purplish disk ¾Stems are erect, 12-24 inches tall USDA NRCS Plants Database Heliopsis helianthoides Ox Eye Sunflower ¾Class Magnoliopsida USDA NRCS Plants Database • Order Asterales • Family Asteraceae ¾Stem is erect, unbranching, and rough ¾Leaves are 2-6 inches long, 1-3 inches wide with a pointed tip ¾Dark yellow flowers ¾2-5 feet tall ¾Observed third week of July USDA NRCS Plants Database Asclepias tuberosa Butterfly Weed ¾Class Magnoliopsida • Order Asterales • Family Asclepiadaceae ¾Stem is erect with leaves from the base to the flower ¾Leaves are 2-4 inches long and narrow ¾Flowers are bright orange, yellow, or red ¾1-2 feet tall USDA NRCS Plants Database Eryngium yuccifolium Rattlesnake Master ¾Class Magnoliopsida • Order Apiales • Family Apiaceae ¾Also called rattlesnake master or button eryngo ¾Stem is erect and waxy, blue-green in ¾Leaves are 4-32 inches long and narrow with parallel veins. ¾Flowers are small, whitish, and spiny ¾2-3 feet tall USDA NRCS Plants Database Ratibida pinnata Grey-Headed Coneflower ¾Class Magnoliopsida • Order Asterales • Family Asteraceae ¾Crushed seed heads smell of anise ¾Disk heads begin gray, but turn brown when flower opens ¾3-5 feet tall USDA NRCS Plants Database Aster novae-angliae New England Aster ¾Class Magnoliopsida • Order Asterales • Family Asteraceae ¾Stout, hairy stem ¾Lance-shaped leaves grow all the way up the stem ¾Flowers are yellow at the center with purple, rose, or white rays ¾Up to 4 feet tall Coreopsis tripteris Tall Coreopsis ¾Class Magnoliopsida • Order Asterales • Family Asteraceae ¾Foliage is lanced, up to 6 inches long, and smells of anise ¾Flowers are 2 inches wide, yellow petals, brown centers ¾6-8 feet tall USDA NRCS Plants Database Monarda fistulosa Wild Bergamot ¾Class Magnoliopsida • Order Lamiales • Family Lamiaceae ¾Stem is branched ¾Leaves are lanced to oval, 1- 4 inches long, less than 1.5 inches wide, hairy to smooth on upper surface, hairy on lower surface, toothed with pointed tips ¾Flower is lavender, 2 lipped, USDA NRCS Plants Database up to 1.5 inches long ¾1-3 feet tall Silphium terebinthinaceum Prairie Dock ¾Class Magnoliopsida • Order Asterales • Family Asteraceae ¾Stem is smooth and colored green to red ¾Flower is yellow, 2-3 inches long, with 15-30 florets ¾Large, rough leaves, up to 18 inches long and 12 inches USDA NRCS Plants Database wide with dark green upper surface Silphium trifoliatum Whorled Rosinweed ¾Class Magnoliopsida • Order Asterales – Family Asteraceae USDA NRCS Plants Database Verbena hastata Blue Vervain ¾Class Magnoliopsida • Order Lamiales ¾Family Verbenaceae ¾Stem is erect, may be branching, rough and hairy ¾Leaves are lanced to oval, 2- 7 inches long, sharply toothed with a green upper surface and green, hairy lower surface ¾Flowers are very small and bluish-purple ¾2-7 feet tall ¾Observe Third of July USDA NRCS Plants Database Ascelpias syriaca Common Milkweed ¾Class Magnoliopsida • Order Gentianales • Family Ascelpiadaceae ¾Also called Milk plant, Wild asparagus, Silkweed, and Wild cotton. ¾Produces white latex when broken ¾Stem is erect and hairy USDA NRCS Plants Database ¾Leaves are broad ovals or lances, dark green in color with a red main vein ¾Flowers are small and may be pink or light purple ¾2-5 feet tall ¾Observed third week of July Helianthus grosseserratus Sawtooth Sunflower ¾Class Magnoliopsida • Order Asterales • Family Asteraceae ¾Stem is erect and may be branching and is often has a purple tint ¾Long lanced leaves, 4-12 inches long and 1-4 inches wide with a rough upper surface and soft lower surface and serrated margins ¾Flowers have 10-20 yellow ray florets and a golden-yellow disk florets. ¾3-12 feet tall USDA NRCS Plants Database Lespedeza capitata Roundheaded Bushclover ¾Class Magnoliopsida •Order Fabales • Family Fabaceae ¾Stem is erect, unbranched, and vary leafy with soft, silver hairs ¾Leaves are 1-2 inches long, very narrow and may be hairy ¾Small flowers, white or cream in color with a reddish purple base. USDA NRCS Plants Database Rudbeckia subtomentosa Sweet Black-eyed Susan ¾Class Magnoliopsida • Order Asterales • Family Asteraceae ¾Stems are erect and branching ¾Leaves are 3 lobed and toothed ¾Flowers have a purplish- brown disk and yellow florets USDA NRCS Plants Database ¾Over 3 feet tall ¾Observed third week of July Rudbeckia triloba Brown-eyed Susan ¾Class Magnoliopsida • Order Asterales • Family Asteraceae ¾Stem is erect, may be branched, and hairy ¾Leaves are toothed, and lower leaves may have 3 lobes ¾Flowers are up to 2 inches long and have brown or dark orange disks and yellow ray florets ¾Up to 5 feet tall USDA NRCS Plants Database Silphium integrifolium Rosinweed ¾Class Magnoliopsida • Order Asterales • Family Asteraceae ¾Stem is erect, stiff, rough, and may branch ¾Leaves are ovate, 2-6 inches long, 1-2.5 inches wide with velvety underside ¾Flower has a yellow disk and 15-34 ray florets 1-2 inches long in a lighter yellow ¾2-5 feet tall Illinois State Museum Solidago rigida Stiff Goldenrod ¾Class Magnoliopsida • Order Asterales • Family Asteraceae ¾Stem is erect and stout, leafy, and rough or hairy ¾Leaves are broad, thick and rough lances or ovals, 2-10 inches long and 1-4 inches wide ¾Flowers are about 3/8 inch wide; bracts firm and rounded ¾1-5 feet tall ¾Observed third week of July USDA NRCS Plants Database Penstemon digitalis Foxglove Beardtongue ¾Class Magnoliopsida • Order Scrophulariales •Family Scrophulariaceae ¾Stems are erect and somewhat branching ¾Leaves are various in shape and length USDA NRCS Plants Database ¾Flowers are white and glandular, tubular in shape ¾Up to 3 feet tall Rudbeckia hirta Black-eyed Susan ¾Class Magnoliopsida • Order Asterales • Family Asteraceae ¾Stem is erect and very branched ¾Leaves are finely toothed and vary in size in shape ¾Flowers have a dark purple to brownish disk with eight to twenty yellow-orange ray florets ¾1-3 feet tall ¾Observe July Vernonia altissima Tall Ironweed ¾Class Magnoliopsida • Order Asterales • Family Asteraceae ¾Leaves are lance shaped, finely tooth with fuzzy underside, up to 10 inches long ¾Flowers are tiny, reddish- USDA NRCS Plants Database pink, with 13-30 flowers per head Lobelia siphilitica Great Lobelia ¾Class Magnoliopsida • Order Campanulales •Family Campanulaceae ¾Erect, stiff stem with milky sap ¾Leaves are toothed lances, about 1 inch wide and up to 6 inches long ¾Flowers are tubular, light purple to blue ¾1-3 feet tall USDA NRCS Plants Database Veronicastrum virginicum Culver’s Root ¾Class Magnoliopsida • Order Scrophulariales •Family Scrophulariaceae ¾Stems are erect and may branch ¾Whorled leaves (usually 4 or 5 at a node), lanced, up to 5 inches long ¾Flowers are white or pinkish and tiny, globular on a cone- shaped head ¾Up to 6 feet tall USDA NRCS Plants Database Existing Prairie Plants Summer 2007 Daucus carota Queen Anne’s Lace ¾Class Magnoliopsida • Order Apiales • Family Apiaceae ¾Also called wild carrot, bishop’s lace, and bird’s nest ¾Leaves are deeply lobed and fernlike ¾Umbels of white or pink flowers with a single red or dark purple flower at
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  • Affinin (Spilanthol), Isolated from Heliopsis Longipes, Induces

    Affinin (Spilanthol), Isolated from Heliopsis Longipes, Induces

    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Affinin (Spilanthol), Isolated from Heliopsis longipes, Induces Vasodilation via Activation of Gasotransmitters and Prostacyclin Signaling Pathways Jesús Eduardo Castro-Ruiz 1,2, Alejandra Rojas-Molina 2, Francisco J. Luna-Vázquez 2, Fausto Rivero-Cruz 3, Teresa García-Gasca 1,* and César Ibarra-Alvarado 2,* 1 Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Campus Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, Qro., Mexico; [email protected] 2 Laboratorio de Investigación Química y Farmacológica de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario, 76010 Querétaro, Qro., Mexico; [email protected] (A.R.-M.); [email protected] (F.J.L.-V.) 3 Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México, D.F., Mexico; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (T.G.-G.); [email protected] (C.I.-A.); Tel.: +52-442-1921-200 (ext. 5301) (T.G.-G.); +52-442-1921-200 (ext. 5527) (C.I.-A.) Academic Editor: Toshio Morikawa Received: 28 November 2016; Accepted: 13 January 2017; Published: 22 January 2017 Abstract: Heliopsis longipes roots have been widely used in Mexican traditional medicine to relieve pain, mainly, toothaches. Previous studies have shown that affinin, the major alkamide of these roots, induces potent antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the effect of H. longipes root extracts and affinin on the cardiovascular system have not been investigated so far. In the present study, we demonstrated that the dichloromethane and ethanolic extracts of H. longipes roots, and affinin, isolated from these roots, produce a concentration-dependent vasodilation of rat aorta.