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Kent Academic Repository Full text document (pdf) Citation for published version Zampini, Giulia Federica (2016) Morality Play: A Comparative Study of the Use of Evidence in Drug and Prostitution Policy in Australia and the UK. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) thesis, University of Kent,. DOI Link to record in KAR http://kar.kent.ac.uk/54392/ Document Version UNSPECIFIED Copyright & reuse Content in the Kent Academic Repository is made available for research purposes. Unless otherwise stated all content is protected by copyright and in the absence of an open licence (eg Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher, author or other copyright holder. Versions of research The version in the Kent Academic Repository may differ from the final published version. Users are advised to check http://kar.kent.ac.uk for the status of the paper. Users should always cite the published version of record. Enquiries For any further enquiries regarding the licence status of this document, please contact: [email protected] If you believe this document infringes copyright then please contact the KAR admin team with the take-down information provided at http://kar.kent.ac.uk/contact.html A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE USE OF EVIDENCE IN DRUG AND PROSTITUTIONMorality POLICY IN AUSTRALIA Play AND THE UK Giulia Federica Zampini Thesis submitted to the University of Kent for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy February 2016 98,428 words Illustration by Alessandro Ingafù del Monaco Acknowledgements This project owes its inception to Alex Stevens and Alison Ritter. Without them, it would not have been born. Thank you Alex for being my mentor and for giving me this opportunity; aside from being very happy that you’re back more inspired and inspiring, your absence, at first destabilising, gave me a much needed push to go it alone. Thank you Alison for providing such lucid guidance, for being honest and straightforward in your contributions, for welcoming me and involving me in all that was going on while I was in Sydney, it was a fantastic experience. To Phil Hubbard, you’ve been a great supervisor. Thank you for agreeing to be a part of this even though it wasn’t your thing, you’ve made an invaluable contribution. Thank you for stepping in when I needed you the most, and for always being upfront with me and telling it like it is. A special thank you to Trude Sundberg for being an inspirational figure throughout my time at Kent; by looking up to you, I could always look forward, and all the ideas and the conversations and the imagined projects have helped me build myself. A very special thanks to Jon Ward who was there from the beginning; we shared the Medway experience. Thank you for all the whisky! You watched me all the way through and mocked me all the way through. You’ve helped me so much. To all my beloved friends and colleagues who I have shared stories with, who I asked for advice in times of need, I am so happy to have shared this journey with you, Clara, Eva, Owen, Stefano, Eleni, Emma, Deanna, Camilla, Brian, Benedikt, Claudio, Kari, thank you all for listening and being there for me. To my housemates, Marc, Badroo, John, Valeria, Paz and Ale, thank you for putting up with me during the long neurosis, and for making me feel at home and cared for. Thank you David for caring, for kicking my lazy bum and making me feel like I owed it to myself to finish and checking in with me on a regular basis. It means a lot. Thank you Marta for our Parisian months of intense freedom and bliss, your unconditional acceptance of me gave me the strength and confidence to start this project. Thank you Alessandro for our random inspiring conversations and for your ability to turn everything into a Marxist argument or a stunning image; thank you Livio for cheering me up on lonely nights from Rochester to Sydney to Canterbury, and making me feel like the wise big sister, even though really you are the wiser one. Thank you Marta, for too many things to summarise in a sentence; we watched each other grow, we started together 12 years ago and if it wasn’t for you I wouldn’t be here today. Thank you Noemi, from the Jesuits to the Scottish mountains, squatting your desk to do analysis on Glaswegian summer days, you were always a source of inspiration. Thank you to my brother and sister, who always encouraged me to go forward and are proud of me. Despite all our recent troubles and the ever present distance, we tried to stick together. Thank you to all my extended family. Thank you dad for supporting me and never questioning my ability or my willingness to do it, and thank you mum for convincing me that it was the best thing I could do, for believing I could do it, for supporting me every day, for questioning me, for shouting down the phone, for all your love. Thank you Patrick for sticking with me all the way through; I know you say it’s only because you want to sleep with a doctor, but I don’t believe you. Thank you to all those who believed I could do it. C Contents 5 Abstract 9 List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................. 10 Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 11 1.1 The purpose of the project ............................................................................... 11 1.2 Research Question............................................................................................ 12 1.3 Evidence in Drug and Prostitution Policy in the UK and Australia ................... 13 1.4 Key Concepts .................................................................................................... 16 1.5 Thesis Structure ................................................................................................ 17 Chapter 2 The use of evidence in policy .................................................................... 22 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 22 2.2 Knowledge Utilisation....................................................................................... 23 2.3 Turning a critical eye onto science: science/policy and boundary work ......... 26 2.4 The rise of evidence-based policy and its critics .............................................. 31 2.5 The interpretive turn: broadening the evidence .............................................. 36 2.6 Models of the use of evidence in policy ........................................................... 40 2.7 Evidence, advocacy and values ........................................................................ 46 2.8 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 49 Chapter 3 The policy process: heuristics, synthesis, normative and cognitive frames, and missing values .................................................................................... 51 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 51 3.2 Theories of the policy process: key approaches .............................................. 52 3.3 Using Multiple Lenses ....................................................................................... 66 3.4 Multiple lenses and Ideas ................................................................................. 67 3.5 A synthesis for analysis using Normative and Cognitive Frames ..................... 72 3.6 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 76 Chapter 4 Epistemology, science and values ............................................................. 78 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 78 4.2 The epistemology of evidence-based policy: current limitations and ways forward......................................................................................................... 79 4.3 Critical realism: beyond positivism .................................................................. 81 4.4 Critical theory: Knowledge, interest, ideology ................................................. 86 4.5 Knowledge cultures and epistemic cultures .................................................... 90 4.6 Values and Science in philosophy and critical realism ..................................... 92 4.7 Values and Beliefs in social psychology: constructing working concepts ........ 97 4.8 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 102 Chapter 5 Morality (and) policy ............................................................................... 103 Introduction .................................................................................................... 103 5.2 Defining Morality Policy ................................................................................. 105 5.3 Change in morality policy ............................................................................... 107 5.4 Morality/Non-morality and competing frames .............................................. 108 5.5 Shift in Societal-level values ........................................................................... 111 5.6 Morality or Moralities? Or why what is considered moral by some is immoral for others ..................................................................................................
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