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1 Metric Prefixes 2 Bits, Bytes, Nibbles, and Pixels
Here are some terminologies relating to computing hardware, etc. 1 Metric prefixes Some of these prefix names may be familiar, but here we give more extensive listings than most people are familiar with and even more than are likely to appear in typical computer science usage. The range in which typical usages occur is from Peta down to nano or pico. A further note is that the terminologies are classicly used for powers of 10, but most quantities in computer science are measured in terms of powers of 2. Since 210 = 1024, which is close to 103, computer scientists typically use these prefixes to represent the nearby powers of 2, at least with reference to big things like bytes of memory. For big things: Power In CS, Place-value Metric metric of 10 may be name prefix abbrev. 103 210 thousands kilo k 106 220 millions mega M 109 230 billions giga G 1012 240 trillions tera T 1015 250 quadrillions peta P 1018 260 quintillions exa E 1021 270 sextillions zeta Z 1024 280 septillions yotta Y For small things: Power In CS, Place-value Metric metric of 10 may be name prefix abbrev. 10−3 2−10 thousandths milli m 10−6 2−20 millionths micro µ 10−9 2−30 billionths nano n 10−12 2−40 trillionths pico p 10−15 2−50 quadrillionths femto f 10−18 2−60 quintillionths atto a 10−21 2−70 sextillionths zepto z 10−24 2−80 septillionths yocto y 2 Bits, bytes, nibbles, and pixels Information in computers is essentially stored as sequences of 0's and 1's. -
Chapter 2 Data Representation in Computer Systems 2.1 Introduction
QUIZ ch.1 • 1st generation • Integrated circuits • 2nd generation • Density of silicon chips doubles every 1.5 yrs. rd • 3 generation • Multi-core CPU th • 4 generation • Transistors • 5th generation • Cost of manufacturing • Rock’s Law infrastructure doubles every 4 yrs. • Vacuum tubes • Moore’s Law • VLSI QUIZ ch.1 The highest # of transistors in a CPU commercially available today is about: • 100 million • 500 million • 1 billion • 2 billion • 2.5 billion • 5 billion QUIZ ch.1 The highest # of transistors in a CPU commercially available today is about: • 100 million • 500 million “As of 2012, the highest transistor count in a commercially available CPU is over 2.5 • 1 billion billion transistors, in Intel's 10-core Xeon • 2 billion Westmere-EX. • 2.5 billion Xilinx currently holds the "world-record" for an FPGA containing 6.8 billion transistors.” Source: Wikipedia – Transistor_count Chapter 2 Data Representation in Computer Systems 2.1 Introduction • A bit is the most basic unit of information in a computer. – It is a state of “on” or “off” in a digital circuit. – Sometimes these states are “high” or “low” voltage instead of “on” or “off..” • A byte is a group of eight bits. – A byte is the smallest possible addressable unit of computer storage. – The term, “addressable,” means that a particular byte can be retrieved according to its location in memory. 5 2.1 Introduction A word is a contiguous group of bytes. – Words can be any number of bits or bytes. – Word sizes of 16, 32, or 64 bits are most common. – Intel: 16 bits = 1 word, 32 bits = double word, 64 bits = quad word – In a word-addressable system, a word is the smallest addressable unit of storage. -
How Many Bits Are in a Byte in Computer Terms
How Many Bits Are In A Byte In Computer Terms Periosteal and aluminum Dario memorizes her pigeonhole collieshangie count and nagging seductively. measurably.Auriculated and Pyromaniacal ferrous Gunter Jessie addict intersperse her glockenspiels nutritiously. glimpse rough-dries and outreddens Featured or two nibbles, gigabytes and videos, are the terms bits are in many byte computer, browse to gain comfort with a kilobyte est une unité de armazenamento de armazenamento de almacenamiento de dados digitais. Large denominations of computer memory are composed of bits, Terabyte, then a larger amount of nightmare can be accessed using an address of had given size at sensible cost of added complexity to access individual characters. The binary arithmetic with two sets render everything into one digit, in many bits are a byte computer, not used in detail. Supercomputers are its back and are in foreign languages are brainwashed into plain text. Understanding the Difference Between Bits and Bytes Lifewire. RAM, any sixteen distinct values can be represented with a nibble, I already love a Papst fan since my hybrid head amp. So in ham of transmitting or storing bits and bytes it takes times as much. Bytes and bits are the starting point hospital the computer world Find arrogant about the Base-2 and bit bytes the ASCII character set byte prefixes and binary math. Its size can vary depending on spark machine itself the computing language In most contexts a byte is futile to bits or 1 octet In 1956 this leaf was named by. Pages Bytes and Other Units of Measure Robelle. This function is used in conversion forms where we are one series two inputs. -
Ti® Macintosh® SE/30
n 11acll1tosh®SE/30 Owner's Guide - ti®Macintosh ®SE /30 Owner's Guide - - - - - - ti APPLE COMPUTER, INC. This manual and lhe software described in it are copyrighted, with all rights reserved. Under the copyright laws, lhis manual or the software may not be copied, in whole or part, without written consent of Apple, except in lhe normal use of the software or to make a backup copy of the software. The same proprietary and copyright notices must be affLxed to any permitted copies as were affiXed to the original. This exception does not allow copies to be made for others, whether or not sold, but all of the material purchased (with all backup copies) may be sold, given, or loaned to another person. Under the law, copying includes translating into another language or format. You may use the software on any computer owned by you, but extra copies cannot be made for this purpose. © Apple Computer, Inc., 1988 Linotronic is a registered trademark of 20525 Mariani Avenue Linotype Co. Cupertino, CA 95014 (408) 996-1010 Microsoft and MS-DOS are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Apple, the Apple logo, AppleCare, NuBus is a trademark of Texas Applelink, AppleTalk. A/UX, Instruments. HyperCard , Im:~geW rit e r , LaserWriter, MacApp, Macintosh, OS/2 is a trademark of International and SANE arc registered trademarks Business Machines Corporation. of Apple Computer, Inc. POSTSCRI PT is a registered trademark, APDA, AppleCD SC, Apple Desktop and Illustrator is a trademark, of Bus, AppleFax, EtherTalk, FDHD, Adobe Systems Incorporated. Finder, LocalTalk, and MPW are UNIX is a registered trademark of trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. -
BCA SEM II CAO Data Representation and Number System by Dr. Rakesh Ranjan .Pdf.Pdf
Department Of Computer Application (BCA) Dr. Rakesh Ranjan BCA Sem - 2 Computer Organization and Architecture About Computer Inside Computers are classified according to functionality, physical size and purpose. Functionality, Computers could be analog, digital or hybrid. Digital computers process data that is in discrete form whereas analog computers process data that is continuous in nature. Hybrid computers on the other hand can process data that is both discrete and continuous. In digital computers, the user input is first converted and transmitted as electrical pulses that can be represented by two unique states ON and OFF. The ON state may be represented by a “1” and the off state by a “0”.The sequence of ON’S and OFF’S forms the electrical signals that the computer can understand. A digital signal rises suddenly to a peak voltage of +1 for some time then suddenly drops -1 level on the other hand an analog signal rises to +1 and then drops to -1 in a continuous version. Although the two graphs look different in their appearance, notice that they repeat themselves at equal time intervals. Electrical signals or waveforms of this nature are said to be periodic.Generally,a periodic wave representing a signal can be described using the following parameters Amplitude(A) Frequency(f) periodic time(T) Amplitude (A): this is the maximum displacement that the waveform of an electric signal can attain. Frequency (f): is the number of cycles made by a signal in one second. It is measured in hertz.1hert is equivalent to 1 cycle/second. Periodic time (T): the time taken by a signal to complete one cycle is called periodic time. -
Binary Slides
Decimal Numbers: Base 10 Numbers: positional notation Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 • Number Base B ! B symbols per digit: • Base 10 (Decimal): 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Base 2 (Binary): 0, 1 Example: • Number representation: 3271 = • d31d30 ... d1d0 is a 32 digit number • value = d " B31 + d " B30 + ... + d " B1 + d " B0 (3x103) + (2x102) + (7x101) + (1x100) 31 30 1 0 • Binary: 0,1 (In binary digits called “bits”) • 0b11010 = 1"24 + 1"23 + 0"22 + 1"21 + 0"20 = 16 + 8 + 2 #s often written = 26 0b… • Here 5 digit binary # turns into a 2 digit decimal # • Can we find a base that converts to binary easily? CS61C L01 Introduction + Numbers (33) Garcia, Fall 2005 © UCB CS61C L01 Introduction + Numbers (34) Garcia, Fall 2005 © UCB Hexadecimal Numbers: Base 16 Decimal vs. Hexadecimal vs. Binary • Hexadecimal: Examples: 00 0 0000 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F 01 1 0001 1010 1100 0011 (binary) 02 2 0010 • Normal digits + 6 more from the alphabet = 0xAC3 03 3 0011 • In C, written as 0x… (e.g., 0xFAB5) 04 4 0100 10111 (binary) 05 5 0101 • Conversion: Binary!Hex 06 6 0110 = 0001 0111 (binary) 07 7 0111 • 1 hex digit represents 16 decimal values = 0x17 08 8 1000 • 4 binary digits represent 16 decimal values 09 9 1001 0x3F9 "1 hex digit replaces 4 binary digits 10 A 1010 = 11 1111 1001 (binary) 11 B 1011 • One hex digit is a “nibble”. -
Tutorial on the Digital SENT Interface
A Tutorial for the Digital SENT Interface By Tim White, IDT System Architect SENT (Single Edge Nibble Transmission) is a unique serial interface originally targeted for automotive applications. First adopters are using this interface with sensors used for applications such as throttle position, pressure, mass airflow, and high temperature. The SENT protocol is defined to be output only. For typical safety-critical applications, the sensor data must be output at a constant rate with no bidirectional communications that could cause an interruption. For sensor calibration, a secondary interface is required to communicate with the device. In normal operation, the part is powered up and the transceiver starts transmitting the SENT data. This is very similar to the use model for an analog output with one important difference: SENT is not limited to one data parameter per transmission and can easily report multiple pieces of additional information, such as temperature, production codes, diagnostics, or other secondary data. Figure 1 Example of SENT Interface for High Temperature Sensing SENT Protocol Basic Concepts and Fast Channel Data Transmission The primary data are normally transmitted in what is typically called the “fast channel” with the option to simultaneously send secondary data in the “slow channel.” An example of fast channel transmission is shown in Figure 2. This example shows two 12-bit data words transmitted in each message frame. Many other options are also possible, such as 16 bits for signal 1 and 8 bits for signal 2. Synchronization/ -
Bit, Byte, and Binary
Bit, Byte, and Binary Number of Number of values 2 raised to the power Number of bytes Unit bits 1 2 1 Bit 0 / 1 2 4 2 3 8 3 4 16 4 Nibble Hexadecimal unit 5 32 5 6 64 6 7 128 7 8 256 8 1 Byte One character 9 512 9 10 1024 10 16 65,536 16 2 Number of bytes 2 raised to the power Unit 1 Byte One character 1024 10 KiloByte (Kb) Small text 1,048,576 20 MegaByte (Mb) A book 1,073,741,824 30 GigaByte (Gb) An large encyclopedia 1,099,511,627,776 40 TeraByte bit: Short for binary digit, the smallest unit of information on a machine. John Tukey, a leading statistician and adviser to five presidents first used the term in 1946. A single bit can hold only one of two values: 0 or 1. More meaningful information is obtained by combining consecutive bits into larger units. For example, a byte is composed of 8 consecutive bits. Computers are sometimes classified by the number of bits they can process at one time or by the number of bits they use to represent addresses. These two values are not always the same, which leads to confusion. For example, classifying a computer as a 32-bit machine might mean that its data registers are 32 bits wide or that it uses 32 bits to identify each address in memory. Whereas larger registers make a computer faster, using more bits for addresses enables a machine to support larger programs. -
Management of Data Elements in Information Processing
PB-249-530 MANAGEMENT OF DATA ELEMENTS IN INFORMATION PROCESSING U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Bureau of Standards SECOND NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS GAITHERSBURG, MARYLAND 1975 OCTOBER 23-24 Available by purchase from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Va. 221 Price: $9.25 hardcopy; $2.25 microfiche. National Technical Information Service U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE PB-249-530 Management of Data Elements in Information Processing Proceedings of a Second Symposium Sponsored by the American National Standards Institute and by The National Bureau of Standards 1975 October 23-24 NBS, Gaithersburg, Maryland Hazel E. McEwen, Editor Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C. 20234 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Elliot L. Richardson, Secrefary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Acfing Direc/or Table of Contents Page Introduction to the Program of the Second National Symposium on The Management of Data Elements in Information Processing ix David V. Savidge, Program Chairman On-Line Tactical Data Inputting: Research in Operator Training and Performance 1 Irving Alderman, Ph.D. "Turning the Corner" on MIS, A Proposed Program of Data Standards in Post-Secondary Education 9 Donald R. Arnold, Ph.D. ASCII - The Data Alphabet That Will Endure 17 Robert W. Bemer Techniques in Developing Standard Procedures for Data Editing 23 George W. Covill An Adaptive File Management Systems 45 Dennis L. Dance and Udo W. Pooch (Given by Dance) A Focus on the Role of the Data Manager 57 Ruth M, Davis, Ph.D. A Proposed Standard Routine for Generating Proposed Standard Check Characters 61 Paul -Andre Desjardins Methodology for Development of Standard Data Elements within Multiple Public Agencies 69 L. -
H/W3 Binary to Denary
Name ___________________________________ Form ________ H/W Year 8 Homework Booklet Theme 1 Data Representation Computers themselves, and “ software yet to be developed, will revolutionize “ the way we learn. - Steve Jobs Founder of Apple Introduction What language does a computer understand? How does a computer represent data, information and images? Soon, you will be able to answer the questions above! In this theme we will explore the different ways in which data is represented by the computer, ranging from numbers to images. We will learn and understand the number bases and conversions between denary and binary. We will also be looking at units of information, binary addition and how we can convert binary data into a black and white image! See the key below to find out what the icons below mean: Self Assessment: You will mark your work at the start of next lesson. ENSURE YOU COMPELTE HOMEWORK AS MARKS WILL BE COLLECTED IN! Edmodo Quiz: The will be a quiz the start of next lesson based on your homework. SO MAKE SURE YOU REVISE! Peer Assessment: Homework marked by your class mate at the start of next lesson. MAKE SURE YOU HAVE YOUR HOMEWORK DONE SO YOU CAN SWAP WITH ANOTHER PUPIL! Stuck? Got a question? Email your teacher. Mr Rifai (Head of Computing) [email protected] Miss Davison [email protected] Miss Pascoe [email protected] 2 Due Date: H/W1 Data & Number Bases Read and digest the information below. You will be quizzed next lesson! Any set of characters gathered and translated for What is Data? some purpose. -
EFM) for Greater Storage Density, and Cross-Interleave Reed-Solomon Code (CIRS) for Error Correction
OpticalOptical StorageStorage TechnologyTechnology The Compact Disc HistoryHistory ofof thethe CompactCompact DiscDisc CD-V 光碟片 Video CD DVD-RAM 000000100001000000010000000000100004.7GB DVD A-E CD-MO Land Pit Land Pit Land CD-ROM 接物鏡 瞄準鏡 雷射二極體 光柵 CD-R DVD-RAM 2.6GB CD-I CD-RW CD-DA 偏光板 Photo CD 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 FamilyFamily ofof thethe CompactCompact DiscDisc Compact Disc Family CD-Audio CD-ROM CD-Recordable (Red Book) (Yellow Book) (Orange Book) CD-i CD-ROM XA CD-MO CD-WO CD-RW (Green Book) (Yellow Book) (Part I) (Part II) (Part III) MODE 2 CD-i Bridge Enhanced Music CD (Blue Book) Video CD Photo CD (White Book) CompactCompact DiscDisc OverviewOverview z An audio disc stores a stereo signal comprised of two 16- bit data words sampled at 44.1 KHz; thus 1.41 million bits per second of audio data are output from the player. z Error correction, synchronization, and modulation are required, which triple the number of bits stored on a disc. z The channel bit rate, the rate at which data is read from the disc, is 4.3218 Mbps. z A disc containing an hour of music holds about 15.5 billion channel bits. z Apart from modulation and error correction overhead, a CD-DA disc holds a maximum of 6.3 billion bits, or 783 million bytes of user information. CompactCompact DiscDisc OverviewOverview z Information is contained in pits impressed into the disc’s plastic substrate. 00000100010000000100000000010000 Land Pit Land Pit Land CompactCompact DiscDisc OverviewOverview z Pits are encoded with eight-to-fourteen modulation (EFM) for greater storage density, and Cross-Interleave Reed-Solomon code (CIRS) for error correction. -
On Identifying Basic Discourse Units in Speech: Theoretical and Empirical Issues
Discours Revue de linguistique, psycholinguistique et informatique. A journal of linguistics, psycholinguistics and computational linguistics 4 | 2009 Linearization and Segmentation in Discourse On identifying basic discourse units in speech: theoretical and empirical issues Liesbeth Degand and Anne Catherine Simon Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/discours/5852 DOI: 10.4000/discours.5852 ISSN: 1963-1723 Publisher: Laboratoire LATTICE, Presses universitaires de Caen Electronic reference Liesbeth Degand and Anne Catherine Simon, « On identifying basic discourse units in speech: theoretical and empirical issues », Discours [Online], 4 | 2009, Online since 30 June 2009, connection on 10 December 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/discours/5852 ; DOI : https://doi.org/ 10.4000/discours.5852 Discours est mis à disposition selon les termes de la licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International. Discours 4 | 2009, Linearization and Segmentation in Discourse (Special issue) On identifying basic discourse units in speech: theoretical and empirical issues Liesbeth Degand1,2, Anne Catherine Simon2 1FNRS, 2Université catholique de Louvain Abstract: In spite of its crucial role in discourse segmentation and discourse interpretation, there is no consensus in the literature on what a discourse unit is and how it should be identified. Working with spoken data, we claim that the basic discourse unit (BDU) is a multi-dimensional unit that should be defined in terms of two linguistic criteria: prosody and syntax. In this paper, we explain which criteria are used to perform the prosodic and syntactic segmentation, and how these levels are mapped onto one another. We discuss three types BDUs (one-to-one, syntax-bound, prosody- bound) and open up a number of theoretical issues with respect to their function in discourse interpretation.