Reporting on MHSA

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Reporting on MHSA The Empire Plan OCTOBER 2019 REPORTING ON MENTAL HEALTH & SUBSTANCE ABUSE PROGRAM If you are experiencing mental health or substance use issues, The Empire Plan Mental Health and Substance Abuse (MHSA) Program can help you receive the treatment and care you need. Receiving the appropriate treatment from a network provider or facility can help you get on the right path toward your recovery. For Empire Plan enrollees and for their enrolled dependents, COBRA enrollees with their Empire Plan benefits and Young Adult Option enrollees TABLE OF CONTENTS Benefits of Choosing Receiving the Appropriate Treatment .......... 6 a Network Provider ........................................... 2 Questions and Answers .................................. 8 Finding a Network Provider ............................ 3 Important Terms to Know ................................ 9 Network Benefits ............................................... 4 Signature Facilities ............................................11 Non-network Benefits ...................................... 5 Contact Information ..........................................11 Beware of Patient Brokering and Addiction Treatment Fraud ..................... 5 Resources ...........................................................12 BENEFITS OF CHOOSING A Treatment and Support NETWORK PROVIDER Empire Plan MHSA network facilities also offer medication assisted treatment (MAT) to all enrollees Choosing to receive mental health and substance who are seeking substance use treatment. MAT is use treatment from an Empire Plan Mental Health the use of FDA-approved medication, in combination and Substance Abuse (MHSA) network provider with counseling and behavioral therapies, to treat offers you the highest level of care. According to opioid misuse. program data, there are benefits to choosing a network provider instead of receiving treatment Additional Levels of Support from an out-of-network provider. Empire Plan MHSA network facilities also provide Higher Success Rates additional levels of support and treatment. In order to help ensure the best possible outcome for Patients who are seen by a mental health practitioner enrollees, network facilities are involved in making within the first seven to 30 days after discharge sure the enrollee has support after completing from a mental health facility are less likely to be treatment. This support may include family readmitted. A follow-up visit within the first 30 days members, sponsors, sober housing, connections allows you to build a relationship with an outpatient to Alcoholics Anonymous or Narcotics Anonymous provider that can have long-term benefits, including and outpatient treatment options. avoiding readmission beyond the first 30 days. Empire Plan in-network mental health facilities have higher success rates for transitions from inpatient to outpatient care, or follow-up care after hospitalization, than non-network facilities. Lower Readmission Rates The readmission rates for substance use treatment at Empire Plan network facilities are consistently lower than the readmission rates at out-of-network facilities. In 2018, for example, 3.79% of substance use patients were readmitted to network facilities, while 6.26% of out-of-network facility patients were readmitted. 2 Reporting On | MHSA | October 2019 FINDING A NETWORK PROVIDER The Empire Plan MHSA Program offers several ways for you to find a network provider: Call The Empire Plan at 1-877-7-NYSHIP (1-877-769-7447) and press or say 3 for the MHSA Program. Calling The Empire Plan before receiving services for a mental health or substance use issue, including treatment for alcoholism or opioid misuse, can help ensure you receive a referral to a network provider and locate a provider who is accepting new patients. Note that certain MHSA services require certification that they are medically necessary. For information on services that require precertification and to precertify services, call The Empire Plan MHSA Program. Once you reach The Empire Plan MHSA Program, In a life-threatening emergency, call 911 or choose option 3 for the Clinical Referral Line. go immediately to the nearest hospital The Clinical Referral Line is available 24 hours a emergency department. If you call the day, every day of the year. It is staffed by licensed MHSA Program during a non-life-threatening clinicians with professional experience in the mental emergency, a clinician will assess and assist health and substance use fields. These highly you in locating an appropriate provider or will trained and experienced clinicians are available to instruct you to proceed to the nearest hospital refer you to an appropriate provider and help you emergency department. You, or your designee, schedule an appointment, if necessary. You will should call The Empire Plan within 48 hours of, receive confidential help when making the call. or as soon as reasonably possible after, an emergency inpatient admission. Go to NYSHIP Online to check if providers or facilities are in The Empire Plan network. You can access the MHSA provider/facility directory If you need help navigating ReferralConnect, click by going to www.cs.ny.gov/employee-benefits, on the Search Tips icon or call The Empire Plan and choosing your group or plan, if prompted, and press or say 3 for the MHSA Program. select Find a Provider. Under the MHSA Program, Accessing the ReferralConnect system is private click on the ReferralConnect link. and confidential. You can search for providers Using ReferralConnect from any computer with internet access. On the ReferralConnect page, you can choose to Out of State Network Facilities search for individual doctors, counselors, groups If you choose to receive services outside of and clinics or you can search for hospitals and New York State, there are network facilities, known programs. Once you read and accept the disclaimer, as Signature Facilities, that have demonstrated a fill out the member information and choose your high quality of care and positive patient outcomes. display and distance preferences. Then you will Contact the Clinical Referral Line by calling The select Provider Type. Optional fields include Empire Plan and choosing option 3 to find out if Specialty, Languages, Age of Member, Gender there is a Signature Facility for the type of treatment of Provider and Ethnicity of Provider. you are seeking. For a list of Signature Facilities, see page 11. Reporting On | MHSA | October 2019 3 • Treatment in a hospital emergency department, NETWORK BENEFITS unless you are admitted as an inpatient directly When you use an MHSA Program network provider, from the emergency department you will be offered care at the highest benefit level under The Empire Plan. Network providers Inpatient Admissions have been credentialed by the MHSA Program The MHSA Program allows in-network substance administrator to ensure they meet the highest use treatment facilities in New York State to treat standards of education, training and experience. an enrollee or covered dependent without prior By using a network provider, you will receive access authorization or medical necessity review. Currently, to medically necessary services. The Program’s the number of days of mandatory coverage is 14, network gives you access to a wide range of but as of January 1, 2020, the number of covered providers, including psychiatrists, psychologists, days increases to 28. This treatment is covered, clinical social workers, nurse practitioners, applied provided that the facility is certified by the New York behavioral analysts (ABA) or certified behavioral State Office of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse analysts (CBA). Network facilities include psychiatric Services (OASAS). All substance use treatment hospitals, clinics, residential treatment centers, facilities in New York State are OASAS certified, but halfway houses, group homes, intensive outpatient not all of them are in-network. To find an in-network treatment programs (IOP) and partial hospital OASAS-certified facility, go to www.cs.ny.gov/ programs (PHP). employee-benefits and choose your group and plan, Beginning August 1, 2019, the MHSA network also if prompted, then select Find a Provider. Under the includes licensed mental health counselors (LMHC), MHSA Program, you can access the Achieve Solutions licensed marriage and family therapists (LMFT) and website at www.achievesolutions.net/empireplan. physician assistants (PA). Then click on Find a Provider, which will take you to ReferralConnect. Guaranteed Access Under the MHSA Program, you have guaranteed Treatment Medications access to network benefits. If there are no network You are also guaranteed access to network providers in your area, you will receive network level benefits under the Prescription Drug Program, benefits if you call the Clinical Referral Line to which provides coverage for prescription drugs, arrange your care with an appropriate provider. up to a 90-day supply, when dispensed through Empire Plan network pharmacies, the mail service Copayments pharmacy, the specialty pharmacy and non-network When you use a network provider, you pay a pharmacies. Your copayment amount depends on copayment for: the drug, the quantity prescribed and where you fill your prescription. • A visit to a mental health professional The Prescription Drug Program provides coverage • A visit to an outpatient substance use for medication approved by the U.S. Food and Drug treatment program Administration for detoxification or maintenance treatment of a substance use disorder.
Recommended publications
  • Recovery Supports for Young People with Opioid Use Disorders
    Recovery Supports for Young People with Opioid Use Disorders Amy M. Yule, M.D. Director of Adolescent Addiction Psychiatry at Boston Medical Center Assistant Professor in Psychiatry at Boston University School of Medicine Tuesday, July 14, 2020 12:00 – 1:00 PM EDT Webinar Housekeeping Minimize or maximize the webinar panel by selecting the orange arrow. To be recognized, type your question in the “Question” box and select send. 2 Meet Our Speaker Amy M. Yule, M.D. • Director of Adolescent Addiction Psychiatry at Boston Medical Center • Assistant Professor in Psychiatry at Boston University School of Medicine • Physician scientist with NIH funding and her research interests include risk factors associated with the development of a substance use disorder in adolescents with psychiatric illness, risky behaviors in adolescent substance users, and treatment of substance use disorders when co-occurring with psychiatric illness. • Leading projects focused on evaluating the impact of treating psychopathology in young people on subsequent development of a substance use disorder, and medication treatment for youth with substance use disorders co- occurring with bipolar disorder. 3 Disclosures • I have no financial relationships with an ACCME defined commercial interest 4 Learning Objectives By the end of this presentation, attendees will be able to: 1. Identify family-based interventions for adolescents with substance use disorders. 2. Describe school-based recovery programs for young people with substance use disorders. 3. Describe the research
    [Show full text]
  • What Are “Twelve-Step” Programs?
    What are “Twelve-Step” Programs? Traditional Twelve-Step programs outline a course of action for recovering from an addiction whereby participants proceed through twelve core developmental stages. Twelve-Step programs are a form of self-help in which members of a fellowship struggling with the same problem support each other. The Twelve-Step program originated with Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) (http://aa.org). According to AA, the twelve steps are as follows: (1) We admitted we were powerless over alcohol—that our lives had become unmanageable. (2) Came to believe that a Power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity. (3) Made a decision to turn our will and our lives over to the care of God as we understood Him. (4) Made a searching and fearless moral inventory of ourselves. (5) Admitted to God, to ourselves, and to another human being the exact nature of our wrongs. (6) Were entirely ready to have God remove all these defects of character. (7) Humbly asked Him to remove our shortcomings. (8) Made a list of all persons we had harmed, and became willing tomake amends to them all. (9) Made direct amends to such people wherever possible, except when to do so would injure them or others. (10) Continued to take personal inventory and when we were wrong promptly admitted it. (11) Sought through prayer and meditation to improve our conscious contact with God, as we understood Him, praying only for knowledge of His will for us and the power to carry that out. (12) Having had a spiritual awakening as the result of these Steps, we tried to carry this message to alcoholics, and to practice these principles in all our affairs.
    [Show full text]
  • “Recovery Becomes a Contact Process; We Lose the Fear of Touching and Of
    Volume 34, Number 3 ® July 2019 MC, location unknown Welcome ........................................... 2 “Recovery becomes a From the Inside .............................3 contact process; we lose From the Outside .........................6 the fear of touching and Transitioning .................................12 of being touched.” Order Form .....................................16 Narcotics Anonymous, “We Do Recover” NA World Services, Inc. PO Box 9999 Van Nuys, CA 91409, USA From the Editor We would like to welcome all of you to the NA World Services newsletter, Reaching Out. We hope that the contents of this newsletter will assist you in your recovery or H&I efforts. There are three sections to Reaching Out. The first section, “From the Inside,” is filled with letters from incarcerated addicts, sharing their experience, strength, and hope as they find and maintain recovery from addiction through NA. The second section, “From the Outside,” is an opportunity for Hospitals & Institutions subcommittees to offer their experiences obtained through carrying the NA message of recovery to addicts who are unable to attend regular meetings. You may also find personal experience from those members who heard the NA message on the inside and are now living and enjoying life on the outside. The third and newest section, “Transitioning from the Inside to the Outside,” features members sharing about successfully transitioning from treatment, a hospital, or an institution to living on the outside. We encourage submissions for Reaching Out from members and H&I subcommittees. Please consider that we are more likely to publish articles that focus on how NA has helped an individual to recover while incarcerated rather than those that concentrate on the horrors of drug use.
    [Show full text]
  • Each Group Has but One Primary Purpose—To Carry the Message To
    Volume 33, Number 2 ® April 2018 Image Source Unknown Welcome ........................................... 2 Each group has but one From the Inside .............................3 primary purpose—to carry From the Outside .........................9 the message to the addict Transitioning .................................11 who still suffers. Order Form .....................................16 Basic Text, Chapter Six “Tradition Five” NA World Services, Inc. PO Box 9999 Van Nuys, CA 91409 From the Editor We would like to welcome all of you to the NA World Services newsletter, Reaching Out. We hope that the contents of this newsletter will assist you in your recovery or H&I efforts. There are three sections to Reaching Out. The first section, “From the Inside,” is filled with letters from incarcerated addicts, sharing their experience, strength, and hope as they find and maintain recovery from addiction through NA. The second section, “From the Outside,” is an opportunity for Hospitals & Institutions subcommittees to offer their experiences obtained through carrying the NA message of recovery to addicts who are unable to attend regular meetings. You may also find personal experience from those members who heard the NA message on the inside and are now living and enjoying life on the outside. The third and newest section, “Transitioning from the Inside to the Outside,” features members sharing about successfully transitioning from treatment, a hospital, or an institution to living on the outside. We encourage submissions for Reaching Out from members and H&I subcommittees. Please consider that we are more likely to publish articles that focus on how NA has helped an individual to recover while incarcerated rather than those that concentrate on the horrors of drug use.
    [Show full text]
  • Drug and Alcohol Abuse in Nepal David J
    Drug and Alcohol Abuse in Nepal David J. Powell, Ph.D. President, International Center for Health Concerns, Inc. Introduction After a decade of conflict, Nepal has emerged with a new constitution, Parliament, and now faces all of the issues and problems resulting from years of war. Nepal has long been a destination for mountaineers and trekkers to Mount Everest and other Himalayan peaks. During the 1960-70s Nepal was also home to many “hippies” who visited the country because of the tolerance and availability of marijuana, hashish and other drugs. As a result, drug addiction has been a serious problem throughout Nepal since the 1970s. Although drug use has traditionally been part of the Nepalese spiritual and religious culture, around the 1970s Nepal’s urban and suburban youth were introduced to pharmaceutical drug usage as well as the traditional drugs--of marijuana and hashish. Since then, the abuse of these drugs, and additionally heroin, has increased in popularity among the Nepali youth. Currently, the most abused drugs in Nepal are marijuana, heroin, hashish, methamphetamine, cough syrup, Valium, LSD, and Tidigesic injections. Alcohol remains the preferred drug of use and abuse, followed by tobacco. The use of alcohol and abuse of other drugs have contributed to violent behavior by the youth, causing a major public health problem for the emerging nation. Prevalence and Incidence of Abuse There is scant epidemiological data available to determine the nature and extent of the drug problems in Nepal. Unofficial surveys (1) have revealed that there are estimated 60-100,000 drug addicts in Nepal. The abuse of drugs has led not only to active addiction by many but also to the incidence of HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis B and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
    [Show full text]
  • NAWS, Inc. Annual Report 2010
    NA World Services, Inc. Annual Report 2010 Fellowship Contributions Every year when we publish the annual report, we include an accounting of contributions we have received from members, groups, and service committees, organized by region. These numbers enable us to provide a comparison of how much of our work is paid for by fellowship contributions and how much is funded by revenue from literature sales. The ongoing difficulties posed by the global economic climate offer some additional challenges. The work of NA World Services is inspired and governed by the set of spiritual principles outlined in our recovery program. Unlike many other businesses outside of NA, we are far more limited in our options to generate revenue and reduce expenses. To accomplish the business goals that support our spiritual aims, we rely heavily on the contributions of NA members who have found freedom from active addiction and are now living productive, responsible lives. One of our most important tasks at NA World Services is to reach addicts in places where NA does not yet exist. However, the more suc- cessful we are in this effort, the more demand we create for additional services and support in places that are difficult and costly to reach. Our greatest successes have brought us our biggest challenges, but the principles of our program remind us that those of us who can give more must do so, in order that addicts in other parts of the world might have the chance to hear our message of recovery. Cost of Funding Services through Contributions per Worldwide Meeting Actual vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Narcotics Anonymous Zoom Meetings
    Narcotics Anonymous Zoom Meetings Day Time Meeting Name Meeting ID Password Location All Day 3pm-7am Open 16 Hours a Day Every Day 343017388 New Zealand All Day 24hours 24 hours 7 days a week 558544927 247247 New York All Day 24hours 24/7 Marathon Meeting 86944306744 1953 Chicago, IL All Day 24hours The Recovery Lounge 71527732454 UK All Day 24hours Recovery 86413265249 United States All Day 24hours Recovery Begins With These Steps 6018127879 USA Daily Zoom Meetings Day Time Meeting Name Meeting ID Password Location Daily 7:00 AM Morning Miracles (AC) 5740460654 418934 Atlantic City Daily 7:00 AM JFT Book Study / LGBTQI+ 75907342333 nazoommtg Virtual Daily 8:00 AM The Journey continues Book Study 7668978915 936489 Baltimore, MD Daily 9:10 AM The Ties that Bind / Womens 79956027901 jft123 Pittsburgh, Pa Daily 11:00 AM Just For Today/ Topic or Discusion 705465974 566658 South Florida Daily 11:30 AM Topic Rotates 675774274 _000000 Pennsylvania, New Jersey Daily 12:00 PM Open 5195332251 Florida Daily 12:00 PM recovery 71527732454 Georgia Daily 12:00 PM IP Discussion 79162981566 jftna Pennsylvania Daily 12:00 PM Any Lengths 825556478 619884 Richmond, VA Daily 12:30 PM Electric Lunch - JFT 758681542 Miami Daily 1:00 PM The Matrix (RASCNA) 2938431594 Reading, PA Daily 1:00 PM Quarantine Your Addiction 6214503712 407638 Wheeling, WV Daily 5:30 PM 530 group/ chair's choice 272153975 pompano beach, Fl. Daily 6:00 PM NA Online Recovery Group 6468608593 Durham, NC USA Daily 7:00 PM We Came To Believe 335753039 Buckhannon, WV Daily 7:00 PM Open Discussion
    [Show full text]
  • Narcotics Anonymous
    NARCOTICS ANONYMOUS Fifth Edition Contents NARCOTICS ANONYMOUS ............................................................................................................................................................ 1 OUR SYMBOL ................................................................................................................................................................................ 4 WHO IS AN ADDICT? ..................................................................................................................................................................... 8 WHY ARE WE HERE? ................................................................................................................................................................... 14 HOW IT WORKS .......................................................................................................................................................................... 16 STEP ONE .................................................................................................................................................................................... 17 STEP TWO ................................................................................................................................................................................... 19 STEP THREE ................................................................................................................................................................................. 21 STEP FOUR .................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • An Exploratory Study on Recovery-Supportive Elements in Narcotics Anonymous Flander
    Dekkers et al. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy (2020) 15:53 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-020-00296-0 RESEARCH Open Access “Personal recovery depends on NA unity”: an exploratory study on recovery- supportive elements in Narcotics Anonymous Flanders Anne Dekkers1* , Sam Vos2 and Wouter Vanderplasschen1 Abstract Background: Mutual aid organizations, such as Narcotics Anonymous (NA), can provide support in substance use disorder (SUD) recovery processes. However, research on NA and its recovery-supportive elements is scarce and perspectives of NA-members remain understudied, in particular outside the US. Therefore, this study aims to gain insight into recovery-supportive elements of NA, as experienced by its members. Methods: To explore the perspectives on and experiences with recovery-supportive elements in NA, 11 in-depth interviews with NA-members were conducted in Flanders (Belgium). Interviews were audio-taped, transcribed verbatim and analyzed by using CHIME-D, a personal recovery framework (Connectedness, Hope, Identity, Meaning in life, Empowerment, Difficulties) developed by Leamy and colleagues in 2011. Results: Various recovery-supportive elements of NA were highlighted, with Connectedness as a key component including opportunities for building up a social network and for providing a safety net or sounding board. Elements that enabled Connectedness were 1) a non-judgemental approach, and 2) mutual understanding through sharing in NA. Other elements of the CHIME-D framework were less frequently mentioned, although these were inextricably linked to Connectedness. Conclusions: Connectedness appeared to be the crucial recovery-supportive element in NA, emphasizing the relational character of SUD recovery. Although other elements of the CHIME-D framework were identified, these were closely related to and intertwined with the concept of connectedness.
    [Show full text]
  • Twelve Step Programs - Orientation (Wm
    Twelve Step Programs - Orientation (Wm. Haning, MD - UHM JABSOM 2021) ABSTRACT: This is a companion to a narrative presentation. It is intended to describe the derivation, intent, and utility of 12-Step programs, focusing on Narcotics Anonymous (NA) and Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). It includes a listing and summary of the Twelve Steps initially evolved by Alcoholics Anonymous and first published in 1939. Also briefly included here are the Twelve Traditions are employed by NA and AA as guidance for the operation of the organizations. They also outline the boundaries between these programs and the community agencies or health- care providers who refer to them. INTRODUCTION: An understanding of 12-Step programs is essential for those in the addiction treatment community, to the same degree that some knowledge of operating-rooms is essential to being a good surgeon. For those in ancillary services - clergy, medicine, public safety, social work, and volunteer community assistance - any attempt to understand the culture of recovery will be incomplete and possibly distorted without a knowledge of the mutual self-help fellowships. Whatever is discussed here will pale in understanding in comparison to the actual experience of attending an AA or other 12-Step meeting. The term, "12-Step program," is bandied about with facility these days, as a kind of talisman, sometimes as a taunt ("Oh, you need a 12-Step program!"). That facetiousness can stand as a barrier to exploring and understanding. The original 12-Step program simply referred to 12 suggested sequential steps for newly-recovering alcoholics to take, in order to organize their efforts in staying sober.
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to NA Meetings IP No
    An Introduction to NA Meetings IP No. 29 If you’re new to NA or planning to go to a Narcotics Anonymous meeting for the first time, it might be nice to know a little bit about what happens in our meetings. The information here is meant to give you an understanding of what we do when we come together to share recovery. The words we use and the way we act might be unfamiliar to you at first, but hopefully this information can help you get the most out of your first NA meeting or help you feel more comfortable as you keep coming back. Showing up early, staying late, and asking lots of questions before and after meetings will help you get the most out of every meeting you attend. Effective meeting formats keep the primary purpose in focus and encourage members to participate in a way that expresses recovery. Tradition Five, It Works: How and Why Our Basic Text, Narcotics Anonymous, provides the best description of who we are and what we do: “NA is a nonprofit fellowship or society of men and women for whom drugs had become a major problem. We are recovering addicts who meet regularly to help each other stay clean.” The Twelve Steps of NA are the basis of our recovery program. Our meetings are where we share recovery with one another, but applying our program consists of much more than simply attending NA meetings. People have all sorts of reasons for attending NA meetings, but the purpose of each meeting is to give NA members a place to share recovery with other addicts.
    [Show full text]
  • WSC 2020 Regional Reports
    WSC 2020 Regional Reports A Greater Illinois O ABCD Greater New York Occidente‐Mexico Alabama Northwest Florida Greater Philadelphia Ohio Alaska Greece OK AL‐SASK Guatemala Ontario Aotearoa New Zealand H P Argentina Hawaii Pacific Cascade Arizona HOW Brazil Panama Arkansas I Paraguay Australia Indiana Peru B Iowa Philippines Baja Son Iran Polish Speaking Best Little Irish Portugal BlackLands * Israel Q Bolivia* Italy Quebec Brazil J Quisqueyana Brazil Central * Japan R Brazil Sul K Region 51 British Columbia Kentuckiana Bluegrass Region del Coqui Buckeye Appalachian Rio de Janeiro C L Rio Grande California Inland Lithuania S California Mid‐State Lone Star San Diego/Imperial Counties Canada Atlantic Louisiana Show‐Me Carolina M Sierra Sage Central Atlantic Metro‐Detroit SOSONA Indian Central California Mexico South Africa Chesapeake & Potomac Michigan South Dakota Chicagoland Mid‐America South Florida Colombia Mid‐Atlantic Southern California Colorado Minas/Brazil * Southern Idaho Connecticut Minnesota Spain Costa Rica Mississippi Sweden Cuba * Montana T D Mountaineer Tejas Bluebonnet Democratic Republic of Congo * N Tri‐State Denmark Nebraska U E Nepal UK Eastern New York NERF ‐ NE India Ukraine Eastern Pennsylvania * Netherlands Upper Midwest Ecuador New England Upper Rocky Mountain Egypt New Jersey Uruguay F Nicaragua Utah Finland Nordeste Brazil * V Florida North Carolina Venezuela France Northern California Volunteer Freestate Northern New England W G Northern New Jersey Washington Northern Idaho Georgia Northern New York Western New York German Speaking Norway Western Russia Grande Sao Paulo Wisconsin * Unseated regions ABCD Region WSC 2020 Regional Reports Facts about: ABCD Region Name of Regional Delegate ..................................................................................................... Michelle M Have you attended a WSC before? How many? .......................................................................
    [Show full text]