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The Economy of PRESTIGE The Economy of PRESTIGE Prizes, Awards, and the Circulation of Cultural Value James F. English harvard university press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England Copyright © 2005 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First Harvard University Press paperback edition, 2008. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data English, James F., 1958– The economy of prestige : prizes, awards, and the circulation of cultural value / James F. English. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-674-01884-6 (cloth) ISBN 978-0-674-03043-5 (pbk.) 1. Awards—Economic aspects. 2. Literary prizes—Economic aspects. 3. Art—Awards—Economic aspects. 4. Culture—Economic aspects. 5. Intellecual life—Economic aspects. 6. Popular culture—Economic aspects. 7. Cultural industries—Economic aspects. 8. Value. 9. Prestige. I. Title. AS935.E54 2005 001.4′4—dc22 2005050273 For Eileen Acknowledgments Having sat through a good many awards banquets, I am aware that once people start thanking supporters and contributors they often find it difficult to stop. The list of acknowledgments is the tedious ballast of every prize ceremony, dragging the very hero of the show—the gifted individual, the consecrated genius—down toward the level of mundane social practice, where nobody, or everybody, deserves the credit. Too much acknowledgment can ruin the whole noble ceremony of exchange, subjecting it to an overly scrupulous accounting and laying bare the messy truth of cultural debts and gifts: the fact that they are unending, coterminous with society it- self. Even in the arena where a two-minute time limit on acceptance speeches is strictly enforced, things can reach the point where, as Billy Crystal said toward the end of Peter Jackson’s sweep of the 2004 Academy Awards, “the entire population of New Zealand has been thanked.” Happily, the genre of acknowledgment operates differently in the pages of a scholarly monograph. Even so, in the course of writ- ing this book, I have profited from the contributions of far more people than I can reasonably take space here to name. Many dozens of conversations with students, conference and colloquium partici- pants, nonacademic friends, family members, and others have helped to shape my thinking about prizes and awards in ways that elude any exact specification but whose importance I fully appreciate. vii viii Acknowledgments Of my more concretely listable debts, I will begin with those at the University of Pennsylvania, where I owe particular thanks to the Research Foundation for funding travel and other expenses associ- ated with research trips to Rome, London, Los Angeles, and else- where. The reference staff at Van Pelt Library, in particular Bob Walther, offered guidance on many questions of central importance to the project. My research assistants, Dottie Burns, John Crowther, Nelly Kalckzuk, Elizabeth Lutz, and Kate Sattelle, helped me to as- semble and sift through an enormous database of articles and press releases, and to compile and collate lists of winners, judges, and so forth. My colleagues at Penn helped me by providing contacts in the awards industry, accounts of their own involvement with prizes, criticisms of the work in progress, and advice about publication; in particular I owe thanks to Charles Bernstein, Stuart Curran, Bob Perelman, Jean-Michel Rabaté, Wendy Steiner, and David Wallace. Gregory Flaxman, Aaron Levy, and Matt Hart and Damien Keane arranged for me to present portions of the work to wonderfully at- tentive and helpful local audiences. And John Richetti has my thanks for his unstinting support. Beyond Penn, my debts, like prizes themselves, have become too numerous to tabulate. But for their especially helpful contributions I must thank Giovanni Alberti of the Venice Biennale Foreign Press Office; Kim Becker and Caroline Bock of the Independent Spirit Awards; Chuck Bresloff of Recognition Products International; Vir- ginia Button of the Tate Gallery and the Turner Prize; Jamie Chap- man of the Arts for the Parks Program; Paulette Coetzee of the In- ternational Museum of African Music; Kaylee Coxall of BPI and the BRITs; Bruce Davis of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences; Doreen Dean of the BAFTA Awards; Inga Dupont of the Pierpont Morgan Library; Annika Ekdahl of the Nobel Founda- Acknowledgments ix tion; Cheryl Freedman of the Crime Writers of Canada; Mark Frost of the Medallic Art Company; Martyn Goff of the Booker Prize; Carl Harms of the Actors Equity Foundation and the Paul Robeson Award; Dottie Irving of Coleman Getty; Andrew Jaffe of the Clio Awards; Nicholas Kazan of the Screenwriters Guild; Emilie Kilgore of the Susan Smith Blackburn Prize; Kristine Krueger of the AMPAS legal department; Hossein Mahini of the International Exile Film Festival; David Marks of Third Ear Music and the Hidden Years Music Archive Project; Marcella Meharg and Janet Salter of the Julie Harris Playwright Competition of the Beverly Hills Theater Guild; Alistair Niven of the British Arts Council; Russell Pritchard of the Book Trust; Peter Raymond of Orange PLC and the Orange Prize; Jane Ruddell of the Tate Gallery; Adriana Scalise of the Ven- ice Biennale Photo Library; Jeffrey “Nobel Jeff” Schramek; Rick Spector of Stairway to the Stars; Terri Sultan of the Corcoran Bien- nial Exhibition and the Blaffer Gallery; Cathy Thornton of the Vil- lage Voice and the OBIE Awards; Larry Tise of the International Congress of Distinguished Awards; Sonia Vaillancourt of the Inde- pendent Feature Project and the Gotham Awards; Sandra Vince of the Book Trust; John Wilson of the Golden Raspberry Award Foun- dation. My thanks, as well, to the many prize administrators who responded to my mailed or faxed requests for brochures and other materials connected with their programs. For help with specific questions of cultural history, I owe thanks to Max Cavitch, Leon Jackson, Lawrence Levine, Alvaro Ribeiro, Erik Simpson, Richard Todd, and Susan Wood. Chris Bongie, Michele Frank, Simon Kovesi, Jean Pickering, Karen Pinkus, Craig Smith, and Claire Squires all arranged for me to present my ideas to interested audiences, in addition to offering their own feedback and criticism. x Acknowledgments Jim Impoco, then at U.S. News and World Report, craftily facili- tated my access to various award banquets and events and was an invaluable resource to me during my six months of research in Los Angeles. Walter Lippincott, Lisa New, Robert Ray, and Susan Stew- art offered generous advice and assistance when it was time for me to seek out a publisher. Lindsay Waters has been the perfect editor for this book, and a most stimulating interlocutor on all manner of contemporary cultural topics. The anonymous readers for Harvard University Press did me the great service of detailing their reserva- tions about the project as well as their support for it, thus providing direction and impetus for a final revision of the manuscript. Maria Ascher, senior editor at the Press, made a great many repairs, cor- rections, and improvements to the manuscript before launching it into production. Martha Mayou prepared a first-rate index. My father, James English, read the manuscript as it neared com- pletion and gave me the response I needed at that stage from a well- read nonspecialist. I’m grateful to him also for accompanying me to the First International Conference on the Literary Prize in Oxford in the fall of 2003, helping to make that an especially enjoyable event. My son Jimmy was a wonderfully assiduous double-napper during the year of leave when I began writing this book; by the time of the leave year during which I completed it, neither he nor his younger brother, John, were much good for napping, but both had learned how to read the “Go Away” doormat outside my garage- study. My wife, Eileen Reeves, has little interest in prizes but end- less patience for my obsession with them; I dedicate this book to her. As for the errors of fact, infelicities of style, and failures of criti- cal acumen that may be found in its pages, there is of course no one to acknowledge but myself. Contents Introduction: Prizes and the Study of Culture 1 I. The Age of Awards 1. Prize Frenzy 17 2. Precursors of the Modern Cultural Prize 28 3. The Logic of Proliferation 50 4. Prizes as Entertainment 69 II. Peculiarities of the Awards Industry 5. The Making of a Prize 109 6. Taste Management 121 7. Trophies as Objects of Production and Trade 155 III. The Game and Its Players 8. Scandalous Currency 187 9. The New Rhetoric of Prize Commentary 197 10. Strategies of Condescension, Styles of Play 217 xii Contents IV. The Global Economy of Cultural Prestige 11. The Arts as International Sport 249 12. The New Geography of Prestige 264 13. Prizes and the Politics of World Culture 297 Appendix A. The Rise of the Prize 323 Appendix B. Prizes and Commerce 329 Appendix C. Winner Take All: Six Lists 334 Notes 346 Index 391 Illustrations 1. The Golden Raspberry trophy 104 2. Nobel medals: commodity value versus collectible value 159 3. The Arthur statuette 166 4. Willem de Kooning signing a Blackburn Prize lithograph 171 5. Ben Affleck’s trophy for Worst Actor 177 6. A 1950 Academy Award watch by Bulova 181 7. A selection of award trophies 182 8. Nobel commemorative stamps 184 9. Advertisement for Worst British Artist prize 230 10. Local and national musical prestige in South Africa 276 11. Film festivals at Venice (1932) and Locarno (2002) 284 12. Poster for the 2001 Cannes Film Festival 293 13. Poster for the Second International Exile Film Festival 294 14. The rise of the prize in cinema 324 15. The rise of the prize in literature 324 16.