TESI DOCTORAL Título: “La Ficción Sobre El Holocausto: Silencio

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TESI DOCTORAL Título: “La Ficción Sobre El Holocausto: Silencio TESI DOCTORAL Título: “La ficción sobre el Holocausto: silencio, límites de representación y popularización en la novela Everything is Illuminated de Jonathan Safran Foer” Realizada por: Rosa-Àuria Munté Ramos en el Centro: Facultad de Comunicación Blanquerna y en el Departamento: Comunicación Dirigida por: Dr. Ferran Sáez Casas Dr. Alejandro Baer Mieses C.I.F. G: 59069740 Universitat Ramon Lull Fundació Privada. Rgtre. Fund. Generalitat de Catalunya núm. 472 (28-02-90) 472 (28-02-90) núm. de Catalunya Generalitat Fund. Rgtre. Privada. Fundació Lull Ramon Universitat 59069740 G: C.I.F. C. Claravall, 1-3 08022 Barcelona Tel. 936 022 200 Fax 936 022 249 E-mail: [email protected] www.url.es Tesis doctoral La ficción sobre el Holocausto: silencio, límites de representación y popularización en la novela Everything is Illuminated de Jonathan Safran Foer. Rosa-Àuria Munté Ramos Directores: Dr. Ferran Sáez Mateu Dr. Alejandro Baer Mieses DEPARTAMENTO DE COMUNICACIÓN FACULTAD DE COMUNICACIÓN BLANQUERNA UNIVERSIDAD RAMON LLULL 2011 “Si el libro que leemos no nos despierta como un puño que nos golpea en el cráneo, ¿por qué lo leemos? ¿Para qué nos haga felices? Dios mío, también seriamos felices si no tuviéramos libros, y podríamos, si fuera necesario, escribir nosotros mismos los buenos libros que nos hicieran felices. Pero lo que debemos tener son estos libros que se precipitan sobre nosotros como la mala suerte y que nos perturban profundamente, como la muerte de alguien a quien amamos más que a nosotros mismos, como el suicidio. Un libro debe ser como el pico de hielo que rompa el mar congelado que tenemos adentro.”* 719 Franz Kafka * STEINER, George. Lenguaje y silencio. Ensayos sobre la literatura, el lenguaje y lo inhumano. Barcelona: Gedisa, 1994, [1967] p. 100. Gracias a la Facultad de Comunicación Blanquerna, en la que desarrollo mi trabajo como profesora e investigadora, tanto en la elaboración de esta tesis como en los grupos de investigación en los que participo: “Infancia, violencia y televisión”, “Representaciones televisivas e imaginario social”, y el I+D del Ministerio “La memoria histórica y la comunicación de masas”. A los amigos y a los compañeros de la facultad que se han interesado por esta tesis y la han enriquecido con sus aportaciones y comentarios. A las becas de Casa Sefarad-Israel y la Maison d’Izieu, con las que pude asistir a los excelentes seminarios de Yad Vashem 2007 “Shared memories, collective actions” y 2010 “Memoria de la Shoah y sus dilemas de transmisión”, y al seminario de Auschwitz 2010 “Séminaire d'études du Camp d'Auschwitz et des traces juives de Cracovie”. A mis directores de tesis, el Dr. Ferran Sáez Mateu y el Dr. Alejandro Baer Mieses, por sus sabias directrices. A mi familia, con todo mi amor. ÍNDICE ÍNDICE ................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................... 9 1. Pregunta de investigación y objetivos de la tesis .................................... 11 2. Justificación del estudio de caso ........................................................... 13 3. Estructura de la tesis y metodología a seguir ......................................... 17 4. Interés del tema ................................................................................ 22 5. El interés del Holocausto en España ...................................................... 24 PRIMERA PARTE. EL MARCO TEÓRICO ................................................ 31 CAPÍTULO 1. SILENCIO E IRREPRESENTABILIDAD DURANTE LA INVISIBILIDAD SOCIAL DEL HOLOCAUSTO ................................... 33 1.1. CONTEXTUALIZACIÓN TERMINOLÓGICA ............................................. 33 1.1.1. Definición y sinónimos del concepto Holocausto ......................... 33 1.2. SILENCIO E IRREPRESENTABILIDAD .................................................. 44 1.2.1. Contexto histórico y percepción social durante los años de invisibilidad del Holocausto ........................................................... 45 1.2.2. Los supervivientes del Holocausto ............................................ 53 1.2.2.1. El relato y la escritura como necesidad urgente de algunos supervivientes .......................................................................... 59 1.2.2.2. El silencio traumático del superviviente del Holocausto .......... 61 1.2.2.3. La superación del silencio traumático en la literatura y el testimonio oral ......................................................................... 63 1.2.3. La intelectualidad judía ........................................................... 67 1.2.3.1. La tradición precedente: Ludwig Wittgenstein y la supuesta imposibilidad del lenguaje para representar la realidad .................. 69 1.2.3.2. La piedra inaugural del debate sobre la irrepresentabilidad del Holocausto: el dictum de Theodor Adorno ............................... 73 1.2.3.3. El lenguaje violentado, y la necesidad de purificación tras la violencia del nazismo: Viktor Klemperer y George Steiner .......... 76 1.2.3.4. El silencio puntual en la literatura como acto de modernidad: George Steiner ...................................................... 81 1.2.3.5. El silencio jasídico como alegoría del silencio literario sobre el Holocausto: Elie Wiesel .......................................................... 83 1 CAPÍTULO 2. LOS LÍMITES DE LA REPRESENTACIÓN EN LA FICCIÓN ... 87 2.1. CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO Y PERCEPCIÓN SOCIAL DURANTE EL PERIODO EN QUE EL HOLOCAUSTO SE EMPIEZA A CONOCER SOCIALMENTE ...................................................................................... 88 2.1.1. De la invisibilidad al conocimiento social del Holocausto .............. 92 2.1.2. Los “límites de la representación”............................................. 97 2.2. EL DEBATE SOBRE LA FICCIÓN DEL HOLOCAUSTO ............................ 100 2.2.1. En contra de la ficción del Holocausto ...................................... 101 2.2.1.1. El valor de la verdad histórica por encima de la ficción: Alvin Rosenfeld ...................................................................... 101 2.2.1.2. La negación de Auschwitz como inspiración literaria: Elie Wiesel ................................................................................... 102 2.2.1.3. La única escritura válida es la crónica histórica en oposición a la figuración literaria: Berel Lang .............................. 106 2.2.1.4. La ficción cinematográfica trivializa el Holocausto: Claude Lanzmann ............................................................................. 108 2.2.2. La master-narrative: propuestas de un modo único de escribir sobre el Holocausto .................................................................... 113 2.2.3. A favor de la ficción del Holocausto ......................................... 115 2.2.3.1. La confianza en la literatura para transmitir el Holocausto: George Steiner ....................................................................... 115 2.2.3.2. La necesidad de la imaginación literaria del Holocausto: Lawrence Langer .................................................................... 118 2.2.3.3. La necesaria calidad de la narración del testigo: James Young ................................................................................... 121 2.2.3.4. La defensa del escritor-superviviente de la facultad imaginativa para decir el Holocausto: Imre Kertész y Jorge Semprún ............................................................................... 123 CAPÍTULO 3. LA FICCIÓN, ENTRE LA HISTORIA Y EL TESTIMONIO .... 127 3.1. ENTRE LA FICCIÓN Y LA HISTORIA .................................................. 128 3.1.1. Los nuevos planteamientos en historiografía y su repercusión en la representación del Holocausto .............................................. 130 3.1.2. Hayden White y el cuestionamiento de la dicotomía historia- verdad versus ficción-mentira ...................................................... 131 2 3.1.2.1. Los orígenes de la oposición entre historia y ficción: una novedad surgida del positivismo ............................................... 131 3.1.2.2. Hayden White revitaliza los debates en historiografía: la forma condiciona el contenido .................................................. 133 3.1.2.3. La literatura, la mejor opción para narrar la verdad del Holocausto ............................................................................ 135 3.1.2.4. Las críticas de varios historiadores a Hayden White ............. 140 3.1.3. Dominick LaCapra y los estudios del trauma ............................. 142 3.1.3.1. El concepto de historia de Dominick LaCapra ...................... 142 3.1.3.2. La experiencia, los estudios del trauma, y la traumatización secundaria ....................................................... 144 3.1.3.3. Empatía, Perturbación empática, y su vinculación con la representación ....................................................................... 149 3.1.3.4. Historiadores críticos con los estudios del trauma ................ 151 3.2. ENTRE LA FICCIÓN Y EL TESTIMONIO .............................................. 152 3.2.1. El valor epistémico del testimonio ........................................... 152 3.2.1.1. La revaluación del testimonio y del relato testimonial .......... 154 3.2.2. Los géneros entre el testimonio y la ficción: la autobiografía, la autoficción y la novela ................................................................ 160
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