DOCSLIB.ORG

Review Article Pharmacological Importance of Thevetia Peruviana

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Review Article Pharmacological Importance of Thevetia Peruviana INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES ISSN: 22775005 Review Article Pharmacological Importance of Thevetia peruviana Neelam Rajbhar and Anil Kumar Pharmacy College, Itaura, Chandeshwar, Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh-276 128, India. ABSTRACT Thevetia peruviana, Belongs to family Apocynaceae and commonly called as yellow oleander or Pila kanher. All parts of the plants are toxic, and contain a variety of cardiac glycosides. This article compile all the information related to Thevetia peruviana. Keywords: yellow oleander, cardiac glycosides, pharmacology. INTRODUCTION Species peruviana Medicinal plants as a group comprise approximately 8000 species and around 50% Common name of all the higher flowering plant species of Mexican oleander, Yellow oleander, lucky nut India. Millions of rural households use tree. medicinal plants in a self-help mode. Half million practioners of the Indian system of Distribution medicine in the oral codified streams use This plant is native of central & South America, medicinal plants in preventive, promotive and but now frequently grown throughout the curative application. There are estimated to be tropical and shrub or small tree that bears over 7800 manufacturing units in India, in yellow or orange-yellow, trumpet like flowers recent years, the growing demand for herbal and its fruit is deep red/black in color product has led to a quantum jump in volume enhancing a large seed that bears some of plant metabolite previously with unknown resemblance to a Chinese “ lucky nut”. It pharmacological activities have been contains a milky sap containing a compound extensively investigated as a source of called Thevetin that is used a heart stimulant medicinal agents. but in its natural form is extremely poisonous, as are all part of the plant, especially the seed. DESCRIPTION OF PLANT Its leave is long, lance shaped and green colour. Leaves are covered in waxy coating to reduce water loss. Its stem is green turning silver/ gray as it ages. Cultivation Thevetia peruviana is cultivated as an ornamental plant and planted as large flowering shrub or tree standards in garden and parks in temp climates. It tolerates most soil and is drought tolerant exposure part full or reflected sun, revels in the water ample is the best soil improve garden soil with good drainage maintenance low periodic pruning and litter cleanup training when young to tree if desired can be grown as shrub or tree outside in warmer will tolerate most kinds of soil as long as they are well drained and are situated Thevetia peruviana in full sun in a sheltered area. Useful as a landscaping plant in warmer climates as it Pharmacological Classification does not need much maintenance. Botanical name: Thevetia peruviana Kingdom Plantae Part use Family Apocynaceae It is an ornamental plant and mostly all parts of Order Gentianales plants are medicinal use these are flowers, Genus Thevetia leaves, seed and root. Vol. 3 (1) Jan-Mar 2014 www.ijpcsonline.com 260 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES ISSN: 22775005 Toxin Fusariumoxysporum, Alternariahelianthii, These are toxic to most vertebrates as they Curvularialunata, Aspergillus niger and contain cardiac glycosides. Many cases of Penicillium spp. Better antimicrobial activity intentional and accidental poisoning of human was observed with the extracts showed are known. The toxins are cardenolides called maximum activity against E.coli. Thevetin A&B; others include Peruvoside, nerrifolin, thevetoxin and rivoside. These are Antifungal properties not destroyed by drying or heating. They Seeds of Thevetia peruviana were screened produce gastric and cardio effects. Antibodies for their antifungal photo activity. Extracts for treatment include atropine and digoxin obtained either with n-hexane or antibodies and treatment may include oral dichloromethane were fractionated by column administration activate charcoal. Ovine chromatography or further analyses by thin- polyclonal anti-digitoxin fab fragment antibody layer chromatography. All seed extracts and can be used to treat digoxin poisoning. fractions were tested for inhibition of the fungus Cladosporium cucumerinum for the MEDICINAL USES evaluation of photoactive inhibitory effect. Thevetia peruviana contains a milky sap Antifungal light-dependent activity was containing a compound called thevetin that is observed for some of the fractions and both used as a heart stimulant but in its natural crude extracts. The most photoactive fraction form is extremely poisonous, as are all part of was analysed by analysed by capillary gas the plant, especially the seed. The toxins are chromatography with mass spectrometry in cardenolides called Thevetin A and B order identify its constituents. (cereberoside), others include Peruvoside, nerrifolin, thevetoxin and ruvoside. These Piscicidal activity cardenolides are not destroyed by drying or The leaf and bark of Thevetia peruviana plant heating and they are similar to digoxin from was administerd for 24 h to the freshwater fish Digitalis purpurea. They produce gastric and Catlacatla (Hamilton) to evaluate their cardio toxic effects. Antidotes for treatment piscicidal activity in laboratory and cemented include atropine and Digoxin antibodies and pond condition. The values of leaf and bark treatment may include oral administration of extracts of different solvent of this plant to fish activate charcoal. These toxins have also Catlacatla were determind. The LC50 values been experimented for use in pest control. of acetone leaf extract of Thevetia peruviana Entire Thevetin plant is very poisonous and plant is 88.80mg/L (24h) in laboratory the seeds are most poisonous. Tincture is condition and 529.38mg/L (24h) in cemented cathartic emetic and febiuge seeds are used pond condition; acetone bark extract of this as abortifacient and purgative in rheumatism plant is 99.43mg/L (24h) in laboratory and dropsy. Peruvoside is used in treatment of condition and 591.78mg/L(24h) in cemented mild cardiac insufficiency and weak heart. This pond condition against freshwater fish drug shows relatively high degree of Catlacatla. Similar trend was also observed in therapeutic index compared to digoxin. case of other solvent (i.e., diethyl ether, ethyl alcohol, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride) BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL of leaf and bark extract of Thevetia peruviana The plants toxins have tested in experiments plant against freshwater fish Catlacatla in for uses in biological pest control. Thevetia comparison to other solvent extract in both the peruviana seed oil was used to make a plant conditions. So, the biochemical analysis is with antifungal, antibacterial and ant termite taken only acetone leaf and bark extract of properties; it is a plant toxin insecticide for Thevetia peruviana plant in laboratory termites. Thevetia peruviana inhibited condition. spermatogenesis in rats, indicating the possibility of developing herbal male Antispermatogenic activity contraceptive. This study was conducted to evaluate the antifertility potential of Thevetia peruviana in PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY male albino rats with their phytochemical Antimicrobial activity evaluations. Phytochemical examination The antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract showed that plant is rich in active constituents, obtained from Thevetia peruviana was tested i.e. amyrin acetate, lupeol acetate, amyrin, against bacterial species of Escherichia coli, lupeol and thevetigenin. T. peruviana stem Streptococcus lactis, Enterobacteraerogenes, bark of methanol extract administered orally to Alcaligenesfaecalis pseudomonas aeruginosa, male rats at the dose level of 100mg/rat/day Proteus vulgaris and fungal species of did not cause any significant reduction in body Vol. 3 (1) Jan-Mar 2014 www.ijpcsonline.com 261 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES ISSN: 22775005 weight, while the weight of reproductive Flavanone and Flavone organs reduced significantly. A significant fall Glycosides/Reverse Transcriptase in the total protein and sialic acid content of Inhibition the testes, epididymides, seminal vesicle and Flavanone and flavonol glycosides from the ventral prostate as well as in the glycogen leaves of T. peruviana and their HIV-1 reverse contain of testes was also observed ,however transcriptase and HIV-1 integrase inhibitory cholesterol was increased significantly and activities: Two new flavone glycoside and a also cause the decline the spermatogenic new flavonol glycoside where isolated from the elements. In conclusion T. peruviana inhibited leaves of T. peruviana and where investigated spermatogenesis in rats. for their inhibitory effect against HIV-1 reverse Anti-Inflammatory transcriptase and HIV-1 integrase. Thevetia peruviana seed contain glucosides of neriifolin, acetylneriifolin and therein. Seed oil CONCLUSION distillates of Thevetia peruviana have been It is quite evident from this review that T. found to contain anti-bacterial activity. In the peruviana contains a number of Phyto present work, the fresh flowers of Thevetia costitutients which reveals its uses for various peruviana were subjected to phytochemical therapeutic purposes. Looking upon wide studies. The result of the study showed that prospects and potential of Peruviana for a the flower contain quercitine, kaempferol and various purposes. The plant or its individual quercitin-7-o-galactoside.The anti- parts can be used for the treatment of various inflammatory nature of the isolated compound disorders in human being such as, diabetes,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Phytochemical & Biological Evaluation of Cascabela Thevetia with Special
    . Presented by: Biman Bhuyan Assistant Professor Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Dibrugarh University Dibrugarh-786004, Assam, India Email ID:[email protected] Presented at: XIXth International Congress "Phytopharm 2015“ New Phytotherapeutics – Developments, Requirements and Success for Patients with Rational Phytotherapy. (Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn; July 21-24, 2015 ) . Diabetes mellitus is chronic disorder of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism resulting from insulin deficiency and abnormality in the use of insulin. Due to several problems with available conventional therapies, alternative approaches become essential to treat diabetes. Plant based medicine has become one of the most promising alternative strategy for treatment of diabetes. In this study the bark of Cascabela thevetia L. was selected for evaluation of antidiabetic activity based on its traditional use in Assam. T. Miyagawa et al. (J. Nat. Prod., 2009) in his article “Cardenolide Glycosides of Thevetia peruviana and Triterpenoid Saponins of Sapindus emarginatus as TRAIL Resistance-Overcoming Compounds” reported that cardenolide glycosides isolated from Thevetia peruviana (Cascabela thevetia) have significant reversal effect on TRAIL resistance in human gastric adrenocarcinoma cells. M.H. Khan et al. (Indian J Tradit Know., 2010) in his article “Antidiabetic plants used in Thoubal district of Manipur, North-East India” reported that bark of the plant is used by Meitei community for treatment of diabetes. V. Bandara et al. (Toxicon, 2010) in his article “A review of the natural history, toxinology, diagnosis and clinical management of Nerium oleander (common oleander) and Thevetia peruviana (yellow oleander) poisoning” reported the cardiac glycosides related toxicity and their clinical management in emergency. J. Buragohain (Recent Res.
    [Show full text]
  • European Academic Research
    EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. IV, Issue 10/ January 2017 Impact Factor: 3.4546 (UIF) ISSN 2286-4822 DRJI Value: 5.9 (B+) www.euacademic.org Evidences from morphological investigations supporting APGIII and APGIV Classification of the family Apocynaceae Juss., nom. cons IKRAM MADANI Department of Botany, Faculty of Science University of Khartoum, Sudan LAYALY IBRAHIM ALI Faculty of Science, University Shandi EL BUSHRA EL SHEIKH EL NUR Department of Botany, Faculty of Science University of Khartoum, Sudan Abstract: Apocynaceae have traditionally been divided into into two subfamilies, the Plumerioideae and the Apocynoideae. Recently, based on molecular data, classification of Apocynaceae has undergone considerable revisions. According to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III (APGIII, 2009), and the update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group APG (APGIV, 2016) the family Asclepiadaceae is now included in the Apocynaceae. The family, as currently recognized, includes some 1500 species divided in about 424 genera and five subfamilies: Apocynoideae, Rauvolfioideae, Asclepiadoideae, Periplocoideae, and Secamonoideae. In this research selected species from the previous families Asclepiadaceae and Apocynaceae were morphologically investigated in an attempt to distinguish morphological important characters supporting their new molecular classification. 40 morphological characters were treated as variables and analyzed for cluster of average linkage between groups using the statistical package SPSS 16.0. Resulting dendrograms confirm the relationships between species from the previous families on the basis of their flowers, fruits, 8259 Ikram Madani, Layaly Ibrahim Ali, El Bushra El Sheikh El Nur- Evidences from morphological investigations supporting APGIII and APGIV. Classification of the family Apocynaceae Juss., nom. cons and seeds morphology. Close relationships were reported between species from the same subfamilies.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny and Systematics of the Rauvolfioideae
    PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS Andre´ O. Simo˜es,2 Tatyana Livshultz,3 Elena OF THE RAUVOLFIOIDEAE Conti,2 and Mary E. Endress2 (APOCYNACEAE) BASED ON MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE1 ABSTRACT To elucidate deeper relationships within Rauvolfioideae (Apocynaceae), a phylogenetic analysis was conducted using sequences from five DNA regions of the chloroplast genome (matK, rbcL, rpl16 intron, rps16 intron, and 39 trnK intron), as well as morphology. Bayesian and parsimony analyses were performed on sequences from 50 taxa of Rauvolfioideae and 16 taxa from Apocynoideae. Neither subfamily is monophyletic, Rauvolfioideae because it is a grade and Apocynoideae because the subfamilies Periplocoideae, Secamonoideae, and Asclepiadoideae nest within it. In addition, three of the nine currently recognized tribes of Rauvolfioideae (Alstonieae, Melodineae, and Vinceae) are polyphyletic. We discuss morphological characters and identify pervasive homoplasy, particularly among fruit and seed characters previously used to delimit tribes in Rauvolfioideae, as the major source of incongruence between traditional classifications and our phylogenetic results. Based on our phylogeny, simple style-heads, syncarpous ovaries, indehiscent fruits, and winged seeds have evolved in parallel numerous times. A revised classification is offered for the subfamily, its tribes, and inclusive genera. Key words: Apocynaceae, classification, homoplasy, molecular phylogenetics, morphology, Rauvolfioideae, system- atics. During the past decade, phylogenetic studies, (Civeyrel et al., 1998; Civeyrel & Rowe, 2001; Liede especially those employing molecular data, have et al., 2002a, b; Rapini et al., 2003; Meve & Liede, significantly improved our understanding of higher- 2002, 2004; Verhoeven et al., 2003; Liede & Meve, level relationships within Apocynaceae s.l., leading to 2004; Liede-Schumann et al., 2005). the recognition of this family as a strongly supported Despite significant insights gained from studies clade composed of the traditional Apocynaceae s.
    [Show full text]
  • Thevetia Peruviana- a Review on Its Characteristic Features and Toxic Constituents S Rajhans#1, J
    International Journal of Scientific Research and Review ISSN NO: 2279-543X Thevetia peruviana- A Review on Its Characteristic Features and Toxic Constituents S Rajhans#1, J. Pandya#2A. U. Mankad#3 and H. A. Pandya#3 Department of Botany, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad-380009 Abstract- Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. belongs to the Apocynaceae family. It is found throughout the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. The plant is best known as an ornamental. It is also known for its cardiotoxic properties. This paper has made an attempt in presenting a comprehensive review of the plant based on its origin, botanical description, distribution, growing requirements characteristic features and its toxic constituents. Keywords- Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum., evergreen, survival, cardiac glycosides and toxins Introduction- Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. is an evergreen shrub belonging to the Apocynaceae family. Native to Mexico, South and Central America this plant is now naturally found in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Commonly known as the yellow oleander in English and as Peeli Kaner in Hindi this plant is easily found in different parts of India. The plant is grown mainly as an ornamental in the gardens, road dividers and on road sides. It does not require any kind of maintenance and can easily survive in extreme conditions. The characteristic features of this plant is its milky sap. It is also known for its toxic parts and the various contents of toxins in them. SYNONYMS- Thevetia neriifoliia A. Juss. Ex Steud; Cerbera thevetia L; Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold. HABIT- A straight (erect) and abundantly branched shrub usually growing from 2.5m to 3.5m tall but rarely a small tree reaching a height up to 10 m in height.
    [Show full text]
  • ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 5(8), 486-493 RESEARCH ARTICLE
    ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 5(8), 486-493 Journal Homepage: - www.journalijar.com Article DOI: 10.21474/IJAR01/5081 DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/5081 RESEARCH ARTICLE THEVETIA PERUVIANA: A MULTIPURPOSE MEDICINAL PLANT- A REVIEW. *Tabrez Ahmad1, Abdulhamid Tahir Hamid2, Anuradha Sharma1 and Uma Bhardwaj3. 1. Department of Biotechnology, School of Life and Applied Sciences, Baba Farid Institute of Technology, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. 2. School of Biotechnology, Maharaj Vinayak Global University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. 3. Dean Research, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….... Manuscript Info Abstract ……………………. ……………………………………………………………… Manuscript History Plant based therapeutics play an important role in the public health care system of any nation. The plant Thevetia peruviana belongs to the Received: 05 June 2017 family Apocynaceae. The plant have a significant place in traditional Final Accepted: 07 July 2017 system of medicine of Central and South America and tropical Asia. A Published: August 2017 number of different classes of secondary metabolites are present in Key words:- Thevetia peruviana including alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, cardiac Thevetia peruviana, Apocynaceae, glycosides, terpenoids, tannins, saponins etc. Several researchers had Cardiac glycosides, identified various pharmacological activities in different parts of the Ethanopharmacology plant viz. seeds, flowers, bark, fruits, leaves. This review covers detailed ethanopharmacology, toxicology and bioactivities of Thevetia peruviana. Copy Right, IJAR, 2017,. All rights reserved. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….... Introduction:- Our planet is home for enormous medicinal plants. Mankind use of medicinal plants is not new rather dates back to thousands of years. In fact, ancient man was very dependent on green plants for his day-to-day needs of medicaments.
    [Show full text]
  • Three New Alien Taxa for Europe and a Chorological Update on the Alien Vascular Flora of Calabria (Southern Italy)
    plants Article Three New Alien Taxa for Europe and a Chorological Update on the Alien Vascular Flora of Calabria (Southern Italy) 1, 1, , 2 Valentina Lucia Astrid Laface y , Carmelo Maria Musarella * y , Ana Cano Ortiz , Ricardo Quinto Canas 3,4 , Serafino Cannavò 1 and Giovanni Spampinato 1 1 Department of AGRARIA, Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria, Loc. Feo di Vito snc, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy; [email protected] (V.L.A.L.); serafi[email protected] (S.C.); [email protected] (G.S.) 2 Department of Animal and Plant Biology and Ecology, Section of Botany, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; [email protected] 3 Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; [email protected] 4 Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal * Correspondence: [email protected] These authors contributed equally to the work. y Received: 27 June 2020; Accepted: 8 September 2020; Published: 11 September 2020 Abstract: Knowledge on alien species is needed nowadays to protect natural habitats and prevent ecological damage. The presence of new alien plant species in Italy is increasing every day. Calabria, its southernmost region, is not yet well known with regard to this aspect. Thanks to fieldwork, sampling, and observing many exotic plants in Calabria, here, we report new data on 34 alien taxa. In particular, we found three new taxa for Europe (Cascabela thevetia, Ipomoea setosa subsp. pavonii, and Tecoma stans), three new for Italy (Brugmansia aurea, Narcissus ‘Cotinga’, and Narcissus ‘Erlicheer’), one new one for the Italian Peninsula (Luffa aegyptiaca), and 21 new taxa for Calabria (Allium cepa, Asparagus setaceus, Bassia scoparia, Beta vulgaris subsp.
    [Show full text]
  • Antimicrobial Activity of Cascabela Thevetia
    Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2016; 5(5): 335-338 E-ISSN: 2278-4136 Antimicrobial activity of Cascabela thevetia (Flowers) P-ISSN: 2349-8234 JPP 2016; 5(5): 335-338 Received: 16-07-2016 Accepted: 17-08-2016 S Solomon, N Muruganantham and MM Senthamilselvi S Solomon Abstract Department of Chemistry, A large number of medicinal plants are claimed to be useful in treating skin diseases in all traditional Periyar E. V. R. College system of medicine. The present study was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial effect of the (Autonomous), Trichy, compound isolated from the ethylacetate fraction of flowers of Cascabela thevetia. This compound was Tamil Nadu, India shown to possess antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi. Four bacterial strains Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus and two fungal strains Curvularia lunata N Muruganantham and Candida albicans were tested by using disc diffusion method. The anti-bacterial activity of the Department of Chemistry, compound isolated from ethyl acetate fraction is almost comparable with standard Chloramphenicol. The Roever Engineering College, antifungal activity is almost comparable with standard Fluconazole. Perambalur, Tamil Nadu, India Keywords: Cascabela thevetia, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, diffusion method, MM Senthamilselvi chloramphenicol, fluconazole Joint Director of Collegiate Education, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India Introduction Medicinal plants and their extracts are used in traditional treatments of various diseases [1-5]. Plants are a potential source of antimicrobial compounds and several researchers throughout the world are investigating the antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants, which are utilized in [6, 7] the traditional or alternative healthcare systems . The antimicrobial activities of plant extract can be determined by various methods such as disc diffusion, agar well diffusion and twofold serial dilution techniques [6].
    [Show full text]
  • Review Article an Updated Review on the Genus Cascabela Plant Family
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES ISSN: 22775005 Review Article An Updated Review on the Genus Cascabela Plant Family: Apocyanaceae Shuguftha Naz1* and Shoukath Sulthana2 1Nalanda College of Pharmacy, Cherlapally, Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh, India-508001 2Malla Reddy college of Pharmacy, Dhullapally, Medchal(M), RangaReddy, Andhra Pradesh, India. ABSTRACT Nature is the best combinatorial chemist and possibly has answers to all diseases of humankind. Till now, natural product compounds discovered from medicinal plants have provided numerous clinically useful drugs. In India itself, there are more than 1100 medicinal plants grown all over the wild forests. Of these, some 60 geneses are used immensely in medicinal preparations. Cascabela is a very small genus under which 9 species are present. Most of the species under this genus is widely constituted with polysaccharides, cardenolides and triterpenoid saponins. These groups of plants are well known among the tribes for its anti cancer, treating mild heart-failure, asthma, epilepsy, leprosy and various other properties. Keywords: Cascabela, Cardenolides, triterpenoids, Heart-failure, Anti-cancer. INTRODUCTION corona lobes near the throat alternating with All the plants under genus Cascabela were the stamens. The yellow lobes are about 3 cm previously known as Thevetia species but now long. The stamens are completely included they are categorized under separate genus while the anthers are attached to each other Cascabela which consists of 9 species and apically across the top of pistil head but not much information is not reported about the adnate to it. They are yellow to orange or genus and species. peachy pink. The ovary consists of 2 carpels with several ovules per carpel.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant DNA Barcodes and a Community Phylogeny of a Tropical Forest Dynamics Plot in Panama
    Plant DNA barcodes and a community phylogeny of a tropical forest dynamics plot in Panama W. John Kressa,1, David L. Ericksona, F. Andrew Jonesb,c, Nathan G. Swensond, Rolando Perezb, Oris Sanjurb, and Eldredge Berminghamb aDepartment of Botany, MRC-166, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012; bSmithsonian Tropical Research Institute, P.O. Box 0843-03092, Balboa Anco´n, Republic of Panama´; cImperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; and dCenter for Tropical Forest Science - Asia Program, Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138 Communicated by Daniel H. Janzen, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, September 3, 2009 (received for review May 13, 2009) The assembly of DNA barcode libraries is particularly relevant pling: the conserved coding locus will easily align over all taxa within species-rich natural communities for which accurate species in a community sample to establish deep phylogenetic branches identifications will enable detailed ecological forensic studies. In whereas the hypervariable region of the DNA barcode will align addition, well-resolved molecular phylogenies derived from these more easily within nested subsets of closely related species and DNA barcode sequences have the potential to improve investiga- permit relationships to be inferred among the terminal branches tions of the mechanisms underlying community assembly and of the tree. functional trait evolution. To date, no studies have effectively In this respect a supermatrix design (8, 9) is ideal for using a applied DNA barcodes sensu strictu in this manner. In this report, mixture of coding genes and intergenic spacers for phylogenetic we demonstrate that a three-locus DNA barcode when applied to reconstruction across the broadest evolutionary distances, as in 296 species of woody trees, shrubs, and palms found within the the construction of community phylogenies (10).
    [Show full text]
  • Pollinator Adaptation and the Evolution of Floral Nectar Sugar
    doi: 10.1111/jeb.12991 Pollinator adaptation and the evolution of floral nectar sugar composition S. ABRAHAMCZYK*, M. KESSLER†,D.HANLEY‡,D.N.KARGER†,M.P.J.MULLER€ †, A. C. KNAUER†,F.KELLER§, M. SCHWERDTFEGER¶ &A.M.HUMPHREYS**†† *Nees Institute for Plant Biodiversity, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany †Institute of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ‡Department of Biology, Long Island University - Post, Brookville, NY, USA §Institute of Plant Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ¶Albrecht-v.-Haller Institute of Plant Science, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany **Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Berkshire, UK ††Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, University of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden Keywords: Abstract asterids; A long-standing debate concerns whether nectar sugar composition evolves fructose; as an adaptation to pollinator dietary requirements or whether it is ‘phylo- glucose; genetically constrained’. Here, we use a modelling approach to evaluate the phylogenetic conservatism; hypothesis that nectar sucrose proportion (NSP) is an adaptation to pollina- phylogenetic constraint; tors. We analyse ~ 2100 species of asterids, spanning several plant families pollination syndrome; and pollinator groups (PGs), and show that the hypothesis of adaptation sucrose. cannot be rejected: NSP evolves towards two optimal values, high NSP for specialist-pollinated and low NSP for generalist-pollinated plants. However, the inferred adaptive process is weak, suggesting that adaptation to PG only provides a partial explanation for how nectar evolves. Additional factors are therefore needed to fully explain nectar evolution, and we suggest that future studies might incorporate floral shape and size and the abiotic envi- ronment into the analytical framework.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Diversity of Amsonia Orientalis
    Biologia 69/6: 742—749, 2014 Section Botany DOI: 10.2478/s11756-014-0368-6 Genetic diversity of Amsonia orientalis Cem Tolga Gurkanli¨ 1*, Ibrahim˙ Ozkoc¨ ¸2,EmineBanuAydin 2,ArdaAcem˙i3 &FazılOzen¨ 3 1Department of Fisheries Technology Engineering, Fatsa Faculty of Marine Sciences, Ordu University, 52400,Fatsa, Ordu/Turkey; e–mail: [email protected], [email protected] 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139, Atakum, Samsun/Turkey 3Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kocaeli University, 41380, Kocaeli/Turkey Abstract: Amsonia orientalis Decne. (Apocynaceae), is a rare and threatened plant species which is located only in a constricted area in northeast of Greece and northwest of Turkey in the world. Although phylogenetic analysis depending on nucleotide sequences of genes from different sources (nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplast) became a major tool for classification of plant species, there is still a big lack of information about A. orientalis in the international molecular data bases such as NCBI. In the current study, we phylogenetically analyzed three commonly used molecular markers (18S rDNA, 18S-28S rDNA-ITS region and trnL–F intergenic spacer) from A. orientalis samples collected from Turkey to determine the genetic diversity and also to question the systematic position of A. orientalis.Asaresult,A. orientalis samples clearly showed close relation with Alyxieae tribe rather than Vinceae. And this result brings the necessity to reconsider the morphological characters that have used to delimit the tribes of Rauvolfioideae. Key words: Amsonia orientalis; Apocynaceae; 18S rDNA; 18S–28S rDNA-ITS; trnL–F spacer Introduction Ozen¨ (2006) implemented an ex situ protection since the habitats of the plant were under serious threat.
    [Show full text]
  • (GISD) 2021. Species Profile Thevetia Peruviana. Available
    FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Thevetia peruviana Thevetia peruviana System: Terrestrial Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Plantae Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Gentianales Apocynaceae Common name venevene (Cook Islands), chirca (Spanish), pua (Cook Islands), luckynut (English), yellow oleander (English), cabalonga (Spanish), geel-oleander (Afrikaans), irelepsech (Ulithian), loandro-amarelo (Portuguese), Thevetie (Spanish), adelfa amarilla (Spanish), jacapa (Spanish), kanneeta (Chuukese), nohomalie (Hawaiian), be still tree (English), koneta (Chuukese), foreigner's tree (English), poupou (Tahitian), piti (Tahitian), oléandre jaune (French) Synonym Cascabela thevetia , (L.) Lippoid Cerbera thevetia , L. Thevetia neriifolia , Juss. ex Steud. Similar species Summary Yellow oleander, Thevetia peruviana is a bushy shrub native to tropical America. Seedlings can be found on cultivated ground and ex-pasture land. It is cultivated in gardens as an ornamental where it competes with garden plants. It is an opportunistic plant and is found growing on disturbed habitats. Its fruit, seeds, foliage or sap are poisonous to man and animals. It is a significant weed in Timor- Leste and is listed as a Category 1 weed in South Africa (prohibited and to be controlled). view this species on IUCN Red List Habitat Description Yellow oleander prefers fertile, well-drained soils, but can survive on most soils (Csurhes and Edwards, 1998) Principal source: Compiler: IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) with support from the Overseas Territories Environmental Programme
    [Show full text]