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Facts About Insulation Requirements for Plastic Piping

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Facts About Insulation Requirements for Plastic Piping INSU L ATION Information from NAIMA: FACTS Facts About Insulation # Requirements for Plastic Piping 85 All current building energy codes and standards require pipe insulation on service hot water and HVAC piping. In this issue we discuss how much insulation is needed for domestic hot and cold service water systems and for HVAC systems in commercial and industrial buildings. While requirements vary, none of the model codes differentiates pipe insulation requirements based on pipe material. The amount of insulation needed depends on the design objectives of the system and the properties of the specific pipe material. Plastic piping for domestic hot and cold service water systems and for Common Plastic Piping HVAC systems in buildings is the Materials dominant piping material for residential construction, and is ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene also used routinely in commercial Styrene) and industrial applications. CPVC (Chlorinated Polyvinyl Energy codes do not differentiate Chloride insulation requirements based on PB (Polybutylene) plastic or metallic pipe wall PE (Polyethylene) material. PEX (Cross-linked Polyethylene) Plastic vs. Metal Piping PP (Polypropylene) Systems PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) Compared to metallic piping PVDF (Polyvinylidene Fluoride) systems, plastic piping materials have a significantly lower thermal conductivity, which translates to of a given composition more or lower heat transfer between the less desirable for a given fluid and the ambient air. For application. As an example, a key some normally uninsulated piping property for hot systems is the systems, this can be advantageous. strength at temperature. Since all For example, city water lines plastics lose strength as entering a building will often temperature increases, this limits sweat due to the relatively cold the use of plastic piping to temperature of the water entering operating temperatures less than the building. about 220°F. Where insulation is required by Some manufactures have energy codes, however, the impact developed composite systems (e.g. of the pipe wall material on the PEX-Al-PEX) for improved high overall heat transfer is generally temperature performance. For small. For this reason, energy domestic hot and cold water codes do not differentiate piping systems, CPVC and PEX are insulation requirements based on the most common. For chilled pipe wall material. water distribution piping, a number of different materials may Plastic Piping Material be used. Properties From a heat transfer point of www.naima.org The physical properties of plastic view, the key properties are the pipes vary significantly depending thermal conductivity and the wall on their composition. These thicknesses of the various pipe variations may make plastic pipes products. Thermal Conductivity of Piping and Insulation Different Size Standards Materials Plastic piping is manufactured to a number of different size standards: The thermal conductivity of plastic pipe materials varies. Table 1 shows CPVC is available in either nominal pipe sizes (NPS) from ¼" to 12" or in copper tube sizes (CTS) from ¼" to 2". conductivity values ranging from a low of 0.8 Btu·in/(h·ft 2·°F) for PVDF NPS sizes are available in either Schedule 40 or Schedule 80 wall thicknesses. to a high of 3.2 Btu·in/(h·ft 2·°F) CTS sizes wall thickness have standard dimension ratio (SDR) of 11 (i.e. the outside diameter is 11 times the wall thickness). 1 for PEX. For comparison PEX is available in CTS sizes from ¼" to 3" with SDRs of approximately 9. 2 purposes, the conductivity of copper is approximately 2,720 Btu·in/(h·ft 2·°F) at a temperature of 75°F while steel has a conductivity Table 1. Thermal Conductivity of Piping and Insulation Materials a of approximately 314 Btu·in/(h·ft 2·°F). Thermal Conductivity, Material Btu·in/(h·ft 2·°F) Source Heat Transfer Calculations ABS 1.7 ASHRAE Handbook The data from Table 1 clearly ABS 1.35 Piping Handbook demonstrate that the thermal CPVC 4120 0.95 ASHRAE Handbook conductivity of metallic piping is CPVC 1.0 PPFA Installation Handbook from 30x to 3,000x higher than CPVC 1.0 Piping Handbook typical plastic piping materials. PB 1.5 Piping Handbook The table also shows variations in PB 2110 1.5 ASHRAE Handbook thermal conductivity for the PE 2.6-3.1 Handbook of PE Pipe PE 3.2 Piping Handbook various compositions for plastic PEX 3.2 Piping Handbook pipes. However, the impact on PP 1.3 ASHRAE Handbook heat transfer to or from the fluid PVC 1.1 Piping Handbook will depend not only on the PVC 1120 1.1 ASHRAE Handbook relative thermal resistances of the PVDF 1.5 Piping Handbook pipe wall thickness, but also on the PVDF 0.8 ASHRAE Handbook other thermal resistances in the For comparison installed system. Copper 2,720 ASHRAE Handbook Effect of Insulation on Mild Steel 314 ASHRAE Handbook Heat Loss 304 Stainless Steel 96 Marks’ Handbook For bare piping of any type, the air Flexible Elastomeric Insulation 0.28 ASTM C 534 surface coefficient normally Fiberglass Insulation 0.25 ASTM C 547 represents the largest thermal Polyisocyanurate resistance in the system and the Insulation 0.20 ASTM C 591 wind speeds at the surface, along with the thermal emittance of the a. Conductivity values given at room temperature surface material, are dominant. As insulation is added to the system, The relative magnitude of these share of products in the marketplace the resistance of the insulation effects will vary with the situation and because they effectively span the layer begins to dominate and but they can be estimated using range of thermal conductivities for other resistances become less well-established calculation piping. Conductivities and surface important. procedures. These are outlined in emittance used in the analysis are Figure 1 compares the heat loss ASTM Standard C 680 3 and in a shown inTable 2. number of heat transfer text books. from a horizontal 2" tube Example 1 containing water at 140°F in still This example assumes a ¾" copper Examples Illustrate air at 75°F. For the bare cases the tubing size CTS domestic hot water Relationships heat loss from the CPVC tubing is (DHW) line in a commercial The following example applications significantly less than the copper building. The operating help illustrate the relationships. All of tubing. At insulation thicknesses temperature of this line is 140°F the examples compare thin walled above ½" the difference in the heat and the ambient conditions are (Type M) copper tubing to standard loss becomes very small. Flexible assumed to be 75°F with 0 mph size CPVC and PEX tubing. These elastomeric insulation was wind speed. For calculation materials were chosen because assumed for this illustration. purposes, the insulation material is together they represent the largest flexible elastomeric insulation (ASTM C 534 Grade 1). The 2012 \\\ IECC Energy Code requirement for Figure 1: Heat Loss from 2" CTS Tubing at 140°F this application calls for 1" of insulation. Calculated heat losses per foot of piping run are summarized in Table 3. Example 2 This example involves a 1" CTS heating hot water (HHW) line in a commercial building. The line operates at a temperature of 180°F and runs through a return-air plenum with an air temperature of 75°F and an air velocity of 3 mph. For this example, we will use fiber glass insulation (ASTM C 547 Type I). The 2012 IECC insulation requirement for this application is 1- ½". Results of calculations are shown in Table 4. Table 2. Pipe Material Thermal Properties used in Examples 1-3 Example 3 Thermal Conductivity, This example is a 2" CTS chilled Pipe Material Btu·in/(h·ft2·°F) Surface Emittance water supply (CWS) line operating in Copper 2720 0.6 a mechanical room of a commercial CPVC 1.0 0.9 building. The operating temperature PEX 3.2 0.9 is 40°F and the ambient temperature is 80°F with a wind speed of 1 mph. The insulation material is flexible elastomeric insulation (ASTM C 534 Table 3. Example 1 Heat Loss Comparison Grade 1). The 2012 IECC insulation thickness requirement for this ¾" DHW Line at 140°F, Wind Speed = 0 MPH. Insulation = Flexible Elastomeric application is 1". Results of this Insulation example are shown inTable 5. Thickness, Calculated Heat Loss, Btuh/ft inches Copper CPVC PEX Energy Code Bare 29.64 28.30 31.96 3/ 13.26 12.23 12.81 Requirements for Piping 8 ½ 10.35 9.72 10.08 Domestic Hot Water and ¾ 8.30 7.89 8.13 HVAC Piping 1 7.21 6.90 7.08 All of the current model energy 1-½ 5.91 5.71 5.83 codes contain insulation 2 5.18 5.02 5.11 requirements for Domestic Hot Note: 2012 IECC Requirement is 1" Water and HVAC piping. Although the details vary somewhat, the requirements are generally given as a minimum insulation thickness without regard to pipe material. Table 4. Example 2 Heat Loss Comparison Example: Requirements for 1" HHW Line at 180°F, Ambient Temperature = 75°F, Wind Speed = 3 mph, service water heating from the Insulation = Fiberglass 2012 International Energy Insulation Conservation Code (2012 IECC) Thickness, Calculated Heat Loss, Btuh/ft are given in Section C 404.5 and inches Copper Type M CPVC SDR 11 PEX read as follows: Bare 152 101 131 ½ 22.7 20.8 21.9 C404.5 Pipe insulation. For 1 14.6 13.8 14.3 automatic-circulating hot 1-½ 11.6 11.1 11.4 water and heat-traced systems, 2 10.0 9.6 9.8 piping shall be insulated with not less than 1 inch (25 mm) Note: 2012 IECC Requirement is 1-½" of insulation having a conductivity not exceeding Table 5.
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