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CONFLICT in SLUM UPGRADING PROGRAMME a CASE STUDY of KOROGOCHO SLUM in NAIROBI By: BURUGU DENNIS C50/61869/10 a Research Project

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CONFLICT in SLUM UPGRADING PROGRAMME a CASE STUDY of KOROGOCHO SLUM in NAIROBI By: BURUGU DENNIS C50/61869/10 a Research Project CONFLICT IN SLUM UPGRADING PROGRAMME A CASE STUDY OF KOROGOCHO SLUM IN NAIROBI By: BURUGU DENNIS C50/61869/10 A Research Project Paper submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Master of Arts Degree in Armed Conflict and Peace Studies, Department of History and Archaeology, University of Nairobi NOVEMBER 2015 DECLARATION I declare that this project paper is my original work and has not been presented for award of a degree in any other university. Burugu Dennis Signature................................... Date………………… This project has been submitted for examination with my approval as the University supervisor. Dr. Herbert Misigo Amatsimbi Signature................................................ Date………………… ii DEDICATION I dedicate this Research Project to my two loving sons, Michael Mburugu Kariuki and Celestine Kinyari Kariuki, for their patience and belief in what I have been doing throughout the course. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I sincerely thank the Almighty God for giving me the required Grace for endurance. He has made me complete the long academic journey in good health. Further I am deeply indebted to Dr. Herbert M. Amatsimbi of University of Nairobi, for supervising and providing me with useful counsel when undertaking this course. His valuable assessment input of material and contribution to the completion of this work I also extend my honest gratitude to my family members and friends who believed in me and encouraged me to succeed. I also appreciate the support of the research assistants, James and Daniel Waithaka who worked tirelessly in the collection of the data. Most significantly, I express my gratitude to the residents of Korogocho slums whose cooperation contributed immensely towards the success of this study. Last, I acknowledge the cooperation and inspiration of my classmates; to them I say “THANK YOU‟‟ iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration ...................................................................................................................................... ii Dedication ...................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ iv List of Maps ................................................................................................................................. viii List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................................. xi Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ xiii Operational Definitions ................................................................................................................ xiv CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Historical Background of the Study ...........................................................................................3 1.2 History of Nairobi and Emergence of Slums .............................................................................5 1.3 Statement of the Problem ...........................................................................................................9 1.4 Objective of the Study .............................................................................................................11 1.4.1 Specific Objectives .........................................................................................................11 1.4.2 Hypotheses ......................................................................................................................12 1.5 Justification of the Study .........................................................................................................12 1.6 Scope and Limitation of the Study...........................................................................................13 1.7 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................................14 1.8 Literature Review.....................................................................................................................17 1.9 Methodology ............................................................................................................................27 v CHAPTER TWO SLUM UPGRADING PROGRAMMES IN KENYA 2.0 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................29 2.1 History of Slums in Kenya .......................................................................................................29 2.1.1 Life in Slums and need to upgrade ...................................................................................32 2.1.2 Korogocho Street Upgrading Project ...............................................................................33 2.1.3 Sanitation in the Slums ..................................................................................................35 2.1.4 Access to Primary Health Care .......................................................................................35 2.2 The Korogocho Slums ............................................................................................................36 2.3 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................41 CHAPTER THREE KOROGOCHO SLUM AND UPGRADING PROGRAMME 3.0 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................42 3.1 Korogocho Slum Upgrading Efforts ........................................................................................42 3.2 Slum Upgrading Programme as a cause of Conflict ................................................................48 3.3 Landlord-Tenant Relationships ................................................................................................53 3.4 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................53 CHAPTER FOUR CONFLICT ARISING FROM KOROGOCHO UPGRADING PROGRAMME 4.0 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................54 4.1 Slum Upgrading Induced Conflict in Korogocho ....................................................................54 4.1.1 Conflict Emanating from Displacement .........................................................................55 4.2 Conflict Induced by Culture.....................................................................................................59 4.3 The Socio-Economic Resources that led to Conflict ...............................................................59 vi 4.4 The Influence of Politics and Ethnicity on Conflict ................................................................60 4.5 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................62 CHAPTER FIVE IMPACT OF THE CONFLICT ON KOROGOCHO 5.0 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................63 5.1 Conflict and Violence as a Driver of Underdevelopment ........................................................63 5.2 Death and Victimization in the City ........................................................................................66 5.3 Socio-Economic Welfare in the City .......................................................................................68 5.4 Erosion of Urban Governance in the City................................................................................69 5.5 Displacement to and from the City ..........................................................................................70 5.6 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................74 CHAPTER SIX CONCLUSION 6.0 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................76 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..........................................................................................................................86 Primary Source...............................................................................................................................86 Oral Interviews...............................................................................................................................86 Internet Source ...............................................................................................................................87 Books .............................................................................................................................................88 Articles and Journals ......................................................................................................................90 APPENDICES ...............................................................................................................................97 Appendix A: Questionnaire for Korogocho Slum Dwellers
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