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Climate-Induced Community Relocations CLIMATE-INDUCED COMMUNITY RELOCATIONS: CREATING AN ADAPTIVE GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK BASED IN HUMAN RIGHTS A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska Fairbanks in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By Robin Bronen, B.A., J.D. Fairbanks, Alaska December 2012 UMI Number: 3537834 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI 3537834 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 CLIMATE-INDUCED COMMUNITY RELOCATIONS: CREATING AN ADAPTIVE GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK BASED IN HUMAN RIGHTS By Robin Bronen RECOMMENDED: )r. Gary Kofinas Dr. Peter Schweitzer Advisory Committee Chair Dr. ChristgJMEtrider Chair, Depi of Biology and Wildlife APPROVED: Dr. Paul Layer Dean, College of Naturi tence and Mathematics Dean of the Graduate School ABSTRACT The specter of millions of people fleeing their homes because of climate change has sparked an international debate about creating human rights protections for climate refugees. Though scholars and journalists have focused on the southern hemisphere, this crisis is occurring with unprecedented rapidity in the Arctic. In Alaska, temperatures have increased at twice the rate of the global average. Arctic sea ice is decreasing and permafrost is thawing, which is accelerating flooding and erosion. These environmental phenomena are threatening dozens of the 200 indigenous tribes that have inhabited the Alaskan Arctic for millennia. The traditional responses of hazard prevention and disaster relief are no longer protecting communities despite millions of dollars spent on erosion control and flood relief. Community relocation is the only feasible solution to permanently protect the inhabitants of these communities. This dissertation describes the steps that federal, state, and tribal governments have taken to relocate Newtok, Shishmaref and Kivalina, three indigenous communities located along the western coast of Alaska, that have chosen to relocate due to climate change. The policy and practical challenges to relocate these communities are enormous and clearly demonstrate that new governance institutions need to be designed and implemented to specifically respond to climate-induced relocation. This dissertation ultimately proposes the creation of Guiding Principles of Climigration outlining key human rights principles that can guide an adaptive governance framework. This framework, in turn, will allow government iv agencies to dynamically transition their humanitarian response from protection in place to community relocation in these cases. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Signature Page ....................................................................................................................i Title Page...........................................................................................................................ii Abstract .............................................................................................................................iii Table of Contents ...............................................................................................................v List of Figures...................................................................................................................ix List of Tables ....................................................................................................................ix List of Appendices.............................................................................................................x Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................xi General Introduction.......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Structure of Dissertation ................................................................................. 13 1.2 References...................................................................................................... 15 Chapter 1 Methodology................................................................................................... 19 1.1 Research Methods........................................................ 23 1.2 Participant Observation of a Relocation Process...........................................28 1.3 References......................................................................................................36 Chapter 2 Climate-Induced Community Relocations: A Case Study Of Newtok 37 2.1 Introduction....................................................................................................37 2.2 Climate Change in Alaska .............................................................................41 2.3 Current Laws Governing Disaster Relief.......................................................46 2.3.1 Post-Disaster Recovery...................................................................47 2.3.2 Hazard Mitigation........................................................................... 51 2.3.3 Conclusion .................................................................................... 55 2.4 Newtok ........................................................................................................... 56 2.4.1 Problems Caused by Climate Change ............................................. 60 2.4.1.1 Ecological Changes..........................................................60 2.4.1.2 Community Impacts......................................................... 62 2.4.2 Prior Studies Regarding this Crisis................................................. 67 2.4.3 Newtek’s Response To the Crisis................................................... 70 2.4.3.1. Land Acquisition for the Relocation...............................72 2.4.3.2 Newtok Planning Group.................................................73 2.4.3.2.1 Governance Framework of the Newtok Planning Group................................................................ 75 2.4.3.2.2 Community Relocation Plan ............................. 77 2.4.3.2.3 Creating Village Infrastructure At the Relocation Site.................................................................... 80 2.4.3.2.4 Compliance with Governmental Environmental Permitting Regulations..................................... 82 2.4.3.2.5. Conclusion....................................................... 83 2.5 Creating an Adaptive Governance Response, Based in Human Rights Doctrine, to Climate-Induced Population Displacement..............................84 2.5.1 Relocation Policy Framework ....................................................... 85 2.5.1.1 Human Rights Principles................................................. 86 2.5.1.2 Social-Ecological Indicators for Relocation....................92 2.5.2 Adaptive Governance Framework..................................................93 2.5.2.1 Amendments to the Hazard Mitigation and Post-Disaster Recovery Statutes .............................................................94 2.5.2.2 Creating a Relocation Institutional Framework ...............96 2.5.2.3 Role of Existing Local Governance Institutions..............98 2.5.2.4 Operational Relocation Framework................................. 99 2.5.2.4.1 Capacity Building for Relocation Staff.............99 2.5.2.4.2 Comprehensive Strategic Relocation Plan...... 100 2.5.2.4.2.1 Land Issues....................................... 100 2.5.2.4.2.2 The Decommission of the Old Village Site....................................... 102 2.5.2.4.2.3 Identification of Infrastructure ......... 102 2.5.2.4.2.4 Natural Environment Rehabilitation 103 2.5.2.4.2.5 Construction of Community Infrastructure at the Relocation Site 103 2.5.2.4.2.6 Health and Well-Being of Community Residents.......................................... 104 2.5.3 Conclusion.................................................................................... 104 2.6 Conclusion.................................................................................................105 Chapter 3 Adaptive Governance and Institutional Strategies for Climate-Induced Village Relocations in Alaska .................................................................................... 107 3.1 Abstract ........................................................................................................ 107 3.2 Introduction.................................................................................................. 108 3.3 Methods........................................................................................................ 110 3.4 Results.......................................................................................................... I ll 3.4.1 Policy Analysis: Post-Disaster and Hazard Mitigation Statutory Framework .................................................................................... I ll 3.4.2 Community Relocation Efforts in Alaska .................................... 114 3.4.2.1 Kivalina.........................................................................
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