Relocation As an Approach for Conservation of Historical Buildings

Arab Academy for Science and Technology and Maritime Transport

Engineering and Technology

Architecture department Relocation as an approach for conservation of historical buildings

Presented by: RashaFawzy Ahmed Al-Borgy

Egypt

Research is submitted to Arab academy for science and technology and maritime transport to complete the requirement of the master’s degree

Architecture department

Supervised by

Prof. Dr. AlaaEldin Nagi Sarhan Prof. Dr. Mohamed Assem Hanafi

Professor of Architecture, Faculty of Assoc. professor of Architecture, Engineering, Alexandria University Dept. of Architectural Engineering and Environmental

Design, Arab Academy for 2003 Science and Technology.

Rasha Fawzi Ahmed Al-Borgy 2010

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األكاديمية العربية للعلوم و التكنولوجيا و النقل البحري

كلية الهندسة و التكنولوجيا

قسم عمارة نقل المباني كأحد أساليب الحفاظ على المباني التاريخية

مقدمة من: رشا فوزي أحمد البرجي

مصر

رسالة مقدمة لألكاديمية العربية للعلوم والتكنولوجيا والنقل البحري إلستكمال متطلبات نيل درجة الماجستير

في

الهندسة المعمارية

تحت إشراف

أ.د./ محمد عاصم محمود حنفي أ.م.د./ عالء الدين ناجي سرحان

أستاذ العمارة، كلية الهندسة أستاذ العمارة المشارك، كلية الهندسة والتكنولوجيا جامعة االسكندرية. األكاديمية العربية للعلوم و التكنولوجيا

3002

رشا فوزي أحمد البرجي 3002

DECLARATION

I certify that all the material in this thesis that is not my own work has beenidentified, and that no material is included for which a degree has previouslybeen conferred on me. The contents of this thesis reflect my own personal views, and are not necessarily endorsed by the University.

Signature: Date:

بسم اهلل الرحمن الرحيم

" اهلل ال إلو إال ىو الحي القيوم ال تأخذه س نة وال نوم لو ما في السموات و ما في األرض من ذا الذي يشفع عنده إال بإذنو يعلم ما بين أيدييم و ما خلفيم وال يحيطون بشيئ من ع لمو إال بما شاء

وس ع ك رس يو السموات و األرض وال يؤده حفظيما و ىو العلي العظيم"

صدق اهلل العظيم

سورة البقرة522

Abstract

This paper studies the process of structure relocation as one of the possible means of preservation and conservation of these historically significant structures. Having this type of significance, these structures do reflect the culture, history and development of its society, a fact which clearly necessitates the invention of various preservation and conservation techniques. Many of these historically and architecturally significant structures and buildings have long been derelict or have been facing problems related to an increasingly ill-suited environment. Other such buildings are being premeditatedly sabotaged in order to get the utmost commercial or financial gain from the land upon which they are built.

The present research focuses on structure relocation from two aspects. The first of these aspects is a theoretical one which itself is divided into two sections: the first of which is the study of a certain structure from an architectural point of view; the other section deals with the environment, surroundings, possible hazards which circumvent that structure and threaten its very existence. Any decision taking concerning this issue largely depends on these two previous aspects: the building itself and its surrounding environment. The second aspect of the research is an applied one where a number of domestic and international cases are analyzed.

This research reached a number of conclusions:

 The current research enabled the researcher to gain a more profound understanding of structure relocation methods and techniques, which enriches, of course, our current perceptions as to the preservation and conservation of such important buildings.

 International and domestic bodies should be directed towards the use of such techniques.

 Landowners whose land property happens to have or contain historical structures should be encouraged to play a positive role in the preservation and conservation of

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these structures, and also should be allowed to gain commercially or financially from their land property by moving any such structures to other locations.

 Establishing new towns around the main cities and the establishing of major open museums in these areas would earn these areas great benefits and would greatly contribute to the preservation and conservation of such historically significant structures.

 Such an urban extension would highly encourage new investments in these areas, and would help remap planned urban development.

 Structure relocation as a preservation technique is a sure path towards bringing our cultural heritage to the limelight, instead of leaving it buried under heaps of negligence.

 Well-studied and professional media coverage concerning these issues would raise the awareness of preservation and conservation methods and techniques not just among the mainstream, but among such important classes of academics and interested laypeople as well.

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Index:

Abstract. Topics context Figure context

1-Introduction. 1 2-Heritage and Buildings of Great Cultural Value. 5 2.1 General Definitions 6 2.1.1 The definition of civilization 6 2.1.2 The definition of heritage 6 2.1.3 The definition of monument 7 2.2 Division of The Buildings Time-Bound 8 2.2.1 The historical building 8 2.2.2 The old building 9 a) buildings that are not of heritage value 9 b) old buildings that have heritage value 9 2-3 Classification of Heritage Buildings 10 2.3.1 Visually distinctive buildings in the city 11 a) Buildings of a local character b) Visually distinctive buildings c) Essential buildings for the general nature formation 2.3.2 Buildings reflecting authority 11 2.3.3 Buildings of an architectural value 11 2.4 Factors That Caused Deterioration for Valuable Buildings 12 2.5 Conservation of Old buildings 12 2.5.1 Defining conservation 12 2.5.2 Advantages of conservation 13 2.5.2.1 Advantages of urban conservation 13 2.5.2.2 Advantages of cultural conservation 13

2.5.2.3 Advantages of the economical conservation 14 2.5.2.4 Advantage of sociality conservation 14 2.6 Applications Stages for Operations of Conservation 14 2.7 Standards That Evaluate the Building 16 2.7.1 The building‟s importance and historic value 16 2.7.2 The social significance 17 2.7.3 Aesthetic significance 17 2.7.4 The sentimental value 18 2.7.5 The individual importance of a building 18 2.8 Levels of preservation of historical buildings. 18 2.8.1 First Level: 19 a- The prevention of deterioration 2.8.2 Second Level: 19 a- Preservation b- Restoration c- Consolidation 2.8.3 The third level. 20 a- Adoptive Reuse b- Renovation 2.8.4 The Fourth Level: 21 a- Reconstruction b- Relocation 3- Relocation as an approach to the process of preserving an old building 22 3.1 The concept of preservation by relocating a building. 23 3.2 History of the process of relocating buildings. 24 3.2.1 Globally 24 3.2.2 Locally 27 3.3 Dimensions of the relocation of a building. 29 3.3.1 The hereditary value. 29 3.3.2 Constructional value. 30

3.3.3 The Economic Value. 30 3.4 Alternatives and suggestions: 31 3.4.1 Eliminating the causes of the problem: 31 3.4.2 Creating a protective environment of a protective element 31 3.4.3 The solidification of the building with other materials 32 3.4.4 The reuse of the building or the restoration its function: 32 3.4.5 The success of its incorporation into the constructional 32 development. 3.5 Relocation is the best alternative 32 3.5.1 The conservation of the building 33 3.5.2 The failure in dealing with the problem 33 3.5.3 The revival of the building‟s activity. 33 3.6 The decision to relocate: 33 3.6.1 The dangers which threaten the building: 34 a) Natural Causes: b) Man-made factors c) the technological factors 3.7 points should be (studied) before relocation of building 38 3.7.1 studying the original location and the new one 38

3.7.2 Distance 39 3.7.3 The building with a group of building 39 3.7.4 road's network 39 3.7.5 The validity of the new location from the construction point 39 3.8 The building's study 41 3.8.1 Architected studied 42 3.8.2 The building's structure system 42 3.8.3 The current building's situation 42 3.8.4 Previous restoration: 43 3.9 The economic study 44

3.9.1 The new location price 44

3.9.2 The permanent supporting 44 44 3.9.3 Maintenance processes 3.9.4 maintenance's ways 44 a- the ancient buildings' grants b- Contribution for investment. c- owners and beneficiary contribution of the project d- encourages investors and governments 3.9.5 the building's outcomes 45 3.9.6 organizations and institutions 46 a- the government and how it is involved b- the universal organization's authority (As the UNESCO and others) 3.10 The types of buildings being relocated 46 4- The Relocation processes and their classification 4.1 The types of relocation. 49 4.2 The processes of preparing the building 50 4.2.1 Studying the structure system: 50 A-the foundation type. a- Firstly: the surface bases

b-Secondly: deep foundation

B- the kinds of building materials C – The isolation and finalization's materials D – The welding materials 4.2.2 Architectural studies 52 A- The study of the building's content B- Solid and void 4.3 The introductory procedures 53

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4.3.1 Architecture recording for the building 53 A - the internal content of the building B – The landscape if found 4.3.2 Taking samples for the durability is tests 54 4.3.3 Studying the surrounding environment 55 4.3.4 The passing study 56 A- The distance between the two places B- The road‟s content C- The kind of road from which 4.4 The restoration of the building after being moved 57 4.4.1 The architectural restoration 57

4.5 The classification of the movement process 58 58 4.5.1 The relocation by cutting down the building

a- Detaching tests

b- Preparing the executive designs

c- The cutting method

- Manual cutting

- Electrical cutting.

- Cutting using the laser

c- Carrying up the parts to be moved

d- Steps to lift blocks

- three basic specific rules when you begin the process of transportation - Lifting bars - Lifting yokes e- Steps of unbinding and re-installation: - Initial paths and transport machinery

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- Storage areas - Re-installation 4.5.2 Relocation of the whole building. 76 a) dealing with the foundation and separate it from the building b) re-installation of the new site 5- Analytical study (local and global examples) 5.1 Local examples 81 5.1.1 Temple of Abu Simbel 81

5.1.2 Island Kalabsha: Sunken Monuments of Nubia 93

5-1-3 The Temple of Alras Alsoudaa' 98

5.2 international examples 5.2.1 Hotel Esplanade Berlin – Germany 99 5-2-2 HohlenloherFreiland museum. Schwabisch Hall city-Germany 106 5.2.2 Temple Dandur - Metropolitan Museum New York - United States 110

6. Conclusion. 114

References 116

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Figures index:

Figure 2-1: Classification of heritage buildings 10 Figure 2-2: Conservation advantages 13 Figure 2-3: The sequence of the conversation process for historic 16 buildings Figure 2-4 Levels of preservation of old buildings according to the degree 19 of deterioration.

Figure 3-1: the idea of transferring a building on large wheels pulled by 25 oxen. England, 19th C. Figure 3-2 England in the 19th C, and the process of relocation a simple 25 wooden structure Figure 3-3 One of the methods of lifting buildings in order to relocate 26 them. 20th C. Figure 3-4: The new methods of relocating buildings. 21st C. 26 Figure 3-5: Otis House, Boston 1925 27 The digging around the whole building, to separate it from the foundations and relocate it, has been completed. Figure 3-6: the preparation of an Egyptian needle to be transferred to 28 England Figure 3-7: Temple of Abu Simbel, El Nouba Antiquities, Egypt 1963, 30 during the process of reconstruction. Figure 3-8: The dangers that threaten a building whether they are natural 34 or man-made factors. Figure 3-9: Sony Centre, Berlin- Germany 36 Figure 3-10: Sony Centre, Berlin- Germany. A huge investment which led 36 to the relocation of a building owing to the change in its environment. Figure 3-11 the technological factors , from the reasons effect on the 38 building

Figure 3-12: Studies, which are the building to be transferred from 41 itsoriginal location to a new location Figure 3-13: colothio park, Rome- Italy 43 Bricked wall, shows the structure system and putting bricks together. Figure 3-14: Simon Benson‟s house, Bortland- USA. 43 The interior view for the house during relocation process. Figure 3-15: has been restored before, Paris- France 43 Figure 4-1: show the classification of the relocation 49 Figure 4-2: one of the relocation ways which is carrying the building as 49 one part (piece).

Figure 4-3: an imaginative picture of cutting down the buildings in order 59 to be moved. Figure 4-4: showed the vertical and horizontal lines on one of the walls to 61 cut it ..abusimble - Egypt figure 4-5 a draft image of a signed network of vertical and horizontal 62 cutting lines. Figure 4-6: a simplified and clarified image of the block form as a result 64 of the detaching and cutting processes .

Figure 4-7: is an example of the cutting by electrical saws, Abu simble 66 temple, Egypt. Figure 4-8: a clarified image of the straight electrical saw and its cutting 66 in the wall Figure 4-10: showing the passageways and the railways which are going 66 to be built for carrying the building up

Figure 4-9: working using the manual saws. 66 67 Figure 4-11: shows the winches of the building.

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Figure 4-12: shows the whole image of the full carrying out of a part of 68 the building.

Figure 4-13: this is a part of Abu Simbel statue being cut and carried by 68 the winches and also the railways of the project Figuring 4-14: explains right position of the block from position which 69 should be avoided so as not to cause damage in removable parts. Figure 4-15, 4-16 - first step is by using light, powerful, manual saw 71, - second step is by putting connection for testing before lifting 72 - third step is lifting process Figuring 4-17 of abusimble temple & preparing blocks by lifting yokes to 73 lift it & move it. Abu simble, Egypt.. Figuring 4-18, some removable houses which are being hold entirely on 75 vehicles on its way to the new site Figure 4-19: Picture by hotel esplanade-Berlin 78 Figure 4-20 steel cranes & bar 78 Figure 5-1: temple of Abu Simbel 81 Figure 5-2: Figure shows the maximum water level of Lake Nasser is 180 82 m and new site for temple of Abu Simbel which was placed above maximum water level, Abu Simbel – Egypt Figure 5-3: Explanation to the top point which we can relocate temple in 83 it. It is higher than water level. Figure 5-4: phenomenon of the sun passes over the face of King Ramses 84 vertically from the entrance Figure: 5-5 vertical sector of temple before being relocated to determine 86 the point rise, which will be submitted to it. Figure 5-6: Illustration of vertical and horizontal lines of the facade of the 87

XVII temple before shredding. Figure 5-7: one of phases of constructing Cofferdam 87 Figure: 5-8 stage of construction of cofferdam 88 Figure 5-9: stage of re-installing one of statues 88 Figure 5-10: stage of installation of statues as it was before separation. 88 Figure: 5-11 inside the temple after relocating it 89 Figure 5-12: one of interior walls of abusimbel with pharonic inscriptions 89 and figuring. Figure 5-13: final site of abusimbel temple after relocation tourist areas 92 around it. Figure 5-14: the temple during the cutting process in the left and lifting 94 each block, and in the right one is the storage are for the blocks after the lifting process. Figure 5-15: shown the passage which built for transporting blocks from 95 the original location to storage area. figure 5-16, the front of the temple after the move and restoration 96 Figure 5-17: a front side of the temple the night of the Nile 97 Figure 5-18 and the front of the temple. 97 Figure 5-19: the processing of the hotel for transport and work in the parts 101 of the concrete. Figure 5-20: a facet of the hotel while working. 101 Figure 5-21: the hotel after separating it from the foundation and put it on 101 the rail bar to relocate. Figure 5-22: that the separation of the foundations after excavation around 101 the building using the leaflets. Figure 5-23: tab-delimited on the partial lifting steel beams. 102 Figure 5-24, 5-25 One of the aspects of the hotel, and the image 102 surrounding the form of the railroad to proceed Figure 5-26: the form of the interior courtyard of the hotel formerly 104 Figure 5-27: form the entrance to the hotel after the transfer and renewal 105

XVIII figure 5-28, carrying one of the buildings on the truck traffic by night to 107 avoid traffic figure 5-29, a new environment created for the transfer of buildings to 107 which simulate the original environment Figure 5-30, 5-31, and the form of the ancient life of the village, which 108 was practiced in those homes. Figure 5-32, Temple Dandur the original location in Egypt during the 110 period of the flood. Figure 5-33, Temple DandurAlmtobolitan into a museum after its 111 relocation. Figure 6-34, Temple Dandur during re-installed at the Metropolitan 112 Museum - New York Figure 5-35, carrying one of the blocks of the temple to put in the 112 Metropolitan Museum Figure 5-36 Metropolitan Museum in New York for the development of 113 the Pharaonic Temple Dandur it. Figure 5-37, a temple in the Metropolitan Museum, New York - United 113 States.

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1-Introduction

Presenting the Problem:

The architectural and urban heritage is considered the witness to peoples' civilizations and history. This heritage appears in different forms as a normal result of the different cultures, locations and natures of these peoples. It is materialized in the architectural building either as single buildings standing alone or as entire areas. Although there are projects for conserving them either on the local or the universal level, there are still some difficulties as a result of a number of reasons.

The research discusses the problem that there are many buildings of a great historic importance and architectural character were neglected for long periods and face some problems as a result of their existence in an unsuitable environment compared with the environment in which they existed before and this resulted in the difficulty of their existence in their current places. In addition, some owners of these buildings prefer to benefit from the land on which their old buildings exist which in turn may lead to the owner directly deals with the building by indirectly storing it. As a result, the community loses part of its history represented in these buildings.

Aim:

This research aims at conserving the buildings which have a historical value by studying the relocation of buildings as a method of conservation and reaching through this study a classification of the processes of relocating a building, and using a method from this classification which suits the structure of the building and its surrounding environment best

The Importance of the Research.

Socially.

 The importance of the society awareness of its cultural heritage and significant history by the existence of these buildings.

 Calling for thinking consciously in ways, concepts and ideas aim at conserving these buildings, ensuring its character and coping with the changes in urban development processes.  All the parties, the owners of these buildings, the government and also the surrounding environment, make use of the possibility of expansion in order to make huge projects and benefiting from the land while keeping the building. Scientifically.

The research presents an attempt to understand the relocation of buildings as an introduction to the conservation processes, and the degree of effectiveness of this method in conserving the buildings and its varieties according to the condition of the building. It also provides more varieties in the methods of conservation. These varieties give flexibility in thinking and more opportunities to conserve the building.

Scope of the Research.

The research includes the existing buildings which were subjected to this type of conservation; relocating the building, either on the local level or the universal level. These buildings were of a significant value and importance which in turn impose the use of the relocating method.

Introduction.

The architectural and urban heritage is considered the witness to peoples' civilizations and history. This heritage appears in different forms as a normal result of the different cultures, locations and natures of these peoples. It is materialized in the architectural building either as single buildings standing alone or as entire areas. Both the architectural and the urban heritages represent several values which must be preserved whether these values are functional, sensual or social having a special impact on people.

Although there are projects for conserving them either on the local or the universal level, there are still some difficulties as a result of a number of reasons; either because of the effects of the environmental factors, the direct or indirect interference of Man or the difference of the urban factors and the urban environment. Some of these factors may lead to the loss of some buildings which represent the history and identity of the society. By losing these buildings the society may lose part of its history and identity which are related to its past. Therefore, all the different bodies and institutions, whether governmental or not, and the different ministries have to cooperate in order to conserve these valuable buildings.

With the presence of levels of conservation which according to them the ways of conserving a building varies, the relocating of buildings is one of these ways. It differs according to the structural and architectural type, nature and condition of each building. Due to his variety and difference in the constructional methods some problems relating to each building and each method appear. By studying and analyzing them we can avoid these problems in the future, but we also can develop a method for solving them to become a supporting factor in the future.

Relocating the building, and using and knowing this method give us a bigger opportunity and a new way to conserve a historical building or group of buildings.

2-Heritage and Buildings of Great Cultural Value

2-Heritage and Buildings of Great Cultural Value.

2.1 General Definitions.

Some of these definitions that we are exposed to are:

2.1.1 The Definition of Civilization.

In the language "civilization" is derived from the verb: "civilize". In Arabic it is the villages, country sides and houses inhabited by people and it is often used to refer to inhabited cities and villages unlike the Bedouins who live in the desert. The researchers consider civilization a way of living the individual accustoms to within his community, and the way Man handle with concrete and abstract things. In order to know the civilizations peoples' civilizations you have to know:

 ways of living and the natural conditions.  the economic conditions.  Social relations between the different categories of people.  The dominating regimes.  scientific, cultural and urban achievements. Civilization consists of four factors: economic resources, political systems, customs and traditions, moral values, science and art, this is the definition mentioned by Encyclopedia Britannica (URL1). We have shed light on the definition of civilization here because heritage is part of a great civilization. Heritage is divided into concrete heritage and abstract heritage which we inherited throughout generations.

2.1.2 The Definition of Heritage.

It is all what people inherit from their ancestors whether concepts, ideas, customs and traditions, beliefs and values, tools, music, buildings, poetry and literature…and all the like is a legacy which a group leave for their descendants. The value of the inherited things depends on how the heir deals with this legacy, benefit from it, and conserve it. In English, heritage means: something which is passed down over many years within a family or

6 nation. This definition of heritage reflects only the concept and exact meaning of the word "everything that has existed for a period of time". This word is used to mean architectural heritage.

As has been defined by Icomos, heritage is: "the concrete heritage which provides us with primary information about the past, and which includes all the monuments of the previous life; places, locations in which Man has practiced his various activities these places might be under the surface of the earth, underground or even under the surface of the sea.

This word has definitions which cover different aspects; cultural, social and architectural. According to the architectural aspect, heritage is: what the ancestors have left, and it is the result of their experiences and knowledge throughout generations and ages ago. People must benefit from these experiments and knowledge which contain architectural and intellectual values and ancient architectural art which has managed to overcome the environmental problems in order to create a medium that suits Man and meets his requirements. This means that the architectural heritage is an environmental meet to Human needs at a certain time and place. The cultural architectural heritage includes all types of buildings and all their artistic components whether decorative or statues; it does not depend only on the walls of the building, or the structural or architectural style.

The architectural heritage is every historic monument not as an independent architectural work but it includes also the architectural and natural environment will becomes a witness on a special civilization and a development represents a historic event, which is what has been mentioned in the international charters such as the charter of Athens 1931and the charter of Venice 1964. (URL2)

2.1.3 The Definition of Monument.

The word "monument" in the Arabic dictionaries is the sign and the remains of the thing, and what the ancestors have left. "Monuments" is derived from the word monument and it

7 is the science that studies the ancient documents and remains. Its meaning has been mentioned in some Egyptian regulations as follows Regulation 4 year 1912 the definition

Of monument is: "Is considered a monument when shown or created by arts, sciences, literature, religions, ethics and trades since the reign of Egyptian pharaohs, kings of the Romans and Greece, within both countries western, eastern and the Coptic monuments. Besides, what is of abandoned churches, monasteries, fences, cities, homes, baths, and Islamic Monuments. (Mervat Saleb, 2007)

Law 117 of year 1983, for the protection of the monuments in Egypt states the following: Is considered a monuments all what‟s shown as a real estate or a movable property created by different civilizations or arts , sciences, literature and religions since the prehistoric era and the successive historical ages even earlier than hundreds of years ago, from the time of its archaeological or historical importance and value as a manifestations of different civilizations developed on the Egyptian land, or historically linked to it and the remains of the human species and its contemporaneous organisms.

For the reason that monuments are the subject of preserving, and this preservation problem is related to arts, civilizations, not only considered a technical issue problem, we can consider that the importance of these monuments and its historical value varies depending on rarity, uniqueness, and its technical mean that reveals it as a good utility.

2.2 Division of the Buildings Time-bound.

Buildings are divided to: 2.2.1 The Historical Building.

The historical buildings types and forms differ according to its age, architecture design and the materials used in construction. Considering, its situation in terms of durability and historical circumstances such as - renovation and restoration or demolitions and amendments- therefore defining the historical building differs from one country to another. Historical buildings are the ones established since a hundred of years ago, as in Egypt and

Syria. As well as any other later buildings, that might have any historical, artistic or national advantage, or any buildings that were abandoned from civilizations and historical old eras. (Mervat Saleb, 2007)

2.2.2 The Old Building.

All what ancestors had left behind throughout the generations, such as contemporary buildings that constitute the bulk of urban fabric.

Old buildings are divided into two parts:

A- Firstly: old buildings that are not of heritage value:

They represent the bulk of the old buildings; they do not meet the evaluation criteria for archaeological and historical buildings. (Nagwa Elbadri, 2004)

B- Secondly: old buildings that have heritage value: Are buildings that deserve to be inherited for its valuable standards and morality, such as historical and archaeological buildings, which was built in the previous, non-contemporary period.

Here we find the difference between historical buildings, monuments and the old buildings. Historic buildings are less constrained compared to the monuments. Monuments follow a lot of caveats, restrictions, requirements and laws to govern any interaction with them and don‟t allow any amendments to occur.

However, the historic buildings with heritage values allow the designer and the owner to choose the optimal direction of dealing with it due to its enormous directions, this is to achieve the goal of maintaining the building besides showing and highlighting its values. Besides, the need to be suitable for the new post, with its original architectural design, style, construction, design possibilities imposed and the nature of the respective regions, so as to maintain the parts related to the specific historical event at the first place.

2.3 Classification of Heritage Buildings.

The former tariffs, which indicated that the old valuable building is that able to raise the questions around its culture‟s quality and the people who produced this innovation, representing several values such as: architectural, historical, aesthetic, cultural, archaeological, economic and social, in addition to other values such as spiritual, symbolic and political values.

Old valuable building acts to be a symbol of cultural identity and the personality of any nation, which is a good representation throughout different periods of time.

Any building that lived for more than a hundred years ought to be called named as a heritage building. The following figure shows this category:

Figure 2-1: Classification of heritage buildings, the researcher.

2.3.1 Visually Distinctive Buildings in The City.

Are divided into three categories:

a. Buildings of a local character: Are buildings that embody the features of regional local architecture by using its local building materials and the technical nature shown as inscriptions and decorations.

b. Visually distinctive buildings: Are buildings that draw the attention and are characterized by their architectural composition, size or colour and demolishing such buildings causing a physical configuration collapse to occur in the city.

c. Essential buildings for the general nature formation: Such buildings combined with its surrounding constructions create a distinctive urban character of the area. When dealing with such buildings, their external interfaces should be considered, and in case of re-building any parts - should refer to its original design first.

2.3.2 Buildings reflecting authority.

Fundamental value of these buildings is considered a symbolic value that increases due to their occupied power. These buildings are gaining value and importance due to its function, or its legislative power, executive, or judicial proceedings.

2.3.3 Buildings of an Architectural Value.

These are buildings architecturally and aesthetically distinctive, consisting of buildings that were built by a famous architect, or held for the purpose of aesthetic Knasb Memorial or gates of the cities or monuments, or are structurally distinct, and is valued in culprit the idea of construction.

2.4 Factors That Caused Deterioration for Valuable Buildings.

The deterioration is defined as a state of decline that exists in one form or another. The process occurs when losing one or more of the elements required for continuity of the building. The decline of its structure and function makes it unable to play its role as a sufficient element in the surrounding environment. (Zien Elabedeen Yunus, 2002)

Deterioration in buildings with heritage value varies among the following:

- A direct impact on the building, which will be a gradual and significantly cumulative and increases by time. - An Indirect effect due to the environmental factors and surrounding circumstances, that have a significant influence which gradually appears in the functionality of the building and aesthetic values. There are various factors for the deterioration of buildings with heritage value, which are:

1 - Environmental factors. 2 - Physical factors. 3 - Human factors. 4 - The time factor

2.5 Conservation of Old Buildings

2.5.1 Defining Conservation.

The concept of conservation is considered one of the broad concepts, we can say that the conservation process is to "rehabilitate" the building, for protecting and preserving its essence of life continuity - which confirms the personal identity of the architectural heritage and the visual character of those buildings. Moreover, we can clarify the concept of conservation and rehabilitation of buildings to be integration between the maintenance and preservation.

Maintaining the architectural designed is a process aiming to improve the quality of urban life and the re-balancing between the nature and the city. This process also considers the protection of these buildings and its architectural vocabulary that has a historical or cultural value. As well as the maintenance and repair of these monuments and parks, in an

12 effort to remove the distortion, that undergoes as a result of the physical environment quick change.

2.5.2 Advantages of Conservation.

Conservation has advantages that must be shown:

Advantage of conservation

Urban Culture Economical Social

Figure 2-2: Conservation advantages, the author

2.5.2.1 Advantages of urban conservation: emerge from the several points

- Maintaining the continuity of the cluster architecture, buildings and areas of heritage value, to be leading its role or the required new role. - Improving and upgrading the infrastructure of buildings with heritage value. - Re-employment of buildings with heritage value for serving the community and returning back its vitality. - Protection of: the nature, the place moral values, structural elements and spaces. - Protection of the required activities and the existing ones, and adding of activities that serves those buildings. 2.5.2.2 Advantages of cultural conservation.

- To maintain the survival and continuity of heritage elements and traditional values that gives a sense of authenticity. - To sense the community cohesion and contact with historical events and values which are still attached to those buildings of - heritage value. - To highlight and demonstrate the authenticity of peoples.

2.5.2.3 Advantages of the economical conservation.

Are the processes that run to encourage and motivate the operations of maintenance, such as:

- Raising the property value of the buildings and surrounding areas. Besides, increasing the rental rates for residential and commercial premises. - Avoid the extra cost of demolition, construction and replacement through knowing the capacity and capability available to treat the region and how to exploit. - Promotion of tourism in the areas of archaeological heritage and the revenue that helps to lift the economy in the region. 2.5.2.4 Advantage of Sociality conservation.

Although it is nearly not considered, its value is not less than the economic benefit,

Sociality leads to the following:

- Strengthening the trust and social relation between members of the community. - Strengthening the sense of belonging for individuals towards the building and the whole region, this conserves such buildings and its maintenance. - Maintaining certain social traditions inherited, such as the advocate between the past and present. 2.6 Applications Stages for Operations of Conservation.

The application of the conservation for any building requires a number of stages to be completed, such as:

1- Survey phase: It‟s a preliminary stage to get to know the values of the building, and determining the building ability for carrying out maintenance and accessing the desired outcome from the process of maintenance.

2- Documentary study phase:

It‟s an identification phase to the current situation, full registration and documentation for everything related to the building that‟s required for conservation by means of some helpful tools such as; photography, video recording and raising the sizes by drawing.

3- Analytical study phase: It‟s the data analysis phase to define the real existing status, and access to the results that would help in deciding an appropriate fit for the building.

4- Identifying solutions and proposals phase: It‟s the phase for developing a decision – making policy to determine the executive steps for carrying out maintenance on buildings of heritage value.

5- Assessments phase: It‟s a phase aiming to assess and review what has been done and re-use whenever necessary.

6- Implementation phase: It‟s the output of previous phases. Dealing with conservation processes should result from a Holistic and integrated perspective that includes solutions for all problems of the building. If the approach resulted from one direction or for one purpose this will affect the attainment of other goals, so it‟s a must to include policing, infrastructure corridors networks, roads, lighting, electricity, gas and communications .... Etc.

As well as maintaining the structural elements, focusing on the restoration, repairing and maintenance of the work„s structural architectural cluster.

Moreover, the conservation process can‟t be achieved in a short time; as it consumes a lot of time and effort. It‟s a gradual process achieved according to considered and balanced steps to avoid harming the building.

The ways of historical conservation for building are:

During the performance of conservation processes for heritage buildings, lose of simple values related to the building might occur. That loss can be balanced in order to maintain the basic outline of the building for future generations through maintaining the authenticity of materials, originality and authenticity of the design and craft.

Figure 2-3: The sequence of the conversation process for historic buildings, the author

2.7 Standards That Evaluate the Building.

2.7.1 The Building’s Importance and Historic Value.

Acts to be the combination of the building to the depth of the historical time, historical events and commemoration for one of the characters. (Heba Abuelfadl, 1999)

May the place have a historical value or affected by any interaction with historical events or the presence of activities that were a part of the site for important events, which in turn moved into the building.

The building could be classified according to its history, not just the period in which it existed; it may acquire - age time without a date or the date within the period of time when one of the leaders had lived in it or the contemporary of the building for important political events or others. As for example: San Stefano hotel in Alexandria and Abdeen Palace in Cairo.

The building can be a property owned to an important royal family that had left Governance, or the house owner could be having political ideology or an economic impact

16 that had an effect on his surrounding community-The house acts to be an immortalize memorial of that person. There were various reasons to judge the importance of the building, not only the life time for the property, but the history of the building - which was gained over time from both, its events or individuals who lived it.

2.7.2 The Social Value.

This policy includes the spirit, nature of the place, sense of other cultures and the social importance for the building that gives a special meaning and importance to the identity of the community as well.

Most often, the places related to certain events have a strong influence in the society having a high social value, and also includes the quality of the place that‟s to be focused on. This is a different meaning for the identity of the group and the community, maybe because of the usage for the place or the link to it. Places associated with events have great influence on the society. The value is embodied in its spiritual culture, religious, social, and other values.

2.7.3 Aesthetic Value.

This importance is derived from the experience of people's environmental awareness. In addition to the recognition of visible things and the structural considerations such as - shape, size, color, texture and materials, all as an integrated web that includes all the decorations, ornamentations and the painted or prominent inscriptions all-together combining with the colours as a single component. Also includes awareness towards things that aren‟t visible as for the religious buildings, considering all its peace and quietness that reflects the spiritual beauty of the place and building, besides imposing to its respect and sanctification. In addition, considering its built-in era and its architectural style whether it‟s a Baroque classic or modern, and highlights the artist's mastery to show all the aesthetic points.

2.7.4 The Sentimental Value.

This value is more related to people, because inside every person there is a meaning or a strong memory of an event or of certain customs, traditions or beliefs, which raises the value of the building itself in people‟s sentiment.

2.7.5 The Individual Importance of a Building:

This lies in its architectural value.

If it represents an important style or architectural trend, or if it is the work or a prominent architectural engineer such as the chief architect Hassan Fathi or Sinan the architect in Turkey.

The structural value is represented in the building‟s framework or architectural style, which comes out when the building ceases to perform its function and needs to be reused, relocated or demolished. (Heba Abulfadl, 1999), the functional importance which is due to the nature of the building‟s function and imposes its preservation, such as the functions connected with ideological and religious aspects.

2.8 Levels of Preservation of Historical Buildings.

The level of interference needed to preserve a building depends on its condition and on the situations and circumstances surrounding it such as climate, pollution and traffic, and on the organic state of the components of the building and the causes of its damage.

On all levels of preservations what must be taken into consideration is the preservation of its historical characteristics, and the study of the available documents and records about it. the architectural preservation is divided into four levels, and on every level we should take into consideration the preservation of its historical characteristics, and the study of the documents about it. The levels of architectural preservation of any building according to the importance of its preservation:

first level second level thierd leve fourth level

preservation reuse reconstruction

Prevention of maintenance

deterioration restoration revival relocation consolidation

Figure 2-4 Levels of preservation of old buildings according to the degree of deterioration. The author

2.8.1 First Level.

A- The prevention of deterioration This means the control of the environment of the building, and the prevention – as much as possible – the damaging effects of the elements of denudation, destruction and decomposition from causing any damage to the building. In addition to the control of the internal environment of the building such as temperature, humidity and excess of illumination and taking the necessary precautions to protect the building from vandalism, fires, dropping of the soil, the effects of ground water and the presence of insects which might affect parts of the building.

2.8.2 Second Level.

A. Preservation it is the process of maintenance which aims at keeping the building in its original state, by carrying out new reformations when needed, in the most limited conditions, in order to preserve the building in the future and to avoid any decomposition which might occur in the future as a result of the surrounding environmental factors.

B. Restoration : which means returning the building to its original state by reconstructing its original form and details, and this can be done by removing any additions and by reconstructing the missing original parts without causing the loss of the identity of the building, through our respect of its original materials, its layout and its historical value, and replacing the damaged parts with new ones that are harmonious with the building as a whole but different form the rest of the original parts in order not to be mislead into thinking that they are the original parts. It should be taken into consideration that this procedure is reversible if we discover better building materials in the future. (Zain Elabedeen Yunus, 2002)

C. Consolidation: which means the intervention into the structural framework in order to ascertain its structural safety and maintain its solidarity, by inserting bonding, solidifying and fixing materials into the original building materials. 2.8.3 The Third Level.

A. Adoptive Reuse: It is the process of changing the function of a certain building into another function due to a change in the circumstances of the surrounding environment. This change in the building‟s function is accompanied by modifications in it in order to suit its new function. These modifications have to be done within a certain limit that does not damage the building itself or change its form or design. B. Renovation: which means that the reconstruction of a building represents the spiritual aspect of society. the successful renovation involves the cultural revival and satisfies the social and economical needs of the region, and does not ignore any problem. Renovation involves (Dalia Osman, 2004) - Renovation of architectural values and cultural heritage. - Renovation of the use of architectural elements „renovation of function‟. - Renovation of the form „design‟.

2.8.4 The Fourth Level.

A. Reconstruction. This is accomplished by constructing a building which is not in its original place by using new materials which should be as similar to the original building materials as possible. This process needs detailed studies on the original building‟s form, design, etc... B. Relocation : It is the process in which the building is transferred into a new place. The transfer should not be necessarily to a completely new environment. It might be of the same cultural texture but not the same location. Therefore, the methods of preserving the valuable heritage building are no longer by just keeping it standing, but the numerous new methods and techniques which have developed with the advent and development of technology and science of construction in general made it possible to preserve a building by creating the suitable environment which resembles its former one. We resort to this process only when necessary and when it is the best solution to protect a building, and in this way preserve and revive it. Thus, we find out that with the numerous methods and means of preservation the building which is to be relocated should be: A building of importance and historical, social or sentimental value in people‟s minds or which has an individual value that lies in its architectural importance. Thus, the process of relocating buildings is carried out with this kind of old buildings which have importance and history and are not only with colossal antiquities such as the temple of Abu-Simbel, and in this way the building gains another value which increases its importance.

3- Relocation as an Approach to the Process of Preserving an Old Building

In this chapter we discuss the history of the relocation process, in addition to the reasons for taking the decision to relocate, and for accomplishing it, through a number o points and values that must be found in the historical building in order to take this decision. This is because there is a number of changes which the building undergoes, and these are considered primary stages of evaluation. Dangers also would be discussed and the reasons for adopting a certain method of preservation. This can be accomplished by studying the structural status of the building and both the original and the new locations, in addition to the economical study of the project. Because subjecting the building to the process of dismantling, relocation and reconstruction aim without doubt at its protection from a number of surrounding factors which might cause its collapse and destruction if it remains in its original location, factors which could be natural or caused by changes in the environment, this does not mean that everything that needs to be protected has to be relocated, especially because this process is costly and involves certain dangers since the moment of choice of the new location, followed by dismantling and reconstruction. Therefore the building has to be of an obvious value and importance which imposes the choice of this process instead of other processes and alternatives. This is in regard to establishments.

3.1 The Concept of Preservation by Relocating a Building.

The lexical meaning of the word “relocation” in the Arabic language refers to moving something from its place and location to another new place and location. It also means the transfer from a certain state to another of a “change” in this state. To relocate something is to change its place from one location to another.

In the English language:

Relocation: re.lo.cate-v-cated, cating : to move or set up in a new place, Relocations /n(v).

Therefore the “Relocation of the building process” is the process in which the building is moved and transferred from its original location (the establishing location) to another, and creating a new environment similar to the original one, which is suitable for the building,

23 aiming at its preservation. Relocation could be within a few meters or to a completely new different place, or even to another country.

3.2 History of The Process of Relocating Buildings.

3.2.1 Globally.

In the beginning, the idea of relocating a building did not cross anyone‟s mind. Only certain individual elements were transferred from one place to another. Such elements were built or carved in a place to be placed at another, as a gift, as was common with Egyptian needles, statues and memorials.(URL3) This kind of relocation started to expand and spread between continents, not only between cities and countries. This is exactly what happened with the Egyptian pharaonic needles, and some temples, and this took place lately. As for buildings and establishments, the initiative was in the 19th C, then it developed and took a new shape and ideology. In Australia, public buildings and houses were relocated. Generally this happened with wooden buildings of simple designs. With the new developments, modern technology was introduced, and the processes of moving and relocating also developed and involved the use of horizontal spiral cranes and digging mills, and even lifting barges to move the building across water. In this way bigger and larger buildings were transferred to more distant locations. (URL4)

The relocation of buildings started to spread across Europe in general, in Sweden, England, and all its British settlements. Then the USA and the rest of the countries of the world followed suit.

In 1869 when Boylston Street in Boston – where Pelham Hotel of the seven stories was located – was expanded, the hotel was moved about 13 feet (390cm) backwards. The 5000ton building was moved with an average of one inch every five minutes, with the help of 72 spiral cranes and 904 pulleys. In the same way, in 1925 Cambridge St. was expanded and Spnea‟s Otis house was moved 42 feet (1260 cm) backwards. (URL5)

The idea then, in the 19th C , was that the process of relocating buildings or following this procedure did not aim at conserving the building as a priority, but there was also – as in Australia – a different point of view.

They found out that relocating the existing building would be cheaper than building another with new building materials, while a whole building exists in another place and can be used, on the opposite of what was common and well known.

This kind of thought escalated with the advent of wars and shortage of building materials which made the building process more costly.

Figure 3-1: the idea of transferring a building Figure 3-2 England in the 19th C, and the on large wheels pulled by oxen. England, 19th process of relocation a simple wooden C. (URL6) structure. (URL7)

Figure 3-3 One of the methods of lifting Figure 3-4: The new methods of relocating st buildings in order to relocate them. 20th C. buildings. 21 C. (URL9) (URL8)

In figure 3-4 shows the prepared vehicles for the relocations of a building and were used for this kind of weights and sizes.

In figure 3-3 shows a building completely lifted on wooden crossbeams to be carried on vehicles or pulled.

Digging the ground around a building to Crossbeams to support separate the the building foundations

Figure 3-5: Otis House, Boston 1925

The digging around the whole building, to separate it from the

foundations and relocate it, has been completed. (URL10)

3.2.2 Locally.

The idea of relocation in itself might not be new in Egypt. It started with the Egyptian needles and their transfer from one place to another, and later between countries, as well as the memorials. This was the relocation of elements only. But the idea of relocating a building or an establishment started after the revolution of 23rd of July 1952. After the High dam and the Aswan dam were built, in southern Egypt, which was a huge national project that aimed at providing water all the year round, protecting the lands from inundation, and generating electricity to feed all the republic, the main concern of the government at that time was the development of the revolution and the promotion of industry. (Ministry of culture, 1971)

Definitely, every accomplishment has its positive and negative sides which come to light as time passes. One of the negative sides of this project was that it exposed almost all the Pharaonic antiquities (antiquities of El Nouba) to be submerged gradually. With the rise of every year there came a stage where they became completely submerged all the yearlong. The government then in 1959 sought the help of international organizations such

27 as the UNESCO, and consequently those temples were relocated and part of them was transferred to the United States also. That was one of the most important international projects carried out to preserve a temple up to this moment, but it was not the only one in Egypt.

In 1936, another temple was excavated, that was the temple of RAs El Soda (Municipalité D‟alexandria) in Alexandria at Abu Kir region, after a storm had removed a quantity of sand which covered its marble columns. It was transferred, after the archaeological work was completed, to be located now in the Mosaic museum at El Chatby – the current Horreya St. Therefore the idea of relocation was neither limited to buildings, as we have mentioned before, nor to colossal projects such as the Abu Simbel temple, but it was there as an alternative solution for all old buildings that have a historical value, whose original sites have become no longer suitable for them, or in order to exhibit them as an element or part of the history of a country or a city.

Figure 3-6: the preparation of an Egyptian needle to be transferred to England.

3.3 Dimensions of the Relocation of a Building.

Every project has dimensions, of which some are positive and some negative, and one of them overpowers the other. The process of relocation has dimensions and values that have their effect on the building and are manifested through:

3.3.1 The Hereditary Value.

Some people might think that transferring a building from its original location and its environment to a new different location might cause the loss of aspects of its importance. Here location becomes a double-edged weapon. However, by studying the surrounding environment of the building, and as a result of the change in period, time and some of the culture of the area, we realize that this environment has changed too, and is no longer the same environment in which the building was built. Considering this important point which is one of the most important reasons for the relocation of a building, we will realize that we have added a new value to the building which is no less than its original value, but on the contrary, it might reflect more importance on it. This is because it is no longer that building which has hereditary and historical value only. Thus two important points are realized:

- The preservation of the building as an old one, which is the main reason and aim of its relocation. - Adding a new value to this old building, which is the process of relocation itself, whose reasons and methods might be studied, in the future, like what is taking place with some projects currently.

Temple of Abu Simbel which was relocated with the collaboration o f the UNESCO, and Germany, one of the countries which had previous experiences in the field of relocation.

Figure 3-7: Temple of Abu Simbel, El Nouba Antiquities, Egypt 1963, during the process of reconstruction. (URL11)

3.3.2 Constructional Value.

Every building has its own constructional style which might add another advantage to it. Here the constructional status and style are studied thoroughly to avoid any accidents or destruction of an element which one might be unable to return back to its original state. This step is one of the most important steps of the stages or relocation, although every step has its own importance. Here the building can be supported and new technologies can be adopted in both dismantling and construction. Naturally, we have to be completely sure, at this stage, of the extent of the building‟s weakness or strength from the constructional point of view , and regarding its foundations, and whether it can endure dismantling or not, in order to ascertain that this process would not lead to the damage of any part of the building, or to the inability to reconstruct it.

3.3.3 The Economic Value.

In spite of the importance of all stages of the project, the absence of the economical factor might lead to the inability to complete the whole process. This is because its absence could be an obstacle in carrying out the project. This generally applies to all preservation projects. The economical factor is not about financing the project only, but it is also about

30 the study of the possibility of a profit if possible. In the transfer process the relocation projects are either merely cultural or might lead to a profit. This depends on the nature of the building, its earlier functions and its function after the relocation.

3.4 Alternatives and Suggestions.

When we take the decision to preserve a valuable old building, we define first the causes of the problem. This is followed by the discussion of the best suggested solutions for its preservation. These suggestions and solutions vary according to the condition of the building and the current problem, taking into consideration that the solution should not cause a bigger problem in the future which might cause the collapse of the building or result in more damage.

3.4.1 Eliminating the Causes of the Problem.

This is because the starting point is knowing the causes of the problem. The first suggestion that comes to mind is the elimination of those causes if possible. The problem could be caused by time factors, or by the direct or indirect interference of man when dealing with the building, or it could be caused by things beyond human actions such as natural disasters. We must take into consideration that the change in the environment and in the time could be other causes of the problem threatening the building, and that this problem has become part of the environment which affects it and is affected by it. Therefore it should be taken into consideration that when we try to solve a problem we have to be careful not to cause another that calls for another different solution in the future.

3.4.2 Creating a Protective Environment of a Protective Element.

As we mentioned before, the change in the environment might hamper the building‟s function and its adaptation to that environment. By studying these new changes we can create a suitable environment for that building. This should be taken into consideration especially with the constructional development if possible.

3.4.3 The Solidification of the Building With Other Materials.

If the dangers were external such as environmental pollution or the shaking of the ground caused by over crowdedness and heavy traffic, the solution could be the restoration of the building, which starts by adding building materials, chemical elements or solidification materials to protect the building from this pollution, with periodical check- ups of the building. But if the dangers were natural disasters such as earthquakes, then we must study the possibility of solidifying it by motion-absorbent foundations according to the degree of the shakings and the rate of its recurrence.

3.4.4 The Reuse of the Building or Its Function.

One of the most common solutions to restore the function of a building is changing it not a museum. It is a perfect, suitable and profitable solution. However, the building must be harmonious with its environment and the location must be studied thoroughly (Nagwa Elbadri, 2004). The suitability of the building is one of the most important conditions that have to be fulfilled in the new usage of any historical building to determine its new function.

3.4.5 The Success of Its Incorporation into the Constructional Development.

The constructional change might be considered one of the problems that drive us to think about the relocation of a building, and that its location has become unsuitable for road extensions and construction. With a good survey of the site, the building could be incorporated into the new constructional texture and benefiting from it as well.

3.5 Relocation Is the Best Alternative.

After a good study of the alternatives, and reaching the conclusion that relocation is the best solution regarding:

3.5.1 The Conservation of the Building.

This is because the aim of this study and choice of this process is the conservation of an old building which has value and historical importance. Therefore some of the solutions and alternatives aim at the best process and method to preserve that building.

3.5.2 The Failure in Dealing With the Problem.

The practical solution, which means that the actual existence of the problem and the fact that its solution is by dealing with the problem itself, the building might remain in its place, and we deal with its current problems. But as time passes this might lead to another problem in the future which demands to be solved as well, and so on. Here relocation and moving away from the source of danger will be the best solution. This is also in order to avoid any problems in the future and protect the building completely (VATTENBYGGNADSBYRAN, 1971).

3.5.3 The Revival of the Building’s Activity.

This means the revival of the building because the change in the surrounding environment might lead to the building losing its function and frequently becoming neglected, covered with dust and inhabited by insects and bats, like what happened in the temple of the island of Kalabsha, a problem which with time gets more difficult to deal with. But by its transfer and creating the suitable atmosphere for it the building could regain life, and appear in a different form in addition to being a hereditary old building of value.

3.6 The Decision to Relocate.

When is the decision taken? The main aim is the preservation of the building firstly, in a suitable environment, and because we have found out that the building has the importance and values that dictate its relocation. It is normal that if this historically important building is exposed to any sort of danger that threatens its existence, the first thing to do is to study and recognize these dangers, then take the decision, and determine the suitable method of its preservation, of which the best and most suitable method might be its relocation.

3.6.1 The Dangers Which Threaten the Building.

These dangers which might be numerous could be natural causes which have nothing to do with man‟s interference, and other causes that result from the interference of man, whether directly or indirectly.

A- Natural Causes:

 The weather: which is an effective element on the form of the structure, owing to the change in temperature, humidity, rain and wind. This variation in temperature also has its effects on building materials, and leads to their expansion or shrinking, the heat of the sun also has its influence on the building, as well as the rain which carries chemical components, all these are elements which have a direct effect on the building and its strength (Mervat Saleb, 2007)

Dangers which threaten the building

Man-made Environmental factors Factors

Starting a Harmony with national the Soil Climate project environment

Constructional Utilization of Natural Expansion land by owner disasters

Figure 3-8: The dangers that threaten a building whether they are natural or man-made factors. The author

Climate factors resulting from the successive atmospheric conditions affecting buildings and old valuable regions are important factors which determine the efficiency of the material form, in spite of the fact that the prevailing climate might have been taken into consideration when those buildings were designed in order to get the best solutions suitable for both the human and the material conditions. However, by the passage of time, the effect of those factors appears and the building is affected by the sun, heat, humidity and wind.

 The Soil : The soil has its direct effect on the structure. It is either sandy or hard and the change in the climate of the area, the additions that are made, the expansions of streets, the new buildings, the new building methods, and the presence of the substructure, all these are factors that make the soil sink in the site of a building, and this in its turn affects the foundations and the old building.

 Natural disasters: Which result from the change in nature, and man has nothing to do with them such as inundations, earthquakes or volcanoes and other such natural disasters. Also the presence of insects such as white ants or bats. All these are natural disasters which damage the building, and are not easy to deal with or to find a solution to stop them.

B- Man-made factors:

 Establishing a national project In society a lot of changes take place, political, economical or other changes, which in their turn affect the environment of the old building. The change might also be the start of a national project which would benefit the society in general or the government, such as the establishment of stations for generating electricity, or building water dams. These huge projects might be hampered by the presence of a building in the area. They will also create a wholly new environment. There are national projects which were carried out, and after a period of time the effects of their establishment appear, which would threaten the existence of the old building and cause its collapse.

The project could also be a large investment. (VATTENBYGGNADSBYRAN, 1971)

Figure 3-10: Sony Centre, Berlin- Germany. A huge Figure 3-9: Sony Centre, Berlin- Germany. (URL12) investment which led to the relocation of a building owing to the change in its environment. (URL13)

 Lack of harmony with the environment : The change in the environment and its development does not only take place as a result of huge national projects, but also through the effects resulting from the change in the environment, such as: - The spread of pollution which contains toxic gasses such as lead and other chemical composites which affect the building in the long run. - Traffic and the passing vehicles cause vibrations which might affect the strength of the building in the long run. - Problems in the drainage system which lead to the spread of water around the building, or the presence of underground waters which is hard to deal with and leads to the building‟s collapse in the future.

These factors might be present either separately on together, and they have their negative effects which cause the collapse of the old building.

 Problems caused by constructional expansion: As we know, the city is a living being which grows and develops, and as time changes, life requirements and the increase in population continue. The result is extending new roads, building residential compounds, building bridges, traffic networks and substructures  Utilizing Land „by owners‟ Not all the valuable old buildings are owned by government or international organizations. There are old buildings which have history and wonderful architectural styles and go back to a certain age and are owned by individuals. Naturally, those owners would prefer to benefit from the land on which the building stands, but at the same time they do not have the right to demolish the buildings or dispose of them (URL14). This has always been the case in Egypt, due to the presence of a great number of old buildings and establishments which have special value and belong to individuals, not to governments. Therefore we should think of a solution to preserve these buildings.

c- The technological factors: It is the factors that afflict danger to the building as a result of the technological development which becomes part and parcel of human's daily life . by time , they negatively affect the around whether buildings or live creatures , one of these factors is air pollution which courses acidic rains .

Technological aspects

Air pollution

Acidic rains

Figure 3-11 the technological factors , Vibrations from the reasons effect on the building. The author

3.7 points should be studied before relocation of building.

For relocating a building, many points have to be studied. at first , the project must be studied very carefully and this is through many points through which we can avoiding any problem that can occur in the future . in addition to the awareness of the project's abilities according to building's status. Some of these points are:

3.7.1 Studying the original location and the new one. Studying the original place and the new one is considered the first point in the project . it is normal that before relocation any element from its original place, to know and study first its original place and where it is going to be placed . this is the starting point in which we determine studying many points such as the soil's nature, kind and the topography nature of the land. This is not to affect the building in the future and for guarantee protecting it. One of the reasons for placing the building is facing a danger that threats the building for keeping it as it is.

3.7.2 Distance.

Though, the old building's importance and the studying of its original place and the new area, the distance between the two locations is the point that how to be known very well. Is it some meters or kilometers. Is it going to be relocated completely outside the country or outside the original country to another one. This differs from which: its costs, the ways and means of transportations that serve it and which are going to be built.

The building of railway for relocated the building some meters not as kilometers' distance, the intermediate roads between the two locations and knowing the nature of this road and its services and the land's nature and the contour lines.

3.7.3 The Building With a Group of Building.

The old building is part of environment which surrounds it regardless of the surrounding danger or other, when it is moved to other location it has to take this point in consideration in which it has to be involved with the group of this new area or it will be a vague or add element. Thus, the acknowledgment and studying of the surrounding buildings, the surrounding building group. The providing architectural feature and the places density and its activities are all important elements.

3.7.4 Road's Network.

The location‟s studying involves the primary and secondary road's network and the relation of the streets with down towns and squares. and how it is far or close to the train lines, metro and the bus. This is beside to the entrances of the building. (Heba Abulfadl, 1999)

3.7.5 The Validity of the New Location from the Construction point.

The new location of the building must be studied from which the validity to build on and the kind of foundations that fit from both the building and the soil. Thus, the soil must be analyzed to know its strengthen. Then, from these points, the previous studies and by approaching to the point that relocation is the best choice according to the following point

- The possibility of perverting the building for a long period of time in a new suitable environment. - The revival of the building's activity and giving the importance for a new area. This importance is a result of the building's importance. - Showing the building and the way of movement placement that is used and reveal, show if there are supporting in way or other. - The relocation process added another importance.

The relocation process added another importance and a newer historical prospective for the building which is added to its original history. The discovering and the appearance of problem during the movement process and solving them lead to a great chance for a more easier placement in the future as what happened in Abou Sembl Temple in Egypt . Finally, taking advantage of all experiences.

Figure 3-12: Studies, which are the building to be transferred from its original location to a new location. The author

This is a clarification image for the element that are studied in the movement process and their relation to each other from which the distance and the ability of their usage through working till finishing working in the project.

3.8 The Building's Study.

It is found that there are many ways that help in collecting information about the building which help in its studies and components.

Some of these ways are:

- The building's owner it is or his relatives. - The local responsible part of the building. - The specialized libraries and museums' libraries. - The original building; architects and engineers or the consultative office. - The geographic reports and maps. - The information center and the local information network. There is another way which is choosing the building as it is by taking enough pictures and having reports about it. From this stage, there are two kinds of building's study

3.8.1 Architected Studied.

The architectural studies include all the architectural drawings and pictures of the building of horizontal lines, front parts and sectors in separated sections of the building. Thus, it identifies the architectural elements as the existence of ladders, heaters and wooden roofs with taking necessary pictures for each element and the materials used in the finishing.

3.8.2 The Building's Structure System.

You have to be careful white dealing with the building's original location however, you have to be more careful during the relocation process not to cause it for total distraction and corruptions while the relocation process. this study includes the basic and the structure system of the building . This point will be explained in details later

3.8.3 The Current Building's Situation.

With the complete study of the building's situation of basic, the building's situation structure a whole is very important. Is it situation allow it to be moved and get it from its location. Or it is better to keep it as it is not to be collapsed or it can be completely supported to be moved.

3.8.4 Previous Restoration.

It has to be known the dates of previous restoration of the building that it may be faced and how it is being affected and how strong it is. Besides, it has to be known if this restoration was being useful for the building. It can be integrated with the current restoration process and show it up .it can also be ignored and clean up the building from any previous restoration to be allowed for the new process.

Figure 3-13: colothio park, Rome- Italy Figure 3-14: Simon Benson‟s house, Bortland- Bricked wall, shows the structure system USA. The interior view for the house during and putting bricks together. The author relocation process. (URL15)

Figure 3-15: has been restored before, Paris- France, the author

3.9 The economic Study.

There must be a study plan for implementing successful project. If this factor is absent, especially in the huge project, it will be an obstacle in its exact implementing thus, to support the project financially not only enough for implementing the project, but there are also other stages that have to be in consideration such as:

3.9.1 The New Location Price.

The first price in this project is the new location of the project. The price depends on the location, the general situation and atmosphere of the area, the future construction and the surrounding activities in the future.

3.9.2 The Permanent Supporting.

What permanent supporting means is the supporting from beginning thinking about the project and the total cost. this is in addition to what the project may need of costs in the future which includes annual maintenance whether if the building will have financial income or not in the future.

3.9.3 Maintenance Processes.

In order to make the project successful, it has to be followed up after working in it whether it is a recent building or an ancient one. Each building has its own needs and these ancient buildings must have continuous maintenance or it will be damaged later. In such a case it will need more cost as for its restoration or other.

3.9.4 Maintenance's Ways.

The maintenance ways are considered of the essential aspects for completing any project and considered essential points in the study plan. for the fulfillment of any project, its costs must be available. The previous tries assured that any missing in this aspect may lead to postpone the working fulfillment, which leads to more costs. There are many ways or parties to support these kinds financially to preserve them such as:

A-The ancient buildings' grants:

It is the donations that are specified from the countries to preserve these ancient buildings. This is considered a traditionally source. The great international, regional and national organizations as the UNESCO. b- Contribution for investment:

Some investors look at this kind of projects as a kind of investment which will gain benefit for them as what happened in Sony center, Berlin Germany

C- Owners and beneficiary contribution of the project:

They are the land owners that building has moved always from it. They who will gain benefits from it after being moved. As a way of supporting and encouraging, percent of the cost can be put on them for permitting moving the building.

D- Encourages investors and governments:

It is known that of projects is expensive „high-priced‟. Thus, it is necessary attracting the investors and the huge organizations. Not all the government is rich and able to finance and spend money on all conat they have of heritage and monuments that represent their history .Usually, the investors seek for the materialistic aspect of this work later on. Thus, it is important to after moving it is important. The government's role here comes in the facilitation of the regulations for encouraging the investors.

3.9.5 The Building's Outcomes.

For attracting the investors for this kind of projects, usually, the economic outcomes are studied. This is according to controlling the building in a correct from suits its design, new location and the surrounding activities. Host of the building that have materialistic outcomes as open museums work on activating knowing the old building's history. It also returns on what have spent on its maintenance. The projecting projects should be built on correct investment foundations to reduce the government's burdens.

3.9.6 Organizations and Institutions.

It is clear that authorities are the organizations and institutions that have the power over this old building. This includes the evaluation and the approval on every act that taken including changes or any other work in it.

A- The government and how it is involved: The authorized government is represented in the ministry related to the old building. this ministry has the authority of taking actions towards the building as dealing with it, preserving it and its power by that building important on the international level or is its importance only local. Then, this area becomes parts that govern it. That building is just an old hotel as San Stefano's inhabitants or Abu sembl Temple. However the government attempts of preserving both buildings are completely different. Considering Abu Sembl Temple within the universal monument's scope, many organizations and worlds countries have interfered to rescue it, Stefano's importance although it was only local, it is not preserved in any way. This is because the institution charged was only local inside Egypt only.

B- the universal organization's authority: (As the UNESCO and others)

These organizations surely interfere with the governments to preserve its heritage. This is in the case of how important is the building internationally and how rare it is .thus, it has become not the private property or its related government .as a result it becomes its right to implement the rules and the national conditions that assure being this building powerful and always has its maintenance.

3.10 The Types of Buildings Being Relocated.

Within the construction and architectures history in general, we notice that most of the old buildings and the ways used in the construction have used the available environment factors. For example, the construction by using stone, mud, wood and other natural environmental materials .then, the iron and cement then foundations have involved. But

46 what has been used until now in the way of preserving of moving most of it foundations consist of stones, woods, and rocks and cement lately. Besides buildings gather between two construction material, the wood and stone or the interference of iron and within pasts of building. Thus knowing the materials used in the foundations depend on identifying the suitable kind of the different moving ways. The wooden building is different from the stony one and the cement one in the constructive way, weight and structure. As a result, it has appeared the diversity movement ways that are used and which suit each case.

4-The Relocation processes and their classification

The Relocation Process and its Classification.

4.1 The Types of Relocation.

As what is mentioned that diversity of the construction materials has led to the diversity of movement ways. Also, the building's design and its components have to be put in consideration. The movement kinds vary and are divided in to:

Relocation process

Physical relocation.

Relocating by Relocating Relocating by Relocating by cutting down the parting the carrying out the raising up the building building building building

Figure 4-1: show the classification of the relocation, the author

Figure 4-2: one of the relocation ways which is carrying the building as one part (piece). (URL16)

4.2 The Processes of Preparing the Building.

Before starting in any preserving work whether restoration or revival or movement is, there are introduction processes and steps in the beginning for preparing the building .they also for starting working with it in order to follow the right track in the implementation process.

4.2.1 Studying the Structure System:

Any building or institution means structure system which includes:

A-The Foundation Type:

It starts with studying the buildings condition in details. It starts with the foundations from which its type is it deep or surface .also examining its efficiency; if it is surface foundations, it will be taken samples and enough experimental holes for the examination, however, the deep foundations need documented architecture design and also they have to take samples to be examined and makes.

Some of the common foundations are, In general, the types of foundations are divided in to two essential kinds .each one of them contain of many foundation ways according to the soil type and the buildings Wight. These two types are:

Firstly: the surface bases (Van Nostrand Reinhold,

In that kind the building foundation is made of depth which is the following ways:

. Base-isolating foundation . Base of columns previously prepared. . Backing supporting walls. Secondly: deep foundation.

It is been used when they cannot find a proper layer for foundation near to the surface of the land.

Thus, we have to go to deep in the soil to get the proper layer for foundation. This happens by the following ways:

- Alexandria's wells foundation - Stake foundation - Qysonat foundation - Stake curtains The importance of knowing the foundation kind lies in how to deal with it while dismounting it is the base that carries out the building. It is also if it is going to have suggestions for a better way which strength the building after the movement process.

B- The kinds of building materials:

Its means the foundation elements. If the building is made of stones, there are the holding walls in which it is being studied the walls' thickness and its height. It is also studied the number of levels if it is made of levels to know how to deal with the "Madamik" as well as the shoulders. Also to treat any weak points of it before starting the movement process. However, if they are wooden buildings, it has been studied the relation of the elements to each other. besides to the merge the different arts from it . in the stony buildings , it has been studied the extent of thickness and the kind of stones which they are build (sandy , gears and stones ) and the so-caused . as well as the evaluation of the weigh 1 m3 of the building to identify which part has been cut and the extreme load that can be carried . for the cement building , it is important to know the number of levels , the walls' thickness , " kamarat" and doing for the cement and the iron of the walls . also doing tests for the iron's quality , its corrosion and moisture's effect .

C – The isolation and finalization's materials:

The situation of the isolation and finalization materials and the welding materials being used differs from the foundation materials of the building according to its date. Besides to the kind of usual maintenance of it whether it is exposed to previous restoration or not. In addition to the kind of job that implements certain finalization.

The finalization materials include the painting colors, the floor, walls papers and also the thickness of the welding materials and their kind. From these points, it is identified what has been preserved among the building as the floors and what is going to be replaced as the welding materials. It is also made test for the isdation method, especially for the wooden buildings in order to know how to return it later.

D – The welding materials:

In moving a heritage building using the cutting system the building is being cut and detached, in this case, it should be know the kind and method of the welding which Connect the structural elements.

There are the cement Mona and the stones all together using air pressure system or other materials. It is studied the thickness of these materials that are found in the rocks "Madamik" in separate parts of the building. The best way to remove it in the case of detaching the "madamik" or cutting it with the building.

4.2.2 Architectural studies.

It includes all the architectural designs of the building, which are horizontal projection, front parts and sectors in parts and elements of the building. It is also been identified the architecture elements as the existence of stairs, heaters and wooden ceilings. This is beside to capturing the necessary photos for each element and the used materials in the finalization. It also includes the study of the following:

A. The study of the building's content (walls, designs and sculpting)

This part is Considered to be a detailed job for the building the building from which it contains garnishes or fesfesaa words it need a special study for dealing with it specially it scripting pictures parts on the walls and sculpting statues . All these elements will be affected by the way of its movement thus knowing their plaices and that conciliation will preserve it for returning it as it was before without loss or ruining.

B – Solid and void:

One of the elements that is put in consideration is the place of the voids whether they are doors, windows and other it found. The place of the voided of whether they are made of wood or only stones. Is they are opened and closed or only opened. If they include glasses and pictures „building glass‟.

4.3 The Introductory Procedures.

It is the process which starts before the working detaching of the building or even before starting working in it. In this process. It is known all the details about the building and all its elements accurately. This is in order to return it as was before the detaching process, easily and without losing any parts of it. They are:

4.3.1 Architecture Recording for the Building.

It has been taken the measures of the building as a whole and in details. they include the outside looking or the building voids, entrances exits and walls thickness. This means that it is dome a board structural measurement for the building as the original structural painted pictures. This is beside to have the measures of any garnishes walls painting or sculptures. also the thickness of the welding materials and the floors indicates this is in addition to having for some parts of the building for the destructible relined once.

Also, the photographical process for the whole building is an important and essential element this is in order to keep and preserve the actual shape of the building before detaching to show its actual size and real colors. Although the structural pictures are curate, it cannot be clear as the photographical photos. This it has been taken photos for each part with different size and positions. By the developing of recording and photography methods it helps in this stage. It can also take a video for the whole building before and during the detaching process as a kind of documentation within the buildings pictures

It is been entered in the same building in sequence this is in order inventory for each structural and architectural elements first and for knowing the existence more than a structural material the inventory process includes the following:

A - The internal content of the building:

It is important to know of the building is of just one foundation material or more than one. Besides to the number of level it contains and nature of the inside and outside stairs and their shape and one. Also if it contains images and ornamentation works whether directly on the walls or there is a separate element.

Besides to the existence of walls or internal yards and rbarization with a necessary study of the tree its kind and size. Also if there is a certain phenomenon that distinguishes that place which has to be studied well. This is as found in semon benson is house in Portland who built a water fountain for the workers to drink instead of drinking Beer during the work. As a result of this, the production increases.

B – The landscape “if found”:

The building may certain its lands cape. In this case we study the paths the or borization method and its relation to the previous neighbors and the current once.

The study also involves the surrounding environment of the building. Also the previous surrounding atmosphere and which helps to be moved with the building to the new place if possible. This happens with a simple estimative image for that and period which the building was built and doing its architectural efficiently.

4.3.2 Taking Samples for the Durability is Tests.

In this point, it is done two kinds of tests for the building and soil. It is according to the building's type whether it is made of solid or wood or stones or many other combined elements. It is done tests for the structural elements and materials for knowing how much its strength is and its bearing capacity foe detaching. Besides knowing it is possible to be helped by elements or supporting processes for the building first and reinforcement

54 processes. It is also make the soil test and foundation tests for starting working in detaching and spreading it.

In this case, I is been the opposite of what is families and common about the foundations this is because when it is increased their solidity it become better. However, when they are strong. It has become so difficult to separate it is also taken samples from the soil for the new place for the descent tests and how to combine the building and to rebuilding it on it . It is also put in consideration:

- The kind and thickness of the soil's lagers under the building is it solid soil “clay” removing one „sandy or grwelly‟ or a stony or rocky soil. (URL17) - Level of the land's water. - The soil's condition is it semi-dry or dry. - The natural properties of the soil such as the density, the percentage of the natural humidity and others. - The soil's bearing capacity and its compressible features for carrying the building that will be moved on it. 4.3.3 Studying the Surrounding Environment.

The heritage building is not a totally separated part from what surrounds. As what we have mentioned before that one of the reasons of the movement not to accommodate with the surrounding environment.

Thus it has made a study and an analysis for the whole surrounding area. This study includes the buildings surrounding the one required to be moved, heights, the general looking of the building and the entrances and exits. Also the main streets and the subsidiary ones, their expansion and how crowded they are and their peak. Besides to the content of the streets which has a special study. This is according to the following reasons:

- The access ability of passing the equipments, winches and the carrying machines of the original place for accomplishing the work.

- At the detaching part, the cut parts of the building will move from that street “starting point” to the new place. - Storing ability. 4.3.4 The Passing Study.

A- The distance between the two places:

It studies the distance from which how far is the two places “few meters, kilometers, outside the city or outside the county”.

By the difference of the distance it differs the moving methods. This is in order to build rail way specially for the place. This is in the case of the shortage of distance to guarantee the stability of the moving elements and avoiding any shakings during the movement process. But whenever the distance increased, the cost is increased and the moving method has differed. Besides to the existence of elements that can be exploited as the water element or the present rail ways or the asphalt road. Also from county to another as what happened in Dandour Temple which has been moved from Egypt to New York in the USA.

B- The road’s content:

Any road consists of light foundations and the services of the road. They include the lighting pillars which have to study their heightens and the distance between each pillar and their density all over the road. Also the relation between the road and what surrounds; whether are buildings, other crossing roads with it, squares and what they involve of activities and overcrowded traffic whether from the passengers or cars. Also the road‟s situation and its involvement of Obstacles and slopes and their declining percentage by knowing the angle of inclination. All these elements affect the moved building by shakings and the clashes of the heights in carrying it.

It is been considered also the arborization through which the type and thickness of the trees, their heights and what they involve around from parks. Or it is just a painted orborization all over the road.

C- The kind of road from which:

The kind of road from which its function and whether it is a main road or a subsidiary one and what is the maximum speed allowed. Also its expansion and the number of alleys it involves. Is it possible to specify a certain alley of it till finishing the project to the determined speed that protects the building during the working period. There are the used material and the old roads that are designed from stones. There are the asphalt road or the dusty or the agriculture. For each ore, from these ores that roads are built from, has a direct or an indirect effect on the building during carrying its parts for being moved.

4.4 The Restoration of the Building After Being Moved.

There is the complete restoration or the architectural one and which concerns the whole building. There is an accurate restoration concerned with the internal building‟s content as garnishes or walls or paintings. There is another restoration which is concerned with the foundations. The building is being submitted for each restoration after accomplishing the movement process and specially for the accurate and architectural restoration.

4.4.1 The Architectural Restoration. (Heba Abuelfadl, 1999)

It includes completing the uncompleted parts or the replacement of the ruined parts of the building. But it takes the same architectural model with the possibility of the differentiation between the new restoration and the building‟s original parts. This process can be neglected in the movement process sufficiently with the movement process itself. Or if there are supports and reinforcement for the building in any part of the architectural restoration.

A- The accurate restoration:

It includes engravings, garnishes, fixation of the colors, primes injection and combining the stony lumps and strength them. Besides to the restoration of the sculptured parts and the ones that may be lost during the cutting or the movement as a result of the shaking because of their weakness.

B- The foundation restoration:

It is been refused to in the case of deep foundations which can support part of them during the cutting and movement to ensure the coherence of the building. This happens before the movement process.

4.5 The Classification of Relocation Process.

As we mentioned before this classification is concerned with the building‟s nature. It also returns to the building‟s materials, the building‟s weight and size and its distance from the new place.

4.5.1 The Relocation by Cutting down the Building.

It is considered one of the most popular ways in the movement processes. After doing a complete study about the old building structural condition, it has been identified the part that is going to be moved. Is the whole building is going to be moved. Or it is a part of a group of surrounding buildings and it is only this part that is going to be moved for particular reasons of the project. Of course there will be a complete study for the building includes the front‟s parts inside and outside the building. It also goes through it in details of all what it contains of structural or ornamentation elements. This is with the study of the horizontal projections and the architectural and structural paintings. This is besides to the necessity of capturing a lot of photos. The buildings are passed over many tests before the detaching. Some of which are:

Figure 4-3: an imaginative picture of cutting down the buildings in order to be moved. (URL18)

A- Detaching tests:

Studying the structural situation and testing the building‟s strength are considered a primary step in the actual implementation. But they are not only enough for starting in detaching. This is because during working within the building, it is going to be affected by other factors as the shakings and movements which have led it of having tests before detaching from which. (Egyptian Ministry of Culture, 1971)

a) The vibration tests:

These shakings appear as a result of the digging machines, detaching „the cutting down‟, saws, carrying machines and transferring vehicles which are found inside the site and around the building. These factors may cause dangers if the building has cracks or not supported well. The garnishes parts and the engravings have been supported and covered by a material as the plastic to insure not to drop or lose any part of it. However, the shaking measurement is through measure:

Frequency (F periods/sec, H2) and

Velocity (V MM/sec.) and

Amplitude (amm).

V=2.JIF.A

Through these measurements we determine the shakings which are going to happen because of the used machines of the building. This is although how much time it will take in implementation. This is to avoid any problems that might happen in the future during the work.

b) The cutting types tests:

Before starting in the cutting process, it is necessary to do this test for knowing the right and suitable cutting types and which suite the different types of cutting methods. In this test, it is done a typical procedure for the true method which is going to be followed and used and its effect on the surrounding parts if found.

B- Preparing the executive designs:

It is accomplished depending on what happened of records and documentation for the building which includes structural and architectural designs. According to this step, the building is restructured exactly as it was before detaching. Thus, it is recorded in it all the complete steps and pictures for any step later. It is also been determined in it the part that is going to be moved if it is part of a building or the whole old building. Also recording this building as a complete horizontal projection with all its details as much as they are simple. Besides to all its measurements, corners and apertures.

Thus, the pictures have been signed for the frontages and the different sectors of the building. This comes as the primary stage

Picture 4-4: showed the vertical and horizontal lines on one of the walls to cut it .. abu simble – Egypt .( Egypt, ministry of culture, 1971)

Then, the designs of the lines come in which the building‟s size is determined and estimating its weight through the foundation materials and test‟s samples. Then, it is estimated the part that is going to be moved and its size and weight through the previous elements. This is in order to make the winches carry it. So we have to determine the approximate weight and the size as well. The designs of the vertical and horizontal lines are signed also in order to know the parts track. It is noticed that it is in the place of a network vertical and horizontal lines which is determined according to the previous study of the building‟s content. This is in order to be sure that the parts line is put in its right place. It is also given a number and a code for each vertical and horizontal lines have been drawn. However, in the case of buildings that have many levels, it is given a special code for each level which differentiates it from the other levels specially if the levels are repeated. But they differ in the garnishes and the finalization materials. It is because the horizontal projection in not only enough even if it is repeated in this stage.

figure 4-5 a draft image of a signed network of vertical and horizontal cutting lines. The author

In this simplified image of the numbering process for the parts that will be put is similar to a far extent to the structural pictures. Besides it has to be noticed that the lines may have a third dimension which is the cube‟s deepness which will result from the building cutting down.

These symbols explain point to the following:

 The numbers (1, 2 and 3): are the special codes of the cutting line which cross that part.

 H, V: clarifies the cutting line whether it is horizontal or vertical.

 A: it is the floor symbol “if the building consists of many levels”. Or it is the symbol of the part of the building which is cut and that differentiates it from the other cut parts in the same floor “this is in the case that the building is consisted from one level only”.

The part after being cut is cubed which takes a special code from these numbers and codes. For more accuracy, it can be given a particular code for the colors and the material which exists in the cube. After the study of the network of the horizontal and vertical lines which are drawn for the horizontal projection that is under working, these lines are also signed for the frontages. This is besides to the inner parts of the building and the complete walls. After this, it is determined the third dimension "3d" and taking other horizontal lines of the frontages and the walls being cut. At this stage, we have approached many pictures and images that determine the place for each part exactly in the picture. Then it is given a particular “code” for each block and this number is signed on the pictures and will be applied with its block. It has to be put in consideration not to repeat any number. It can be also differed by the materials to be completely separated from the different parts of the building. By this it is going to avoid any kind of problems at reforming for any part or bloc as exactly it was before detaching. As a result we guarantee the formation easily and quickly as it is required for accomplishing the project. This besides to the capturing for each happening step whether photographically or videotaped as a kind of documentation. This is in order to go back to it if it is needed to.

Figure 4-6: a simplified and clarified image of the block form as a result of the detaching and cutting processes, the author

C- The cutting method:

According to the building‟s type or the parts that will be cut, it is determined the proper cutting method. There are many ways that are followed and being studied, some of which are:

. Manual cutting:

In this method, it is used the manual saws. When choosing the saw, its thickness is tested „the cutting weapon‟ and the cutting line as its result in the wall. Besides to the estimation of its thickness and the loss amount of powder because of the sawing. This is in order to know how to treat it later. As well as the metals used in the cutting weapon. Usually these weapons are made of solid iron. Also the weapon‟s length and size and its usage way. There are saws with one holder and others with using the first part of the saw. The kind that uses the parties is used in the small accurate parts to control the speed and the

64 strength of the sawing. This returns to the worker‟s sense of work and estimation in the part he works with. (URL19)

. Electrical cutting:

It uses the electrical saws and usually for the huge parts in which they are much faster and save time and effort. Also with the electrical saws it is studied the cutting weapon‟s thickness and the cutting line as well as its result. It does not have to exceed a certain thickness according to the wall‟s type not to cause damage or loss for the building and its contents whether are inside or outside the wall being cut. Besides to the study of the friction factors which happen between the weapon‟s nature and the cut part as well as its speed. It must be considered the speed factors with the friction and the result of the speed as the shakings which lead to the dropping of some parts around the cutting lines. This is not preferred during the cutting. From this part, it can protect the parts around the cutting lines by supporting them with its proper form.

. Cutting using the laser:

Here it is used the laser rays technique. It is used by passing the laser rays over the horizontal and vertical lines on the part needs fixing.

It is preferred to use this way often in the parts and places that have accurate engravings, colors or writings. Or if the cutting line is in a part of a wall or fesfesaa. This makes the cutting accuracy very important for avoiding the appearance of a clear cutting line as a natural result of the cutting in a part used the previous methods. This is especially in the cement or stony buildings (Egypt, ministry of culture, 1971)

Figure 4-7: is an example of the cutting Figure 4-8: a clarified image of the straight by electrical saws, Abu simble temple, electrical saw and its cutting in the wall. Egypt. (URL19) (URL19) .

Figure 4-10: showing the passageways Figure 4-9: working using the manual saws. and the railways which are going to be (URL21) built for carrying the building up. (URL20)

D- Carrying up the parts to be moved:

This step comes after cutting down the parts in the building. This part is completely cut from the building to preserve its general form and what it contents from engravings and garnished. Then, it is separated to be moved. It is been moved part by part right after the detaching. The steps and stages as the following:

A- Lifting and transportation of the blocks

It happens as the following

 Carrying up the blocks from the original site. This means moving the transported parts to be put on the looder „winch‟.

 Then, they are carried on the looder or winch to the storing place.

 Then, they are carried out of the winch in order to be moved from the storing place to the new site.

 Finally, they are carried out of the winch to be put in their prepared last place.

Figure 4-11: shows the winches of the building. (URL22)

Figure 4-12: shows the whole image of the full carrying out of a part of the building. (URL23)

Figure 4-13: this is a part of Abu Simbel statue being cut and carried by the winches and also the railways of the project. (URL24)

E- Three rules for the relocation:

A- There are three essential and identified rules when starting the moving process. They are (URL24):

 Each block is left in its vertical position. It is possible to turn around its vertical axis and not in a declining form „on an angle‟. It can never be put in an inclined position.

 Each part is separated and left its original place, will be carried with an accurate way as a separate slice.

 It is not allowed to move away any instrument or picture for any kind that was allowed to return back connected with the décor and the general form of the building‟s frontage or with its sides and edges.

E- Steps to lift blocks:

Figuring 4-14: explains right position of the block from position which should be avoided so as not to cause damage in removable parts. The author

a- There are three basic specific rules when you begin the process oftransportation, which are: Each block shall be left in the vertical posture, it may wrap around the vertical axis and not downward „on the corner‟, and it is placed in a slanting position at all. Each part shall be separated and leave its original place shall be hold an accurately as separated category. Do not raise any tool or picture of any kind that was allowed to connect with general shape and decoration of the facade of building or with edges and sides of the building.

These three points are considered an important law and the basis for moving the blocks from its place at any building with safety. b - Lifting bars:

Of the three previous points, you can select the metal bars that will be inserted inside the block which is ready to be relocated. This will be done by making appropriate holes from the top of the block. By studying and knowing the weight of the block, we can determine diameter of metal bar that will hold the block in (mm 2 / t). As Mm 2 is the diameter of metal bar for each ton of the weight of the block. To enter and install these bars, the holes should be vertical and rotational from the top surface of blocks to right depth that will bear bar weight lifting block completely. The metal bars installed by making them an integral part of the block at the bottom of holes. epoksi material is placed at the bottom for a distance of 30-50 cm, and in this way, the power of lifting will spread down the block which ensure that all blocks will remain together during the relocated process. as well as the cracks are being avoided throughout the lifetime of depth of bars. To increase linking of bars, we must add cement plaster.

Diameters of bars used in this type of transport projects, 25 ø every 7 tons and 32 ø for every 10 tons of stone. Endurance & how many tons would be removed are tested by first determining and making sure that diameter of iron bar used for these large blocks is suitable. But in ceilings & roofs the height is usually small, as well as loads (Egypt, ministry of culture, 1971)

In blocks of regular form we use 2 or 3 bars if the weight & size increased as a result of the position and shape of the pieces. But in blocks of irregular shape it is appropriate for her to carry on 3 bars to ensure good distribution of loads. For the ceilings, as a result of the small thickness, they are often subjected to severe stress during the lifting and transport, so this is also the best way to reduce and distribute of stresses as much as possible. One of merits of these bars is that it is strengthening and supporting of internal parts inside the block after installation.

Figuring 4-15

- first step is by using light, powerful, manual saw - second step is by putting connection for testing before lifting - third step is lifting process (Egypt, ministry of culture, 1971)

Figuring 4-16: The salvage of the abu simbel temples, Arab repuplic of Egypt, ministry of

culture, concluding report, Dec 1971 c- Lifting yokes:

Usually there is a link between the bars of loading existing in Movable block & hook of the truck that he will carry. This link is in a regular form in such a way that block loads are equally distributed on the rails as much as possible.

These links can hook the truck more accurately over the center of gravity of the block, while avoiding any decline. With the change in the number and variety of bars position for each block, those links must be installed. Whether in preparation for the relocate step or unbinding stage, note the following:

- Sizes of diameter of metal bars according to the size and weight of the block. - Sort the status of those metal bars in the relocating block to distribute loads in the right way, taking into account the stresses. -Drilling to install the bars inside the block in a spiral way to ensure quality installation. - Isolation and dealing with bars as part of the block at the process of re-installation.

- For every kind of building (a stone or concrete or brick) there is a way of installing bars and transportation, but there is only one rule. Before moving any piece from its place, we must put pillars for the whole movable part, so as to ensure that it won't collapse. -

The Lifting yokes

Figuring 4-17 of abu simble temple & preparing blocks by lifting yokes to lift it & move it.

Abu simble, Egypt. Egypt, ministry of culture,1971

A- Steps of unbinding and re-installation: In the stage of unbinding we use of two types of bars: - Anchor bars: in order to install the blocks with each other later when the installation can be a side (vertical and horizontal as well). - Lifting bars: which are vertically only, in order to lift part of the relocated and make a shift of position.

At this stage it will be dealt with as part of a block connecting blocks to each other and increase their strength when re-installation. We may resort to build Concrete structure supporting in some buildings and put it in the sections that need to be strengthened, as well as studying its position as for external and internal walls, where they often have this kind of buried walls. During the lifting of the block for a second time to be put in the final place at new site, it is therefore vulnerable to

73 stress and strain loads again must be observed and studied well. At the process of removing we must consider: - Cutting the total wall and not part by part. - Strengthening the total wall or part of it to ensure the stability of this part and not being collapsed after cutting. - Adding metal bars from the top of the block vertically and not just from one of its sides. - Blocks will be lifted by cranes vertically and never being pulled or dragged. - After lifting first block from its place, we must insert the metal bars to the one next in the same way, and one after the other.

By These steps the wall is fully broke & is being relocated to the storage place, to be put in a new location. The process of storing blocks must be on a horizontal level, it is not allowed to place one block above the other, taking into account the quality of land that is for storage. it is possible to make a broad sandy bed of the type sands of appropriate roughness that does not affect the blocks, or edges. a- Initial paths and transport machinery:

those paths could be railways or roads or asphalt paving stone blocks that may take movable blocks:

First: to the place of storage till the new site is prepared well and be drilled for foundations and start installing machinery uploaded from the original site like winches, loaders and transport vehicles. Second: consider the size and nature of these paths for cell block on them, and note whether those paths and roads are being paved to get those blocks relocated for the storage area directly. Takes into account the following: - The capacity that can be borne by the loader or truck. - That each of the movement and speed is slow to ensure the safety of blocks and the lack of any significant vibrations which may adversely affect the movable parts. - Be the route from the original location to the storage place and then to the new location.

Figuring 4-18, some removable houses which are being hold entirely on vehicles on its way to the new site Hohlenloher Freiland, Museum, Schwabisch Hall city, Germany, URL 25

b- Storage areas:

It is a place linking all of the original site and the new site, it is noted that the points taken into account when considering this site: - The distance between each of original and new sites. - Its position in relation to the buildings around him and installations, and for ease of transport to transport it. - it is preferred to be close to the original location to ensure the safety of blocks in the beginning. - Determine the size exposed to the sun and the possibility of establishing facilities to cover the light colored blocks, or be exposed to the sun damage to the building or parts to be relocated.

C- Re-installation:

Re-installation stage is the semi-final to reach the shape of building as it was, but in its new location, so there were several stages of the installation, namely: we must finish establishing pillars of the building and equip the new location, by

75 establishing new foundations of the building, "like putting concrete". Foundations must be shallow and deep to ensure proper distribution of loads. So the iron bars and rods must be obvious.

But if the foundation is made of stone we should put layers of stones and cumulus of different sizes and pave a layer of rammed gravel, then we placed blocks of stone one after the other and adjusting the balance horizontally and vertically. We must also adjust inclination angles very carefully so as not to cause any deviation or a slope in the building.

4.5.2 Relocation of the Whole Building.

This method of transport buildings depends primarily on the possibility of holding the building after assessing its weight, sizes and its total volume. We often prefer to use this type of transport with wooden buildings, or structures of wood, can also be resorted to if the building and light weight even if not of wood.

As to the relocate process there are several points are being studied for their implementation, including:

- Starting by taking sizes of the building and studying architectural design to estimate the shape and size & to determine the method of lifting and transporting vehicles and cranes. - Followed by step of studying the foundations (type and extent of its depth and its relation to the building) to identify and determine the separation technique applied thereafter on the building. Determine the number of floors of the building in the event that the building was a story. - In case that the building is weak, we must make tests for durability, and here we remove windows and doors of the building and replace it with wood & pillars that connects the whole building pillars of good to protect the rest of its parts.

- When we connect the building, we must consider loads, tensile forces and its distribution in building in a way that doesn't lead to collapse of the building „in a case of lifting cranes‟. All these points must be considered and examined prior to the commencement of implementation, which takes several steps. Despite the varied modes of transport, it is still common in essential points, such as measuring the sizes of the building and architectural study, construction, & photography. These points have already been exposed to these points in the previous method. In the method of lifting the entire building, we must take into account these points, including:

A- dealing with the foundation and separate it from the building: After the action phase and tests of strength, we shall be very careful in handling these foundation during the separation process so as not to lead to the collapse of the entire building rather than maintaining it. In this process, we drill around the building to reveal the foundations entirely, and then we make holes sized as steel beams that will be built under the building. (URL 26)

B- Ways and methods of raising the building: Here we have two options:

In the case of large buildings or heavy ones, building must be separated & pulled on wheels of Railways are processed at the site.

Figure 4-19: Picture by hotel esplanade-Berlin, (URL27) Figure 4-20 steel cranes & bar, (URL28)

Or being wrapped well by cables and build a base to hold it on cranes then put it on the loader to move it to the new location. Then lift it from the loader to install it to the site altogether. In this method the building is being relocated directly from its original location to the new one without the need for any storage place. That is more economically in effort and in dealing with the problems of recombination, "as in the case of cutting", where we find that greater emphasis be on the method of separating foundation and re-install the whole building with the new foundation.

C- re-installation of the new site: The new site is prepared to place the building immediately without the need for storage, and this will be done as follows:

Make steel beams similar to those that have been processed to the building at separation, provided that such course of particular symptoms measured according to the size and shape of the building. As well as the coating that was prepared for the building formerly in a depth appropriate to the height and type of building. Then building shall be lift and dragged over the means of transport which has been moved from the original site to the new one, to be installed later & tie-down attachments to the new base.

Thus, we find that relocation of building has a lot of reasons among them: Relocate by cutting: we use this method in buildings of stone and concrete, with testing each step before starring. Transportation of the whole building: we use this in buildings made of wood or brick, and due to the weight of the building, which could be carried, as well as to avoid cutting tests.

In each of the above two cases, you must select the most appropriate method of construction and a way to relocate it, and taking into account a study of the surrounding environment which is one of the most important reasons for transport.

5- Analytical Study (Local and Global Examples)

5.1 Local examples

5.1.1 Temple of Abu Simbel:

Sunken Monuments of Nubia – Egypt. An old Egyptian temple built in the reign of King Ramses II, consisting of two temples. The first great temple is located in the south to worship god Amon. In fact, I have built this temple as embodiment of god Horus. The second one is the small temple is built in the north of Queen Nefertari, known gods Hathor. Axis of great temple is located almost in the south-east of the etched surface of the mountain temple, and this allows the sun to appear and enter the temple through the entrance of perpendicular on the face of the king twice, first on March 20, and second on September 23.

1- location

Figure 5-1: temple of Abu Simbel, (URL29)

Figure 5-2: Figure shows the maximum water level of Lake Nasser is 180 m and new site for temple of Abu Simbel which was placed above maximum water level, Abu Simbel – Egypt, (URL24)

A-original place:

Original location of the temple was located south of the High Dam carved in the mountain, 280km south of first flood of Nile “Aswan” and about 40km north of second flood “Wadi Halfa”. B - The new location:

Has been moved to a higher location from its original location to protect him from Nile water, which were identified up to 180m and the highest expected rise 183m, so was the new location at this altitude. 2- The reasons for relocation:

The main cause of transport is the risk of water introduced to the Nile, which cause the temple to sink. Abu Simbel temple is one of the greatest monuments of Nubia, which was threatened with submersion, completely and forever after the construction of the Aswan High Dam, as it was located south of dam.

At the beginning it was flooded with Nile water for a time period of a year, a flood, but after a while became completely submerged in water where the water level reached to 180

82 m and was the highest level of flood waters. And as the temple was carved into the mountain and it is made of sandstone, water is main danger that threatens it.

Abu Simbel temple is distinguished from other Nubian monuments as it is carved in the mountain in a way that makes the sun perpendicular on the face of King Ramses twice a year, on birth and on coronation day, making this phenomenon increase its importance. It's not just a pharaonic temple & the purpose is to preserve it. Merging it in water will lead to the difficulty of such a phenomenon to occur annually, and this may lead to the loss of essential element.

The main reasons for relocating it summarized as follows:

-The risk of drowning, as it was the result of emergence of a national project “construction of the dam”. - Maintaining a global impact and architectural masterpiece, as well as maintaining the phenomenon of the sun passes.

Figure 5-3: Explanation to the top point which we can relocate temple in it. It is higher than water level. (Egypt, ministry of culture, 1971)

Figure 5-4: phenomenon of the sun passes over the face of King Ramses vertically from the entrance, (URL30)

3- Suggestions and alternatives:

Before deciding to transport, several solutions and suggestions have been introduced from different companies worldwide after the Egyptian government sent to UNESCO in April 1959 asking for assistance. UNESCO responded and there was a diversity of ideas and suggestions, among them: - relocating the temple by cutting it into parts to another new opening site and re-installed again as it was before. - Another suggestion by William MacQuitty to leave the building in its original position and constructing a membrane dam to protect it from water and passages within and outside the temple which will allow visitors to see.

But this idea was rejected because if this was to protect the temple from the Nile water, therefore it would be vulnerable to be covered with clay carried by the Nile water and accumulates it. That will cause a bigger problem in the future which is how to remove this clay.

In October 1960 there has been another suggestion from Coyne and Bellier, Paris to build a dam in front of temple made of soil and gravel. - To protect it from water and mud, and the work of the entire drainage system around the

84 temple and a huge, but it was a risk of this suggestion in the future in terms of: Dependence on the dam before the flood water, and it is something that is not guaranteed in the future. Also the cost of this suggestion was really huge as a result of very large pumps that will be relied upon entirely for a long time in the drainage and sewage system as well. After knowing cause of problem is the High Dam, why cannot we deal with the cause itself?! But the High Dam project was a national project that has huge and great benefits including: - Storage of flood waters in the lake behind the dam and the protection of the land and villages from drowning every year because of the flood. - generating clean electric power to Egypt.

So the benefits are great, in addition to huge cost of this project then, which is estimated at about 400 million Egyptian pounds at the time, so it was easier to deal with problem of sinking monuments and not remove causes of the problem or deal with it. - The idea and propose of transportation, who came from Messrs Italconsult of Rome in November 1960 and proposed by professor Pierre Gassola, that include cutting temple and be free from the surrounding area in the form of blocks, and raise to a higher level of water that is expected in the future and re-structuring it for the second time as it was. And the Office of VVB Stockholm pledged to apply appropriate technical tests to tasks, and this idea is most suited to temple and surrounding circumstances as well as the cost.

4 - Method of relocation used:

Construction method was not complicated because the temple was carved in the mountain of sandstone, it is a mass of one piece, but the difficulty was in dealing with the mountain sculpture, from here the most appropriate method is selected and it is the best way to relocate the temple.

As a result of this and after many suggestions, which was the most appropriate to relocate the temple, he found two methods and two other suggestions for the relocate method itself:

If the benefits of a great addition to the cost of the huge shifts of this project then, which is estimated at about 400 million Egyptian pounds at the time, so it was easier to deal with the problem of the sinking of the effects and not remove the causes of the problem or deal with it. By cutting it to pieces and moving it as separate parts and a shift, and then re-assembled and installed as it was.

Being separated from the mountain in one piece, carry and relocate, and this suggestion was presented by a French architect M. Caquot. Of course, the second suggestion was not only difficult in the implementation of the cutting process of the temple fully separated in one piece of the mountain, but also there was great difficulty in bearing the terrible weight of tons of stones, so it was the first suggestion which is cutting into pieces according to weight and then moving it, re-assembling it, and installing it again is the most appropriate solution.

Figure: 5-5 vertical sector of temple before being relocated to determine the point rise, which will be submitted to it. (URL24)

Figure 5-6: Illustration of vertical and horizontal lines of the

facade of the temple before shredding. (URL24)

Figure 5-7: one of phases of constructing Cofferdam, (URL24)

Figure: 5-8 stage of construction of Figure 5-9: stage of re-installing one cofferdam, (URL24) of statues, (URL24)

Figure 5-10: stage of installation of statues as it was before separation. (URL31)

5 - Contents of temple:

After examining the temple and doing a complete inventory inside and outside, and knowing each of its components, and codification of figuring and numbering, as well as photography of each part. Temple contains statues of King Ramses II in closets of the Interior, as well as in the external interface.

Also it contains inscriptions and sculptures in the internal walls like other Pharaonic temples, which required research team to have:

Sculptors and painters specializing in this kind of art, and dealing with this kind of stone, in addition to a team full of engineers, chemistries and archaeologists and Geology specialists.

Figure: 5-11 inside the temple Figure 5-12: one of interior walls of abu simbel after relocating it, (URL32) with pharonic inscriptions and figuring. (URL32)

6 - Problems of implementing the project:

any kind of large project contains its own problems, especially projects in which you must avoid any error or threat to the survival of the building. The actual problems facing the implementation of this project:

A - Funding:

Thinking about financing this huge project started since beginning of thinking about finding alternative solutions, and until the completion of implementation. Funding has been through joint cooperation between the Egyptian government and UNESCO, as well as some foreign countries. B - The technical implementation:

This problem existed in the process of separation itself and the system and method of separation to be followed. Is it appropriate to cutting using manual saws, electrical saws the use of lasers. We must take care not to leave any trace of a simple cut or damage any part of the temple inscriptions. The thickness of section was also measured, when you use saw gives the thickness weapon used by centimeters. Re-installation and construction once again dismantled for parts was also a very important part, how it will be returned in place for this very large size of the temple without leaving any breaks due to the movement of its parts, as if nothing had happened.

C - The technique of building the coffer dam,

This will serve as the environment similar to the original.

The new site of the temple, which will be relocated, was a problem since the beginning of thinking about transportation for the work group. What would be a better location for the relocate of the temple in terms of: - temple must not be subjected to any kind of drowning in the future.

- Maintaining a phenomenon of the sun passes over face of King Ramses. (URL33)

All these points are key points of the study before starting to unlock the temple, to avoid any losses that may occur, whether material losses to the cost or loss in the temple itself, which is not allowed. Despite all this there were some minor problems at work, where no irreparable harm exist in the building such as those that emerged in equipment and water pumping machines and route of the parts and pieces relocate for storage, the cranes, which will be transported and railways that were created to relocate them.

7- The building's function before and after relocation:

As it is clear in this project, since its construction this temple has only one job which is being a pharonic temple. This is his original function. After relocation it is only a pharaonic temple spot full of visitors from all over the world. The only purpose of relocating it is to maintain the heritage of a unique world, and not for financial investment. 8- Finance:

Funding was conducted through the joint cooperation between the Egyptian government and UNESCO at that time in conjunction with some other foreign countries. Funding has been a huge & significant project not only because it was for temple of Abu Simbel, but mainly it is a campaign to protect and save the Nubian monuments from drowning.

At beginning of work the cost have been U.S. $ 36 million, UNESCO will pay $ 20.5 million on condition that Egyptian government would bear the rest of the cost. But after cost of temple of Abu Simbel had reached only $ 40 million, that was the actual cost. After the completion of this process, we will find it added to Temple of Abu Simbel new advantage and another value increased from its original value. It has become a Pharaonic site worth to visit and a temple saved from drowning by separating and re-installing it successfully (URL24)

Figure 5-13: final site of abu simbel temple after relocation tourist areas around it. (Egypt, ministry of culture, 1971(

5.1.2 Island Kalabsha: Sunken Monuments of Nubia - Egypt

1 - Location:

original location of temple: Kalabsha temple was located about 56 kilometers south of the High Dam. New location: Was transferred to a high rocky place called "Khorange" south of the High Dam about 750m (URL 34) 2 - The reasons for transfer: The main reason that led to government and UNESCO to save the Nubian monuments to expose to risk of drowning. And forever full of water flooding of the Nile after the construction of the Aswan Reservoir, which led to high level of water annually.

3- Suggestions and alternative:

Because of the importance of the Nubian monuments, and after the intervention of Unesco, one of the alternatives and proposals to save Kalabsha, are the following:

- Dealing with the problem- the dam- by leaving the temple in its place, but this proposal would be exposed the building in the future to accumulation of silt, the decoration and inscriptions will be affected by the water. - Cutting the building and taken to the place proposed in place of higher water level. 4- The cutting method used:

This temple of sandstone, it has been built and was not scripted in mountain.

Because the temple was constructed, so that lifting and reassemble was the best and the most appropriate way to be used, so that the working officially started in May 1962 and continued until the end of 1963, the stones of the temple was lifting to 12,000 bloks of stone with weighting 20 tans and rebuilt again in its current location. (Zahi Hawas, 2004)

There was a small temple built on the same Kalabsha area, and rebuilt on the island of elephantine in 1972, more than 250 cluster of stony mass blocks was stored in new location.

Studies show that they represent architectural elements of the temple and the remain of the small gate was one of the brick wall surrounding the temple.

The main building of the temple was rebuilt in a semi-complete way.

The front hall, which was spearheaded by not leaving them only a small number of blocks that have been arranged at a low level of the main building of the temple to give a visualization of the original planning.

Figure 5-14: the temple during the cutting process in the left and lifting each block, and in the right one is the storage are for the blocks after the lifting process. (URL24)

Figure 5-15: shown the passage which built for transporting blocks from the original location to storage area. (URL24)

5- The relocation problems:

- Funding - The intense heat and severe weather - Difficulty Removing the stones themselves as a result of exposure to the restoration process earlier in 1907-1909, which increases its hardness. - The distance between the original location and the new, and the study of the itinerary of stones and passages necessary for transportation. - The building was almost abandoned and inhabited by bats, which led to a difficulty in the process of cleaning bat droppings and blood on the walls and dust accumulated on the patterns (Zahi Hawas, 2004) - Identification and selection of appropriate new location for the temple is not exposed to any risk in the future again. That was the key points and the obvious problems that have been studied and dealt with before removing the temple.

6- The function of the building:

It is essentially a temple, a synagogue, and it is used even after you add parts to it via the history and inscriptions of Christian and others, but it still retains the same function as they are, its oldest parts go back from the family of the eighteenth century and completed

95 parts of it at the time of the Ptolemies,it is also a place of worship in origin, and now is the place that shows an archaeological architecture in the period of time completed by the era of another timeby moving it, another value is added and returned to him after a life that was abandoned and inhabited by bats. The philosophy of the project has been based on:

1. Restoration and maintenance of temples and shrines in the island.

2. Definition of this important archaeological area, and begin to provide the required capabilities for processing of the visit.

3. Linkage between the temples and shrines of the island paths restrict the movement of the visit.

4. Lighting temples and shrines and rooms specialized lighting in preparation for receiving visitors at night.

5. View trace elements, especially the graphics and Graffiti in a displayed frame of opened museum.

-By this, life was returned to the island after it was abandone

7- Funding:

Funding through Egypt's cooperation with UNESCO, but for the cost of this part of the "temple of the island Kalabsha" costs the total time about 6 million DM.

figure 5-16, the front of the temple after the move and restoration (URL35)

Figure 5-17: a front side of the temple the night of the Nile, (Zahi Hawass, 2004)

Figure 5-18 and the front of the temple. (URL36)

From the both previous examples of old Egyptians temples, we found that one method was used for relocating them, which is the cutting method of relocation, both of nature and the building's structure imposed using this method in the relocation process. As stony buildings, found it appropriate to cut it to blocks Inasmuch to the large volume and the weight of stones.

5-1-3 The Temple of Alras Alsoudaa' Alexandria- Egypt

It is considered one of the most important discoveries made in recent years in Alexandria, where it was found in a small place called bAlras Alsoudaa' in the north area between Alexandria and Abu Qir, located 1700 m from the southern Mediterranean. It was discovered in October 1936, the discovery was first on the marble columns and the remainder of the construction, where a storm one night removed a large amount of sand that had obscured the temple, a mad-head of the Statue of Isis sound of white marble is detected , and after the excavation work fully with the back of the statue four columns of white marble are detected, close to him. After checking the place was a quarantine service and to allow Balchgl and research taken from the discovery site. The columns were transported separately by large truck, and the stones have been disassembled and then re-established the current site as it is. The temple is located is now the Museum of Almzaiek in Alchatbi – Al horya street.

5.2.1 Hotel Esplanade Berlin – Germany

1-location:

Original place and location of the hotel

The hotel is located in Posdamer Platz in Berlin, Germany, the hotel and some of the buildings have been transferred just about 75m, but in the same environment of origin. It was inaugurated on December 2, 1908, and in the winter of 1944/1945 has been subjected to mortar bombs,it was built by Otto Rehning in 1907 and extended until the year 1911/1912 (URL37).

2 - The reasons for relocation:

Potsdamer platz is the most active places in the city of Berlin, as a result of the history of this building and long events that are passed by, it is considered one of the most popular places in the city, since the hotel was built and is known as a forum nobles, and although it was attacked during the Second World War and a large proportion of it for destruction , but it revived with the same strength and activity, even after the former building of the Berlin Wall, which was a little away from him (URL38). For this history, events, and famous place with concerts and activities, as well as fame, were filming movies and TV commercials, etc. The company Sony has participated with 26,500 m 2 land investment in this region and thought invest it as it is a successful project (URL 37).

In 1991, Sony bought the land and started to develop their own designs, which cost about 800 million DM, but it was declared as a historical building in 1989 that must be preserved and not destroyed, and therefore must be dealt with in this sense, therefore, included the contract conditions, including a building to equip the hotel within an archaeological project.

So this was the main reason for investing and doing a huge investment project that has been already cost large sums, and it is not easy to waste all this money, So it was the best solution to think in transferring the building and dealing with its current (URL39).

3 - Proposals and alternatives:

There were no suggestions or other alternatives on the project and a clear non- transport, although it is possible to deal with the situation in the event that the hotel was outside the scope of early investment and not within the scope of historic buildings. It was found that transport is the best solution in order not to lose the company Sony amounts paid to investment, and to maintain the hotel at the same time, the company took advantage of the fact that the building boom in the archaeological project investment, and enhance the visibility of the place.

4-Method of construction and building materials:

Building component of 5-storey height of 150 m, sandstone facades, and interior design was the Neo-Baroque and Neo-Rococo, and the building contains a great deal of them lobbies Kaisersaal "imperial hall" where Kaiser William II assesses special celebrations. The most important feature of which was a park in the middle area in 1600 (URL40).

The building was of stone and concrete, and re-entered the revival in its composition reinforced concrete. Valosasat surface is a separate rules were published and separated from the building.

100

figure 5-19: the processing of the hotel figure 5-20: a facet of the hotel while for transport and work in the parts of the working. (URL41) concrete. (URL41)

Figure 5-21: the hotel after separating it from the Figure 5-22: that the separation of the foundation and put it on the rail bar to relocate. foundations after excavation around the (URL41) building using the leaflets. (URL41)

101

Figure 5-23: tab-delimited on the partial lifting steel beams. (URL42)

Figure 5-24, 5-25 One of the aspects of the hotel, and the image surrounding the form of the railroad to proceed. (URL42).

5 - Method of relocation:

In March 1996, part Kaisersaal & Fruhstuckssaal have been lifted and moved, the building has been taken in two different ways dependent on modern computer technology at the time. The method after the first inventory of the building and the lifting of all sizes have been working and drilling fundamentals, first around the hotel to uncover the

102 foundations and depth. The part of the Kaisersaal "imperial hall" has been lifted on air bags and rolls and rotated, the chapter first started using chain saws to separate the building and certainly were calculated coefficient bration and speed of the leaflets during the process of separation. After that was done at the bottom of the steel beams of the building in preparation for submission after an air and move it to a distance transport required a 75 m from the buildings surrounding it, but still the same region Posdamer Platz.

This method “the airbags” was proposed to his temple of Abu Simbel, but managed to use in this case (the case of the hotel) as a result the same type of construction method, and so was the transfer of the building. (URL43)

Kaisersaal Was composed of two floors weigh 1800 tons that is consolidated from the inside, and was separated from the surrounding medium, buildings, and equipped with a temporary roof. The building was lifted by 1 cm per minute and control through the computer. The second method has been used as a shredder with part Fruhstuckssaal, as it has been published to 500 individual pieces and stored, then, and then assemble them again in the new location.

6 - Content of the building:

The building of the architectural style Neo-Baroque and Neo-Rococo, and the interior design of the lounges and wooden carvings and drawings on the glass, and the main attraction is the interior space 1600 m 2, which was an indoor garden rooms overlooking the hotel.

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7- Problems of implementation of the project:

Figure 5-26: the form of the interior courtyard of the hotel formerly. (URL40)

some difficulties have been noted during the transfer process, it was not in the style of cutting a part Fruhstuckssaal, but it was to raise part Kaisersaal. The first time, the failure of the work of some pumps, as well as in the second attempt with a computer system,

But with the third attempt with the use of airbags has been successfully lifted the building of about 2, 5 m have been moved.

8- The main function of the building:

As for the post of the building has remained the same, old, built as a hotel and went down to the nobles and celebrations, and still on of the most famous hotels.

9 - Costs of the project:

Not the total cost for this project from the simple purchase of land and investments, which began the Sony, but for the transfer of those parts and Fruhstuckssaal Kaisersaal in itself, it the cost of this project in 1996 about 75 million DM (URL39)

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Figure 5-27: form the entrance to the hotel after the transfer and renewal (URL44)

Or the work of a replica of the building and gathered in a place near the city to become a place for visitors, but this proposal would not be feasible because it would cost the work of the entire museum, while the original building already exists and can benefit from it and maintain it at the same time, especially as the situation buildings to allow the transfer. Therefore, the transfer is the other proposal, being selected as a great place right next to the city as a museum open to bring all its facilities, and this was more practical solutions, here was the establishment of the museum to relocate buildings and maintain them and not vice versa, has not been the transfer of buildings to create the museum.

In the previous example, there are two different methods of relocation was used, which are the cutting method and lifting to the highest and drags the lifting part. And both of the building's structure system and the materials are helped in using two methods, to find the relocation process is a flexible and changeable process depends on each building's case, taking into consideration the materials and surrounding area and the ability of moving the building safely.

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5-2-2 Hohlenloher Freiland museum. Schwabisch Hall city-Germany

1-The location

The museum‟s location is 3 Km. far from the old city Schwabisch Hall, on 40 hectares area and contain over 60 old building, the oldest building back to 1480, the 15th century.(URL45)

2- The reasons of relocation:

The starting was on eighties, the main object was the conservation and save the heritage which they have by making copy of the old original life in this city, and because the city grows up and taking a different life style, so that this old building became not suitable for this new life and that change. (URL46)

We can discuss it in some point like,

- Make a cultural project like an open museum has its income and touristic activities - The changing happened in life and environment around and it‟s not convenience with the area. - Save it as it was as a model for real old life has its history. 3- Building structure system.

The buildings were mostly wooden structure and facades of brick and stone, and the foundation surface. So it was a method of transport used is to get the building.

Given that the buildings, mostly wooden and Jmalonep, it was easy to carry as a whole, here has been transport by:

-carrying the building as a one unit.

- Removing the brick or stone units to re-install them again. - Construction material between the brick and finishing has been replaced.

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Figure 5-28, carrying one of the buildings on Figure 5-29, a new environment created for the truck traffic by night to avoid traffic. the transfer of buildings to which simulate (URL45) the original environment. (URL47)

4 - The contents of the building:

Most of the buildings were either houses or sheds, did not contain more than the contents of any wooden building or a simple truss, there was no sculptures or murals and other acts characteristic of a building, which facilitated the transfer process.

5 – The problems of relocation:

This project includes simple problems, but they are important at the same time that they cannot be neglected, for example:

Transport and traffic center of the city of the carried building.

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Figure 5-30, 5-31, the form of the ancient life of the village, which was practiced in those homes. (URL45)

Study areas of congestion for people to not hinder movement

The same route, including the obstacles and pitfalls; because here was no ordinary road use is done through special passages or extending a railway. Study of elements of vertical elevations trees and adjacent buildings, lampposts and others.

6. The function of the building:

As it was mentioned earlier , most of the moved buildings are wooden houses as the life was their use before moving remained the same . After they were moved, each building was re-used as it was. This open air museum is a masterpiece for the life of the village which had been previously.

7 - Costs of the project:

No specific costs were mentioned for this project, but funding this project was from the German government. The idea of this museum with using the original buildings and the

108 representation of life itself a successful idea, because it benefited the government in establishing the original transfer of the old image of life before, and at the same time the building has been maintained within the scope of open-air museum.

This kind of applied ideas is not available with all types of buildings, "the relocation of the original building to an open-air museum", but it is considered as a cultural project and also with a Considerable profit that ensure its maintenance from one time to another.

So in this example, most of buildings made of wood, which mean it's light weight and can be carried and lifting to highest by winches, and it's other type of building can be moved and relocated "the wooden buildings", taking into account that we can't use the cutting method ever with wooden buildings.

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5.2.3 Temple Dandur - Metropolitan Museum New York-United States

1 - Location:

The Original site of the temple that was one of the sunken part of the Monuments of Nubia, which was saved from drowning in Egypt. Its current location is the Metropolitan Museum in New York City, USA.

Figure 5-32, Temple Dandur the original location in Egypt during the period of the flood. (metropolitan museum of art Bulletin, 1978)

2- Reasons of relocation:

Because the temple was one of the sunken part of the Monuments of Nubia, the basic objective of being transferred from its original location is to keep him from drowning and has been with other temples.

But this temple was fully carried and transported from Egypt to the United States as a gift from the Egyptian government of the United States due to the efforts made to participate in the process of saving the Nubian monuments.

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Figure 5-33, Temple Dandur Almtobolitan into a museum after its relocation. (URL48)

3 - Proposals and alternatives:

The proposal to transfer the temple from the egyptian government as a contribution to the USA for their economic and financial efforts that have been made as a participation in protecting the monuments of Nuba from drowning. as the proposal is not approved directly, and a committee is been held in order to study the the plan of the museum in the USA and the possibility of funding and the place of putting the temple and it has been approved formally but it is not announced till 1976, (Egypt, ministry of culture, 1971)

4-Foundation method:

It is a pharaonic temple built of sandstone with shallow foundations.

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5-Method of relocation:

The method used is cutting parts into "blocks". it was taken across the sea in 640 boxes weighing 800 tones, on arrival to the museum they were stored in a huge place "air structure".

It was the work of additional testing and study of the origin and chemical properties of chemists and scientists from the University of New York and Masucosch Institute of Technology, the temple has been stored in a temporary facility until 1974 , then was transferred and built the museum. (Figure 6-37, Temple Dandur during re-installed at the Metropolitan Museum - New York (Metropolitan museum of art Bulletin, 1978)

Figure 5-34, Temple Dandur during re- Figure 5-35, carrying one of the blocks of installed at the Metropolitan Museum - New the temple to put in the Metropolitan York (Metropolitan museum of art Bulletin, Museum, (Metropolitan museum of art 1978) Bulletin, 1978)

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6-Contents of the building:

It also offers all of the building decorations and colors carved on the walls; it is simple in design and contains many rooms and complex design.

7-Problems of relocation:

The building is only a pharaonic temple in Egypt, and after being transferred to New York City and put the Metropolitan Museum has become a source of increasing the income of the museum, as well as cultural activity, which has enriched the museum, as well as it increases its visitors.

9-Fundation:

The finance of course is from the government from the moment of its studying and putting it in the museum to its transfer and it's re-setting.

Figure 5-36 Metropolitan Museum in New York Figure 5-37, a temple in the for the development of the Pharaonic Temple Metropolitan Museum, New Dandur it. (Metropolitan museum of art Bulletin, York - United States, (URL49) 1978)

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6. Conclusion:

The process of relocation is a solution and a way for maintaining the building and it is used world widely since the nineteenth century.

There are also many countries that benefit from this process at the level to preserve the cultural heritage, and also on the level of investment income and give it to the place that it has been transmitted to it.

So, we found that:

Stone buildings, which may be transferred to

- A point higher than its place of origin. - A new location in the same city. - State of quite other than the one that the building was established. And this after the exposure of these buildings to the danger that threatens the survival of the same original location, whether the natural risk or the risk of humans.

In this type of building - the stone buildings - method is used to transport shredding blocks can be carried, It is based on the distance between each of the original location and the new is to identify the means that can be used in the transfer of blocks, whether

- Railway. - Crane pending. - Preliminary corridors are built. - Use the natural stream of water "sea or river." And therefore a transfer to be shredding is best suited for this type of building because of its size and weight that is in tonnes.

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The concrete buildings and light constructions which may be transferred totally

- A few kilometers in the same physical fabric - To a place outside the city as a kind of studying the structural extension.

Here is the use of transport to lift the building and separate it from the foundation, and this type of transfer of buildings with concrete structures or transport is used to carry the whole building, due to the weight of the building. Here is the railway construction equipped with steel bars are lifted out of the building. The flying cranes are completely free to move to reach the new site on the lanes allocated to it.

Then,the process of transferring the buildings,it is a process that depends on both the manner of building construction and the nature of the raw materials used in construction ,the condition of the building architecture, the nature of the environment found on the building and where there was a change. From here, the diversity in style between the transfer of the building or chopping is dismissed from foundations and the campaign, we have a style which could keep save a lot of old buildings with a hue .

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References:

Arabic references:

Researches:

دانٛب عجذ انًُعى عضًبٌ، 4002، "َفك األزْر ٔ إعبدح إحٛبء انمبْرح انزبرٚخٛخ، يُطمخ األزْر ٔانحطٍٛ"، "، ثحش يمذو .1 كجسء يٍ يزطهجبد انحصٕل عهٗ درجخ يبجطزٛر، جبيعخ حهٕاٌ، كهٛخ انفٌُٕ انجًٛهخ.

زٍٚ انعبثذٍٚ حطٍ َٕٚص،4004، "انحفبظ عهٗ انًجبَٙ راد انمًٛخ ٔ إعبدح رٕظٛفٓب"، ثحش يمذو نهحصٕل عهٗ درجخ .2 يبجطزٛر فٙ انُٓذضخ انًعًبرٚخ، جبيعخ حهٕاٌ، كهٛخ انُٓذضخ ثبنًطرٚخ،لطى انُٓذضخ انًعًبرٚخ. و.ْجخ هللا فبرٔق أثٕ انفضم،9111، إعبدح رٕظٛف انًجبَٙ انمذًٚخ، رضبنخ يبجطزٛر، جبيعخ اإلضكُذرٚخ، كهٛخ انفٌُٕ .3 انجًٛهخ، لطى انعًبرح. و.ٔنٛذ أحًذ عُبٌ،9111،يزبحف األصبر انفرعَٕٛخ،رطٕر انعرض انًزحفٙ ٔ رأصٛرِ عهٗ انزصًٛى انًعًبر٘، رضبنخ .4 يبجطزٛر، جبيعخ حهٕاٌ، كهٛخ انفٌُٕ انجًٛهخ، لطى عًبرح يرفذ صبثذ صهٛت، 4002 ، "اضزرارٛجٛبد انحفبظ عهٗ انزراس انضمبفٙ انًعًبر٘ فٙ انعصٕر اإلضاليٛخ ثًصر"، رضبنخ .5 دكزٕراِ فهطفخ فٙ عهٕو انجٛئخ، جبيعخ عٍٛ شًص، لطى انُٓذضخ، يعٓذ انذراضبد ٔ انجحٕس انجٛئٛخ . َجٕٖ يحًذ يُٛر انطٛذ انجذرٖ، 4002رحٕٚم انًجبَٗ انزبرٚخٛخ إنٗ يزبحف، رضبنخ يبجطزٛر ، كهٛخ انفٌُٕ انجًٛهخ لطى .6 انعًبرح، جبيعخ حهٕاٌ . َٛفٍٛ يحًذ ثشر يحًٕد عجذ انرضٕل 4002، "صٛغخ يعبصرح نهزراس انًعًبر٘ انعرثٙ ثًصر"، رضبنخ يبجطزٛر، جبيعخ .7 اإلضكُذرٚخ، كهٛخ انفٌُٕ انجًٛهخ، لطى انعًبرح.

Books:

خبطر نطفٙ، 4002،يٕضٕعخ حمٕق انًهكٛخ انفكرٚخ، ، شركخ َبش نهطجبعخ،، انمبْرح. .1

زاْٙ حٕاش، جسٚرح كالثشخ، ، رلى اإلٚذاع 6205/4002 ، انزرلٛى انذٔنٙ 122-206-518-8 .2 و. ضعٛذ عهٗ خطبة، 4006، اضص رُكٛص ٔ رريٛى انعمبراد، دار انكزت انعهًٛخ نهُشر ٔانزٕزٚع. .3 و.عجذ انهطٛف أثٕ انعطب انجمر٘، 9112، انطجعخ انضبَٛخ،انًُشأح انًعًبرٚخ، .4 و.ْسار عًراٌ/و.جٕرط دثٕر، انًجبَٙ األصرٚخ، رريًٛٓب، صٛبَزٓب ٔ انحفبظ عهّٛ، يُشٕراد ٔزارح انضمبفخ- انًذٚرٚخ .5 انعبيخ نألصبر ٔ انًزبحف-جًٕٓرٚخ ضٕرٚب- ديشك

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English references:

1. Bernard M. Feildin, third edition, 2003, Conservation of historical buildings,Elsevier 2. Francis D.K. Ching, Building construction illustrated, New York, third edition – John Wiley and Sonic. 3. Harold B.Olin, A.I.A, Van Nostrand Reinhold, Construction principal, materials & methods , new York. Fifth ededtion. 4. L. Schmidt, Walter H. lewi, Construction, principles, Shallow Foundations materials & method – john. 5. the temple of dendur, by Cyril Aldred, reprinted from the metropolitan museum of art Bulletin , summer 1978. 6. VATTENBYGGNADSBYRAN (VBB), December 1971, the salvage of the Abu Simbel temple, consulting engineers and architects. Stockholm, Sweden. 7. Cultural heritage and Tourism: paper, Dr.Mohammad Hanafy.(paper) 8. Municipalité D‟alexandrie, Alexmed department, Bibalex. (paper)

Internet websites:

1. www.britannica.com 2. http://www.international.icomos.org/charters/venice_e.pdf 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_relocation 4. www.windfallfilms.com/newfolder/production.htm 5. http://www.maq.org.au/publications/resources/moving_print.htm#Heading3 6. http://www.historicnewengland.org/NEHM/2004SummerPage03.htm 7. http://www.historicnewengland.org/NEHM/2004SummerPage03.htm 8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:moving_ahouse,LA.jpg 9. http://www.historicnewengland.org/NEHM/2004SummerPage03.htm 10. http://www.historicnewengland.org/nehm/2003winterspringpage02.htm 11. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTARCHIVES/0,,contentMDK: 20035676~menuPK:56258~pagePK:36726~piPK:36092,00.html

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12. http://jingalex.wordpress.com/2007/07/ 13. http://wapedia.mobi/de/Hotel_Esplanade_(Berlin)#2 14. http://www.maq.org.au/publications/resources/moving_print.htm#Heading3,p:14 15. http://www.flickr.com/search/?q=simon+benson 16. http://www.transit.govt.nz/projects/wicb/buildings/215-Vivian-gallery-5.jsp 17. http://www.hbrc.edu.eg/ahbrc/consult/soil.asp 18. www.windfallfilm.com 19. http://www.international.icomos.org/monumentum/vol17/vol17_2.pdf 20. http://www.rmcan.com/index.php?id=136&L=1 21. http://www.international.icomos.org/monumentum/vol17/vol17_2.pdf 22. http://stubbsmovers.com/shubert.shtml#preparing 23. http://wackershofen.de/new/cms/front_content.php?idcat=80 24. http://www.international.icomos.org/monumentum/vol17/vol17_2.pdf 25. http://wackershofen.de/new/cms/front_content.php?idcat=80 26. www.windfallfilms.com/newfolder/production.htm 27. http://www.kaisersaal-berlin.de/content.htm 28. http://www.rmcan.com/index.php?id=136&L=1 29. http://keralaarticles.blogspot.com/2008/01/abu-simbel.html 30. http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Arts&Culture/Monuments/PharaonicMonuments/070202 000000000002.htm 31. http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/88b1a/1ea9f7/ 32. http://mathildasanthropologyblog.wordpress.com/2008/page/8 33. http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/africa/north-africa/egypt/nubia/map.html 34. http://www.nubamuseum.gov.eg/temples.html#%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D8 %A8%D8%B4%D8%A9 35. http://www.flickr.com/search/?q=kalabsha+temple&page=2 36. http://soutklabsha.jeeran.com/archive/2008/1/445440.html 37. http://wapedia.mobi/de/Hotel_Esplanade_(Berlin)#2. 38. http://www.kaisersaal-berlin.de/content.htm 39. http://worldvisitguide.com/salle/MS04483.html

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40. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Esplanade_Berlin 41. http://www.panoramio.com/photo/6011187 42. http://www.rmcan.com/index.php?id=136&L=1 43. http://www.kaisersaal-berlin.de/content.htm 44. http://wapedia.mobi/de/Hotel_Esplanade_Berlin 45. http://wackershofen.de/new/cms/front_content.php?idcat=80 46. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schw%C3%A4bisch_Hall 47. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hohenloher_Freilandmuseum_Wack ershofen 48. http://freelargephotos.com 49. http://www.flickr.com/photos/rosemania/86740430/ 50. http://blog.hotelclub.com/luxor-egypt 51. http://ca.geocities.com/[email protected]/abusimbeldata3.htm 52. http://egypt.xiando.net/history/pyramids/Giza_Pyramids/ 53. http://emeraldcitygamefest.org/2009/02/22/recap-viva-las-vegas-part-1/ 54. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moving_a_house,_LA.jpg 55. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salem_Church_Relocation.JPG 56. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdamer_Platz 57. http://freelargephotos.com/?fetch=000412_l.jpg&title=The%20Temple%20of%20D endur,%20ca.%2015%20B.C.E.%3B%20Roman%20period%20Egyptian%3B%20 Nubia,%20Dendur 58. http://keralaarticles.blogspot.com/2008/01/abu-simbel.html 59. http://looklex.com/egypt/abu_simbel01.htm 60. http://members.virtualtourist.com 61. http://scholarship.rice.edu/ 62. http://sonyrumors.net/2008/03/02/sony-sells-european-hq-for-over-1-billion-ps4- anybody 63. http://stubbsmovers.com/aboutus.shtml#barn 64. http://www.360cities.net

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65. http://www.ahladalil.com/ar/tag/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B5 %D8%B1/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1 66. http://www.archiplanet.org/wiki/Potsdamer_Platz,_Berlin,_Germany 67. http://www.areba.info/show32155.html 68. http://www.aviewoncities.com/berlin/potsdamerplatz.htm 69. http://www.awsc.com.eg/nabza.htm 70. http://www.egyptatlas.net/index.php?ind=gallery&op=foto_show&ida=146 71. http://www.eternalegypt.org/EternalEgyptWebsiteWeb/HomeServlet?languae_id=3 &ee_website_action_key=action.display.story&story_id=14&ee_messages=0001.fl ashrequired.text 72. http://www.flickr.com/search/?q=kalabsha+temple&page=3 73. http://www.globosapiens.net/travel-information/Luxor-75.html 74. http://www.historicnewengland.org/nehm/2003winterspringpage02.htm 75. http://www.icomos.org/australia/ 76. http://www.international.icomos.org/home.htm 77. http://www.luventicus.org/alxrajt/msr/alaqsr.html 78. http://www.luxor.com/attractions/ 79. http://www.luxoregypt.org/English/historical_sites/East_Bank/Pages/default.aspx 80. http://www.luxorguide.com/luxortown.htm 81. http://www.metmuseum.org/explore/newegypt/htm/wk_dend.htm 82. http://www.metmuseum.org/search/iquery.asp?attr1=dendur&c=&command=text 83. http://www.oregon.gov/ODF/foresthistorycenter.shtml 84. http://www.pbase.com/karibaer/hohenlohe 85. http://www.planetware.com/maps/egypt-egy.htm 86. http://www.soutklabsha.jeeran.com 87. http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/bauen/baubilanz/de/esplanade.html 88. http://www.toffsworld.com/property/egypt/buy-your-dream-home-in-egypt-with- egyptian-experience 89. http://www.visitingdc.com/las-vegas/luxor-hotel-entrance.asp 90. http://www.windfallfilms.com

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About the Author.

Rasha EL-BORGY Email: [email protected] Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/rasha-elborgy-b297b489/ Education Status: Doctorate Female, Egyptian

Academic Qualifications:

 B.Sc. of Fine Arts – Architecture Dept. from Alexandria University, Egypt, June 2003 final project GOOD.  MSc. From A.A.S.T (Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport) "Certified by the Royal Institute of British Architects", Egypt, Architectural Engineering and Environmental Design. Thesis entitled (Relocation As an Approach for Conservation of Historical Buildings) Jan 2010.  Ph.D. from Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakif University (F.S.M.V.U) Istanbul, Turkey. Thesis entitled "Use Palm Leaves Added to Adobe for Applications in the Restoration Process.", Aug. 2019

Publications: Articles & Conferences Paper

1. June 2018, joined by the paper (Land Use and Recognition of Construction Techniques Based on Land Use and Geographical Climatic Conditions) in Kerpic‟18 – Back to Earthen Architecture: Industrialized, Injected, Rammed, Stabilized 6th International Conference. Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep, Turkey. 2. Aug. 2018, the article "LAND USE AND RECOGNİTİON OF CONSTRUCTİON TECHNİQUES BASED ON LAND USE AND GEOGRAPHİCAL CLİMATİC CONDİTİONS." At IJAR (International Journal of Advanced Research), ISSN: 2320- 5407 3. Sep. 2019, is sharing by the paper "Use Palm Leaves Added to Adobe for Applications in the Restoration Process", in Kerpic‟19 – Earthen Heritage, New Technology, Management, 7. International Conference, September 2019 in Köyceğiz at Aegean coast of Turkey

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BOOKS

 Feb. 2019, My MSc. Thesis (Relocation As an Approach for Conservation of Historical Buildings) has been published as an academic book with Publisher: LAB LAMBERT Academic Publishing ISBN-10: 6139452554 ISBN-13: 978-6139452552

Apr. 2020 HAS BEEN TRANSLATED INTO "8" LANGUAGES WORLDWIDE

GERMAN: ISBN-13:978-620-0-66891-2 / ISBN-10:6200668914 / EAN:9786200668912 FRENCH: ISBN-13: 978-613-9-56860-4 / ISBN-10:6139568609 / EAN:9786139568604 SPANISH :ISBN-13:978-620-0-39496-5 / ISBN-10:6200394962 / EAN:9786200394965 PORTUGUESE: ISBN-13:978-620-0-79905-0 / ISBN-10:6200799059 / EAN:9786200799050 DUTCH: ISBN-13:978-620-0-60499-6 / ISBN-10:6200604991 / EAN:9786200604996 RUSSIAN: ISBN-13: 978-620-2-39362-1 / ISBN-10:6202393629 / EAN:9786202393621 ITALIAN: ISBN-13: 978-620-0-83528-4 / ISBN-10:6200835284 / EAN:9786200835284 POLISH: ISBN-13:978-620-0-81709-9 / ISBN-10:620081709X / EAN:9786200817099

 Feb. 2020 "Kerpiçte Hurma Yaprağı"(Date Palm Leaves in Adobe) has been published in Turkish language, Publisher: LAB LAMBERT Academic Publishing ISBN-13:978-620-0-58854-8 ISBN-10:6200588546

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