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Conserving the Peace: Resources, Livelihoods and Security Conserving the Peace: Resources, Livelihoods and Security Edited by: Richard Matthew Mark Halle Jason Switzer Conserving the Peace: Resources, Livelihoods and Security Edited by: Richard Matthew Mark Halle Jason Switzer Conserving the Peace: Resources, Livelihoods and Security Copyright © 2002 by the International Institute for Sustainable Development and IUCN – The World Conservation Union. Published by the International Institute for Sustainable Development All rights reserved National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data Main entry under title: Conserving the peace Copublished by: IUCN, the World Conservation Union Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 1-895536-62-6 1. Environmental policy—International cooperation. 2. Environmental protection—International cooperation. 3. Security, International— Environmental aspects. 4. Sustainable development—International coop- eration. I. Matthew, Richard A. (Richard Anthony), 1956- II. Halle, Mark, 1951- III. Switzer, Jason, 1973- IV. International Institute for Sustainable Development. V. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. GE170.C6427 2002 363.7’0526 C2002-910934-5 International Institute for Sustainable Development 161 Portage Avenue East, 6th Floor Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada R3B 0Y4 Tel: +1 (204) 958-7700 Fax: +1 (204) 985-7710 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.iisd.org Conserving the Peace was designed by Donald Berg. Printed by ePRINTit (www.eprintit.com), Winnipeg, Manitoba. Cover photo credits: Left – Ger Bergkamp/IUCN–The World Conservation Union; Centre – International Red Cross; Right – Mbanefo Obiago/WWF–Canon ii Conserving the Peace: Resources, Livelihoods and Security International Institute for Sustainable Development The International Institute for Sustainable Development contributes to sustainable development by advancing policy recommendations on inter- national trade and investment, economic policy, climate change, measure- ment and indicators, and natural resources management. By using Internet communications, we report on international negotiations and broker knowledge gained through collaborative projects with global partners, resulting in more rigorous research, capacity building in developing coun- tries and better dialogue between North and South. IISD’s vision is better living for all—sustainably. Its mission is to champion innovation, enabling societies to live sustainably. IISD receives operating grant support from the Government of Canada, provided through the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) and Environment Canada, as well as the Province of Manitoba. The institute receives project funding from the Government of Canada, the Province of Manitoba, other national governments, United Nations agencies, foundations and the private sector. IISD is registered as a charitable organization in Canada and has 501(c)(3) status in the United States. Environmental Security Team: Foreign and Commonwealth Office Environmental pressures destabilize nations and regions. They can displace waves of environmental refugees from their homes. Increasing competition for water, fisheries and productive land will increase the risks. The Environmental Security Team seeks to identify the environmental factors that could contribute to increased political tension or future conflict, and neutralize them through preventive diplomacy, as well as promoting ways of repairing damage. The team is helping to co-ordinate U.K. efforts, through the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the European Union, to reduce tension over water in Central Asia. It is working with Nigeria to bring environmental managers from the Niger Delta, a region of high environmental stress, for training in the U.K. With other Government Departments, it is helping Russia deal with the nuclear con- tamination caused by submarine nuclear reactors in the North West, under the £84 million cross cutting programme recently announced by the Treasury. And it has contributed to efforts by the United Nations Environment Programme to assess and deal with the environmental con- sequences of conflict in the Balkans. iii Conserving the Peace: Resources, Livelihoods and Security IUCN IUCN – The World Conservation Union was founded in 1948 and brings together states, government agencies and a wide range of NGOs in a unique worldwide partnership. As a Union, IUCN seeks to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable. Through its six Commissions, IUCN draws together over 10,000 expert volunteers in project teams and action groups, focusing in particular on species and biodiversity conservation and the management of habitats and natural resources. CEESP CEESP, the IUCN Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy, is an inter-disciplinary network of professionals whose mission is to act as a source of advice on the environmental, economic, social and cul- tural factors that affect natural resources and biological diversity and to provide guidance and support towards effective policies and practices in environmental conservation and sustainable development. iv Conserving the Peace: Resources, Livelihoods and Security Acknowledgements As the first major publication of the IUCN – World Conservation Union/International Institute for Sustainable Development initiative on Environment and Security, this volume is the result of collaboration at many levels. This book could not have been completed without the exten- sive help of a group of volunteers, researchers, practitioners and scholars, all contributing time and resources to the tasks of writing, reviewing, edit- ing and providing images and overall feedback. We must above all thank our Task Force and, in particular, its chair, Ambassador Mohamed Sahnoun, for contributing their time and experi- ence on our behalf. To the Task Force—Asif Ali Zaidi, Leif Ohlsson, James Gasana, Eric Schmausser and Pascal Girot—our sincerest gratitude. We extend our thanks to the case study authors for their rich analyses, unique insights and patience—Charles Victor Barber, Samuel Barkin, Elizabeth R. DeSombre, Rebecca Ham, Ryan Hill, David Kaimovitz, Yemi Katerere, Jeffrey McNeely, Judy Oglethorpe, James Shambaugh and Harry van der Linde. For the Environment and Security Briefs that appear throughout this volume and for additional editorial tasks, we are grateful for the work of Christine Curran, Ted Gaulin, Peter Hitchcock, Catherine Hunt, Simon Mason and Dorothy Slepyan in assisting us with this effort. The World Conservation Congress of 2000 in Amman, Jordan, was a sin- gularly important event for refining and enhancing the knowledge base of the task force. Particular thanks must go to the staff of the IUCN secre- tariat, particularly to Jeff McNeely and Sebastian Winkler for their untir- ing support; to Jane Ganeau for her organizational heroics; and to Erika Spanger-Siegfried of SEI-Boston/CEESP. The value of having this volume reviewed by Art Hanson—IISD’s original sage on Environment and Security—cannot be overstated, and we are indebted to him for the time and careful thought he devoted to helping all of the authors present strong and compelling cases. Also instrumental in shaping this book and proving feedback were the other members of the IISD/IUCN Task Force: Leif Ohlsson, Mohamed Sahnoun and Eric Schmausser. We are thankful for additional comments on individual cases from our reviewers: Guenther Baechler, Graham Baines, Tariq Banuri, Geoff Dabelko, Carolyn Deere, Charlotte De Fontaubert, Doug Feremanga, Scott Hajost, Thomas Homer-Dixon, John Hutton, Bill Jackson, David Kaimowitz, Rene LaMarchand, Gary Lemcke, Andrew Maskrey, Mac Mercer, Marshall Murphree, Adil Najam, Kirk Talbott and Jim Thorsell. The task of assembling the various components of this book for publica- tion depended on the charity of a number of people and organizations, all v Conserving the Peace: Resources, Livelihoods and Security of whom kindly responded to a series of frantic, last-minute requests. Images were gathered with the help of Elroy Bos, Marie-Anne Berazategui and Cindy Craker of IUCN; Francine Brifford of the International Red Cross; Tissa Amaratunga of the North Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO); David Stone of the UNHCR; as well as through the personal contributions of James Gasana and Richard Matthew. The unflagging patience and dedication of our editor and logistics advisor Stuart Slayen enabled us to see this project to completion, and we are exceedingly grate- ful for his support, and for that of Heather Creech, Jason Manaigre and Terri Willard at IISD for building the online home for this work. Obviously, the production of a volume such as this is made possible through generous financial and institutional support. To this end, we would like to thank the Global Environmental Change and Human Security (GECHS) project office at the University of California at Irvine (UCI); Focused Research Group on International Environmental Cooperation/UCI; IUCN Asian Office; IUCN Canada; the IUCN Biodiversity Policy Coordination Division; IUCN Regional Office for Mesoamerica; Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation; and the U.K. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Our gratitude goes in particu- lar to John Pearson of the U.K. Foreign Office’s Environment and Security team; to Mats Segnestam of the Swedish International Development Agency; and to Philippe
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