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Christ As the Telos of Life: Moral Philosophy, Athletic Imagery, and the Aim of Philippians

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Christ As the Telos of Life: Moral Philosophy, Athletic Imagery, and the Aim of Philippians CHRIST AS THE TELOS OF LIFE: MORAL PHILOSOPHY, ATHLETIC IMAGERY, AND THE AIM OF PHILIPPIANS Submitted by Bradley Arnold to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Theology in March 2013. This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. Signature: …………………………………………………………………………………… ABSTRACT The aim of Paul’s letter to the Philippians has been understood in various ways: e.g. reassurance, consolation, advance of the gospel. This thesis presents a new analysis of Philippians that challenges these proposals and offers a new way of thinking about Paul’s overarching argumentative aim in this letter. After demonstrating the need to examine three areas (viz. moral philosophy, athletics, and vivid speech) in an historical analysis of Philippians and addressing methodological issues pertinent to this investigation (Part I), I turn to map out the historical context relevant for this project (Part II): viz. the broad structure of thought in ancient moral philosophy, ancient athletics and its association with virtue, and the use of vivid description to persuade an audience. The final part of this thesis (Part III) is an exegetical analysis of Philippians that interprets the letter in light of the contextual material discussed in Part II, exploring how this contextual material contributes to and is interrelated in Paul’s persuasive appeal to morally form the Philippian Christians in a particular way. In this analysis I argue that Paul’s pattern of thought in Philippians is structured similarly to the broad structure of thought in ancient moral philosophy, which is oriented toward an ultimate τέλος and views the virtues as necessary in attaining this goal. Paul’s use of athletic language, framing his argument in the letter (1:27–30; 4:3), fills out this perspective on life by presenting the nature of Christian existence in terms of a contest of virtue, which is similar to how moral philosophers used this language. This perspective on life is vividly depicted and summed up in the image of the runner in Phil 3:13–14. As a vivid description this imagery would have had a powerfully persuasive effect and rhetorically plays a significant role in Paul’s argument. With this imagery, Paul is presenting himself as striving toward Christ, the τέλος of life, which entails thinking and living in a particular way to make progress toward this goal—the final attainment of which is complete transformation to become like Christ. It is this vivid description of the runner that encapsulates Paul’s overarching argumentative aim in the letter, persuading the Philippians to pursue Christ as the τέλος of life. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to so many for the support and encouragement that has seen me through writing this thesis. I want to especially thank David Horrell, my supervisor, who critically read and offered insightful feedback on my work. His example and wisdom have helped me in ways too numerous to mention. I am also grateful to Louise Lawrence and my examiners, Peter Oakes and Morwenna Ludlow. I would also like to thank those who have helped me financially. I am grateful to the University of Exeter for awarding me with a scholarship to fund my studies here. I am also particularly grateful for those at First Baptist Church Chilton, Texas, and especially Larry and Kathy Maxey who were very generous in their assistance. I also would like to thank two dear friends, Gorazd Andrejč, who was a great dialogue partner throughout the duration of my doctoral work, and Clinton Sharp, who has been a constant source of spiritual wisdom and friendship. Lastly, I would like to thank my family, and particularly my Mom and Dad (Bud and Evelyn Arnold), who have seen me through many things in life, and have always offered words of encouragement and support in various ways. It is to them that I dedicate this work. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations 6 INTRODUCTION 7 PART I APPROACHES TO PHILIPPIANS AND METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS Chapter 1 OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH: INTEGRITY, GENRE, AND THE AIM(S) OF PHILIPPIANS 10 1.1. Partition Theories 10 1.2. Epistolary Approaches 14 1.3. The Pattern of Thought in Philippians 23 1.4. Thematic and Rhetorical Approaches 33 1.5. Athletic Imagery and Its Function in Philippians 54 1.6. Conclusion: Aims of the Thesis 63 Chapter 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR AN HISTORICAL INVESTIGATION 66 2.1. A Critical Approach to History 66 2.2. The Processes of Constructing Knowledge 70 2.3. Shared Knowledge across Socio-Economic Levels 76 2.4. Conclusion 82 PART II HISTORICAL CONTEXT: MORAL PHILOSOPHY, ATHLETICS, AND VIVID SPEECH Chapter 3 THE STRUCTURE OF THOUGHT IN ANCIENT MORAL PHILOSOPHY 84 3.1. Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics 85 3.2. Hellenistic Moral Philosophies 96 3.3. Conclusion 111 Chapter 4 ANCIENT ATHLETICS AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF A GOOD LIFE 113 4.1. Prominence of Athletics: The Games 113 4.2. The Athletic Ideal: Virtue and the Making of Perfect Citizens 122 4.3. Construction of the Good Life: Moral Philosophy and Athletics 131 4.4. Race Imagery and the Entirety of Life 141 4.5. Conclusion 142 4 Chapter 5 VIVID DESCRIPTION: THE VERBAL AND THE VISUAL 144 5.1. Vivid Speech: ἔκφρασις, Ancient Human Psychology, and Persuasion 145 5.2. The Image of the Runner as a Vivid Description (Phil 3:13–14) 162 5.3. Conclusion 163 PART III EXEGETICAL ANALYSIS: MORAL PHILOSOPHY, ATHLETIC IMAGERY, AND VIVID SPEECH IN PHILIPPIANS Chapter 6 DISCERNING AND MODELING THE VIRTUOUS LIFE (PHIL 1:1–26) 166 6.1. Concern with Life as a Whole: Discerning the Superior Things (Phil 1:1–11) 166 6.2. Positive and Negative Examples of Virtue (Phil 1:12–26) 174 6.3. Conclusion 182 Chapter 7 LIVING VIRTUOUSLY: CITIZEN-ATHLETES WITH THE ΦΡΟΝΗΣΙΣ OF CHRIST (PHIL 1:27–2:30) 184 7.1. The Contest of Virtue: Citizenship and Athletics (Phil 1:27–30) 184 7.2. The Intellectual Aspects of Virtue: The φρόνησις of Christ (Phil 2:1–11) 196 7.3. Exhortation to Moral Integrity: Radiating Light in the World (Phil 2:12–18) 205 7.4. Examples of Virtue: Timothy and Epaphroditus (Phil 2:19–30) 210 7.5. Conclusion 213 Chapter 8 PURSUING CHRIST AS THE ΤΕΛΟΣ OF LIFE: THE VIRTUOUS AND FULLY SUFFICIENT LIFE (PHIL 3:1–4:23) 214 8.1. Christ as the τέλος of Life (Phil 3:1–11) 214 8.2. Pursuing Christ as the τέλος of Life: The Image of the Runner (Phil 3:12–14) 225 8.3. Exhortation to Live Virtuously: Learning from Examples and Rules (Phil 3:15–4:7) 231 8.4. The Virtuous and Content Life (4:8–23) 241 8.5. Conclusion 248 CONCLUSION 249 BIBLIOGRAPHY 252 5 Abbreviations Conventions for citations and abbreviations follow Patrick H. Alexander, et al., eds., The SBL Handbook of Style for Ancient Near Eastern, Biblical, and Early Christian Studies (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1999). Abbreviations not listed in the SBL Handbook are given below. FD Fouilles de Delphes III: Épigraphie. Fasc. 1–6. Edited by George Daux et al. Paris, 1929– IvO Inschriften von Olympia. Edited by Wilhelm Dittenberger and Karl Purgold. Berlin, 1896 JRSM Journal of Roman Studies Monographs LD A Latin Dictionary: Founded on Andrew’s Edition of Freund’s Latin Dictionary. Revised, enlarged, and rewritten by Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1879 OLD Oxford Latin Dictionary. Edited by P.G.W. Glare. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982 OSAP Supp Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy: Supplementary Volumes PAST Pauline Studies PCPS Supp Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society: Supplementary Volumes P.Lond. Greek Papyri in the British Museum. 7 vols. Edited by Frederic G. Kenyon. London, 1893–1974 6 INTRODUCTION There are many fruitful ways to interpret Paul’s letters: e.g. treating Paul as a Jewish apocalyptic theologian or as a Hellenistic moral philosopher. This thesis, more in line with the latter perspective, examines Paul’s letter to the Philippians in light of a Greco- Roman context, exploring how Paul makes use of terms, concepts, imagery, and rhetorical strategies from this world. The project is therefore an historical investigation, one where I map out a particular context and use this contextual material to elucidate Paul’s argument in Philippians. There are good reasons, which will be established below, for viewing the Greco-Roman context as the one that is most helpful in understanding the shape of Paul’s argument in Philippians, not least of which is the confluence of terms, concepts, and imagery that are more firmly connected to specifically Hellenistic traditions. As just intimated, I view Paul’s letter to the Philippians as an argument, an attempt to persuade them in a particular way. While arguments can have many aims, it is the contention of this thesis that Paul has one overarching aim in this letter, which, as indicated in the title, is to persuade the Philippians to pursue Christ as the τέλος of life. There is little that is needed by way of introduction, except to alert the reader to how this thesis proceeds. What follows is divided into three parts: approaches to Philippians and methodological considerations, historical context, and exegetical analysis. The first part sets up the investigation by reviewing previous approaches to Philippians (ch.
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