Orissa Review (Census Special)

Census in Different Countries of the World

A census is the procedure of systematically are very important, because they are a unique acquiring and recording information about the source of information on the size, composition, members of a given population. It is a regularly and characteristics of the population, even in the occurring and official count of a particular smallest geographical units such as statistical population. The term is used mostly in connection areas. with national population and housing censuses; ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL CENSUSES other common censuses include agriculture, business, and traffic. In the latter cases the Egypt elements of the ‘population’ are farms/businesses/ Censuses in Egypt are said to have been etc rather than people. The United Nations defines taken during the early Pharaonic period in 3340 the essential features of population and housing BC and in 3050 BC. censuses as “individual enumeration, universality within a defined territory, simultaneity and defined Israel periodicity”, and recommends that population Census is mentioned in the Bible: the censuses are taken at least every 10 years. The book of Numbers is named after the counting of term itself comes from Latin: during the Roman the Israelite population during the exodus from Republic the census was a list that kept track of Egypt. Later, it is reported that King David all adult males fit for military service.The census performed a census. can be contrasted with sampling in which China information is obtained only from a subset of a population. The world’s oldest surviving census data comes from China. According to The Canadian The UN recommendations also relate to Encyclopedia, a census was recorded in there methodological issues such as data collection over 4,000 years ago and counted some 16 methods, census geography, use of samples at million people.Another census comes from the various stages of population censuses, and data Han Dynasty, in what is perhaps China’s most processing methods. well-known ancient census. Taken in the fall of 2 Today, population censuses are AD, it is considered by scholars to be quite conducted in every country in the developed world accurate. By that time, there were 57.67 million and also in many developing countries. Censuses people registered in 12.36 million households

December - 2010 25 Orissa Review (Census Special) living in China. A third recorded census dates back and other numeric information as well as non- to 144 AD, when only 49.73 million people living numeric data on quipus, strings from llama or in 9.94 million households were counted. Mass alpaca hair or cotton cords with numeric and other migrations into what is today southern China are values encoded by knots in a base-10 positional believed to be behind this massive demographic system. decline. Numerous other census data survives MODERN CENSUSES from Imperial China. Rome Afghanistan The word ‘census’ originates in ancient A partial and incomplete population Rome from the Latin word ‘censere’ (meaning census was taken in Afghanistan in 1980. A census ‘estimate’). The census played a crucial role in was planned for 2007. the administration of the Roman Empire, as it was Albania used to determine taxes (see Censor (ancient Rome)). With few interruptions, it was usually The latest population census was carried out every five years. It provided a register conducted in Albania in April 2001. Prior to that, of citizens and their property from which their a census was conducted in 1989 at the end of the duties and privileges could be listed. communist regime. Umayyad Caliphate Algeria In the Middle Ages, the Caliphate began Population and housing censuses have conducting regular censuses soon after its been carried out in Algeria in 1967, 1977, 1987, 1998, and 2008. The next census is in 2016. formation, beginning with the one ordered by the second Rashidun Caliph, Umar. Antigua and Barbuda Medieval Europe A Population and Housing Census was carried out in 2001. The most famous census in medieval Europe is the Domesday Book, undertaken in Argentina 1086 by William I of England so that he could National population census is carried out properly tax the land he had recently conquered. in Argentina roughly every ten years, the last one In 1183, a census was taken of the crusader being in 2001. Kingdom of Jerusalem, to ascertain the number Australia of men and amount of money that could possibly be raised against an invasion by Saladin, Sultan The Australian census is operated by the of Egypt and Syria. Australian Bureau of Statistics. It is currently conducted every five years, the last occurrence Inca Empire being on August 8, 2006. Past Australian censuses In the 15th century, the Inca Empire had were conducted in 1911, 1921, 1933, 1947, a unique way to record census information. The 1954, and 1961 - 2006 every five years. In 2006, Incas did not have any written language but for the first time, Australians were able to complete recorded information collected during censuses their census online.

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Austria Bulgaria The Austrian census is run by the Statistik Bulgarian governors organized a national Austria. It is carried out every ten years, the last census soon after the liberation of the Bulgarian one being in 2001. lands. In 1881 a census took place in the Principality, while in 1884 a census was organized in Eastern Rumelia. The first census covering the Population censuses have been taken in unified state took place in 1888. Azerbaijan under Russian/Soviet rule in 1897, 1926, 1937, 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979, and 1989. Since these first accounts, Bulgarian Beginning in 1991, two more censuses have been authorities had organized several population carried out in Azerbaijan: one in 1999 and one in censuses: 1892, 1900, 1905, 1910, 1920, 1926, 2009. 1934, 1946, 1956, 1965, 1975, 1985, 1992 and Bangladesh 2001. Population censuses were conducted by Canada the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) in The Canadian census is run by Statistics 1974, 1981, 1991 and 2001. Canada. The 1666 census of New France was Barbados conducted by French intendant Jean Talon, when Census on population size in Barbados he took a census to ascertain the number of people are conducted by the Barbados Statistical Service living in New France. The method and data was (BSS), the last major census conducted was later used when Canada was founded 280 years 2000, and one is scheduled for 2010. later. In 1871, Canada’s first formal census was conducted, which counted the population of Nova Benin Scotia, Ontario, New Brunswick, and Population censuses have been taken in Quebec.Censuses in Canada are conducted in Benin in 1978, 1992 and 2002. five-year intervals. The last two censuses were Bolivia conducted in 2001 and 2006. Censuses taken in mid-decade (1976, 1986, 1996, etc.) are referred Population and housing censuses have to as quinquennial censuses. Others are referred been carried out in Bolivia in 1992 and 2001. to as decennial censuses. The first quinquennial Brazil census was conducted in 1956. For the 2006 The Brazilian census is carried out by the Census of Canada, respondents were able, for Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics the first time, to choose to complete their census every 10 years. The last one was in 2000. Earlier questionnaire online. Other options for answering censuses were taken in 1872 (the first), 1900, the questionnaire include postal mail (using a pre- 1920, 1941, 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980 and 1991. paid envelope) and telephone (using 800 number). Brazil’s Demographic Census is one of the most Chile hierarchical collection of Census data in the world. Its hierarchies include: Brazil (Country), Major National population censuses are carried Regions, States, macro-regions, micro-regions, out in Chile every ten years by the INE (Instituto municipalities, districts, sub-districts, Nacional de Estadísticas, or National Statistics Neighbourhoods and census tracts. Institute), the last one being in 2002.

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China regularly in 1787, 1801, and 1834, and between Population censuses have been taken in 1840 and 1860, the censuses were taken every the Republic of China and the People’s Republic five years, and then every ten years until 1890. In of China in 1913, 1944, 1953, 1964, 1982, 1990 the 20th century, censuses were taken every five and 2000. These were the world’s biggest years from 1901 to 1921, and then every ten years censuses as they attempted to count every man, from 1930. The last traditional census was taken woman and child in the most populous nation in in 1970. the world. Some 6 million enumerators were A limited population census based on engaged in the 2000 census. The next national registers was taken in 1976. From 1981 and each population census started on August 15, 2010. year onwards information that corresponds to a Between National Population Censuses, 1% population and housing census is retrieved from National Population Sample Surveys were taken registers. Denmark was the first country in the in 1987, 1995, 2005 and 0.1% National world to conduct these censuses from Population Sample Surveys have been taken administrative registers. The most important annually since 2000. registers are the Population Register (Det Centrale Personregister), the Building and Dwelling Costa Rica Register and the Enterprise Register. The central Costa Rica carried out its 9th population statistical office, Statistics Denmark is responsible census in 2000. INEC, National Institute of for compiling these data. This information is Statistics and Census is in charge of conduct available online. these censuses. Past Costa Rican censuses were Egypt conducted in 1864, 1883, 1892, 1927, 1950, 1963, 1973 and 1984. The Statistical Department of the Ministry of Finance conducted the first census in 1882, Czech Republic considered as a preparatory step; the first true Census in the Czech Republic is carried population census was conducted in 1897. out every 10 years by the Czech Statistical Office. Thereafter, censuses were conducted at ten-year The last census was taken in 2001. Earlier intervals in 1907, 1917, 1927 and so on. censuses were taken in 1869, 1880, 1890, 1900, 1910, 1921, 1930, 1950, 1961, 1970, 1980 and 1991. Population censuses have been taken in Estonia in 1881, 1897, 1922, 1934, 1959, 1970, Denmark 1979, 1989 and 2000. The responsible institution The first Danish census was in 1700- is the Statistics Estonia. 1701, and contained statistical information about Ethiopia adult men. A census of school children was taken during the 1730s.Following these early Three censuses have been taken in undertakings, the first census to attempt Ethiopia: 1984, 1994 and in 2007. The completely covering all citizens (including women responsible institution is the Central Statistical and children who had previously been listed only Agency. as numbers) of Denmark-Norway was taken in Most of the census in 2007 was taken in 1769. After that, censuses followed somewhat August, while the Somali Region and the Afar

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Region were not covered. The northern Afar 1981, 1994 and in 2002. Controversial cenuses region is a remote, hot and arid area. The eastern include those in 1950 and 1964 (misclassification Somali region (Ogaden) hosts a large nomadic of the Maya population) and 1994 (generally Somali population and is a conflict area where questioned). About 14,000,000 people live in Ethiopian regular forces are fighting against Guatemala as of July 2009. Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF). Hong Kong Finland Census takes place every 10 years and The first population census was taken in by-census between two censuses by the Census 1749 when Finland was a part of Sweden. The and Statistics Department of Hong Kong. The most recent census took place on December 31, last census was conducted in 2001 and the last 2000. by-census was taken in 2006. France Hungary The census in France is carried out by Official decennial censuses have been INSEE. Since 2004, a partial census is carried taken in Hungary since 1870; the latest one – in out every year, and the results published as line with the recommendations of the United averages over 5 years. Nations and the Statistical Office of the European Germany Union – was carried out in 2001. Starting from 1880 the Hungarian census system was based The first systematic population on the on native language (the language spoken at home European continent was taken in 1719 in in the early life of the person and at the time of the (roughly corresponding to today’s northern survey), vulgar language (the most frequently used Germany and western ). language in the family), and other spoken The first large-scale census in the German languages. Empire took place in 1895. Attempts at Iceland introducing a census in West Germany sparked strong popular resentment in the 1980s since many The first Icelandic census took place in quite personal questions were asked. Some 1703, following upon the first Danish census of campaigned for a boycott. In the end the 1700–1701. Further censuses were carried out Constitutional Court stopped the census in 1980 in 1801, 1845 and 1865. The 1703 exercise was and 1983. The last census was in 1987. Germany the first ever census to cover all inhabitants of an has since used population samples in combination entire country, mentioning the name, age and social with statistical methods, in place of a full census. position of each individual. All of the information still exists. The setting up, in 1952, of the National Greece Registry (Þjóðskrá) eliminated the need for Census takes place every 10 years and censuses. All those born in Iceland, and all new is carried out by the National Statistical Service residents, are automatically registered. Individuals of Greece. Last census was in 2001. are identified in the registry by means of a national identification number (the so-called kennitala), Guatemala a number composed of the date of birth in the Modern population censuses have been format ddmmyy and four additional digits, the taken in Guatemala in 1930, 1950, 1964, 1973, third of which is a control digit, and the last of

December - 2010 29 Orissa Review (Census Special) which indicates the century in which the person 10 years, the last of which occurred in 2006 (1385 was born (9 for the 1900s and 0 for the AP). In the Islamic Republic of Iran, based on 2000s).The National Registry doubles as an Article 4 of the Act of the Statistical Centre of electoral register. Likewise, all bank accounts are Iran (SCI), the census shall be implemented once linked to the national identification of the owner every 10 years according to the Presidential (companies and institutions all have their own decree. So far there have been 6 incidences of identification numbers). population census in Iran in the years 1956, 1966, India 1976, 1986, 1996, and 2006; all taken in accordance with scientific methods. The decennial census of India is the primary source of information about the Ireland demographic characteristics of the population of The census in Ireland is carried out by India. The 2011 census will be the largest census the Central Statistics Office. The census is carried in the history of mankind. The first census in India out every five years, with more detailed in modern times was conducted in 1872. First information collected in years ending in 1 and less regular census was started in 1881 by Lord in the years ending in 6. The 1976 census was Rippon.Since then, a population census has been carried out every 10 years. The latest census cancelled as a cost-saving measure, but a commenced on 1 May, 2010. It will create a supplementary census was held in 1979 after. It National Population Register with photographs became apparent that the 1970s had seen major and fingerprints of every resident. All usual demographic changes. The census scheduled for residents of India will also be provided with their 2001 was postponed until 2002 due to the Unique ID numbers and National Identity Cards. outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease. The census is carried out by the office of the The most recent census took place on Registrar General and Census Commissioner of 23 April 2006. Data from the 1911 Census for India, Delhi, an office in the Ministry of Home the island of Ireland was made publicly available Affairs, Government of India, under the 1948 in 1961, and are being published online. Census of India Act. Subsequent census records will be made publicly Indonesia available 100 years after collection. In June 2010, The first population census was done the 1901 census of Ireland became available on during the colonial era, 1930. Before that, a non- the internet. overall census was already conducted in 1920. Israel After that census was done irregularly. The first census after independence was 1961, followed The first census in the state of Israel was by 1971. Since 1980 it is conducted regularly held in November 1948, six months after its every 10 years. In between, there is also creation, to establish the population registry. economical census (every 10 years, five years Subsequent censuses were conducted by the after population census) and agricultural census Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (ICBS) in (three years after population census). 1961, 1972, 1983 and 1995. In these, 20% of households completed a detailed survey and the Iran remainder a shorter questionnaire. There is no The Statistical Centre of Iran carries out legal requirement to hold a census within a given nationwide population and housing censuses every interval; in practice, the ICBS requests and the

30 December - 2010 Orissa Review (Census Special) government decides. The next Census to be held census for 2011. The first census was conducted was postponed from 2006 to late 2008/early in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 2009. Only the detailed survey of 20% will be 1921. carried out, as a cost-saving measure. Italy The most recent census in Latvia was in The census in Italy is carried out by ISTAT 2000. Before that, it was about 6 censuses, most every 10 years. The last four were in 1971, 1981, part of these previous censuses was undertaken 1991, 2001. during Soviet (USSR) control. The census in Japan Latvia is carried out by Centrâlâ Statistikas Pârvalde (Central Statistical Bureau). Japan collects census information every five years. The last one is that of the 2005 census. Lebanon The form solicits information on name, sex, No census has been conducted in relationship to head of household, year and month Lebanon since 1932. It indicated a population of of birth, marital status, , number of 861,399 Lebanese.] Various estimates of the members of household, type and nature of population have been taken since; in 1956 it was dwelling, floor area of dwelling, number of hours estimated a population of 1,411,416, with 54% worked during the week prior to October 1, Christian and 44% Muslim. Conducting a census employment status, name of employer and type since then has been complicated by various of business, and kind of work. conflicts in the 1970s and 1980s. Malaysia Jordan The census in Malaysia is carried out The first population census after the every 10 years, like many nations, since 1960 independence in 1946 was taken in 1952. It did (with the exception of the fourth census, which only count the number of people in the households was carried out in 1991). The Census was again and could therefore be considered only to be a scheduled to be carried out in between July 6 to housing census. The first real complete census was August 22, 2010, the most recent was in 2000. taken in 1961. The censuses have been taken in Macedonia 1979, 1994 and 2004. The foundation of the Republic of Kenya Macedonia followed the break up of the former Census in Kenya was first held in 1948, Yugoslav Republic in 1991. The first population when Kenya was still a Colony administrated by and housing census was taken in the summer the British. Since 1969 census has been taken 1994. The second census was taken in the autumn every ten years. The last census to date was in 2002. 2009. Mauritius Kosovo Population and housing censuses for Kosovo, administrated by the UN since Mauritius was collected in 1972, 1983, and 2000; 1999, declared independence in 2008. Kosovo although respondents were asked to identify their government is planning a general population race/ethnic origin in the 1972 census, this question

December - 2010 31 Orissa Review (Census Special) was dropped from the following censuses because Nigeria “the government felt that it was a divisive Population censuses have been taken in question”.The Statistics Act of 2000 directed that Nigeria during colonial time in 1866, 1871, 1896, all official censuses be conducted by the Central 1901, 1911, 1921 and 1952. The1952 census Statistics Office of Mauritius, as well as serve as was conducted country wide, and the censuses the central depository for this information. before 1921 were based on administrative Mexico estimates rather than on an actual enumeration. Population censuses are taken every 10th Censuses during the independence were taken year in Mexico. The latest have been in 1960, 1963, 1973, 1991 and 2006. 1970, 1980, 1990 and 2000 (the 12th census). Norway After 1990 the Mexican census has been taken The two first male censuses was every 5 years. conducted during the 1660s and 1701. Later Mozambique statistical censuses were held in 1769, 1815, The first census was taken in 1980 and 1835, 1845, and 1855. Norway’s first the second in 1997. The third was taken 1–14 nominative, complete census was taken in 1801, August 2007. when Norway still was ruled by the Oldenburg dynasty of Denmark-Norway. The scope of the Netherlands census followed the de jure principle, so military The first census in the Netherlands was persons should be included as well as foreigners conducted in 1795, and the last in 1971. A law if they were residents. The 1865, 1875 and 1900 was produced on April 22, 1879, ordering a censuses are digitized, and are made searchable census to be conducted every ten years.The on the internet. The census records are made census that was planned for 1981 was postponed public available when 100 years have passed. and later cancelled. A call for privacy was Since 1900, a census has been conducted every responsible for the cancellation of any further ten years. (However, the 1940 census was census since 1991. Censuses are being postponed to 1946.) Since 2001 the population conducted by the Centraal Bureau voor de census has been combined with the housing Statistiek since 1899. statistics. New Zealand Oman The census in New Zealand is carried out Censuses have been taken in the Sultanate by Statistics New Zealand (Tatauranga of Oman in 1993 and 2003. Aotearoa), every five years. The last was on 7 Pakistan March 2006. For the 2006 Census of New Zealand, respondents could choose to complete The first Pakistan Census after the their census questionnaire online. proclamation of independence of Pakistan was conducted in 1951. It was decreed that censuses Nepal have to be carried out once in 10 years. The Population censuses are taken every 10th second census was conducted in 1961. However year in Nepal. The latest were in 1981, 1991 and the third one was conducted in 1972 because of 2001 (the 6th census.) war with India. The fourth census was held in

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1981.The fifth census was delayed in March by the Institutul Naþional de Statisticã (INSSE). 1998. The sixth census of Pakistan was planned The last census was in 2002; the next one will be for October 2008. in 2011. Peru and USSR The first census in Peru was carried out In Russia, the first census of the tax- in 1836. The eleventh and latest one was the 2007 payers was made in 1722-23 by the order of Peter Census and was carried out by Instituto Nacional the Great (only men were counted), and was de Estadística e Informática in August 2007. ordered to be repeated every 20 years. The only Philippines complete Census was carried out in 1897. All-Union Population Censuses were The census of the Philippines is carried out in the USSR (which included RSFSR enumerated every 5 years (beginning in 1960, and the other republics) in 1920 (urban only), except in 2005 where it was moved to 2007 due 1926, 1937, 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979, and 1989. to budgetary constraints). The census is The first post-Soviet was carried performed by the National Statistics Office. The out in 2002. The next census is tentatively planned first official census in the Philippines was carried for 2010. Currently, the census is the responsibility out by the Spanish government pursuant to a royal decree calling for the counting of persons living of the Federal State Statistics Service. as of the midnight of December 31, 1877. The Saudi Arabia first door-to-door census was conducted in 1903 Population censuses have been taken in to fulfill Public Act 467 which was approved by Saudi Arabia in 1962/63 (incomplete), 1974 the U.S. Congress in July 1902. The last national (complete but not reliable), 1992 and 2004. An census was held in 2007 and the next census is agriculture census was taken in 1999. scheduled for 2010. Serbia Poland The census in Poland is carried out by The census takes place every 10 years. The last census was in 2002 (although having been GUS every circa 10 years. The last one occurred in 2002 between May 21 and June 8. During the planned for 2001), the previous one was in 1991 national census in 2002 the following censuses and the next is planned for 2011. were conducted at the same time: National Slovenia Population and Housing Census and National The first census of modern Slovenia was Agricultural Census. carried in 1991, after independence had been Portugal declared. The Statistical Office of the Republic The first census in Portugal was carried of Slovenia (Statistièni urad Republike out in 1864. The census in Portugal is carried out Slovenije) conducted the second census in 2002. by Instituto Nacional de Estatística (INE) every Further censuses are planned for every 10 years. 10 years. The last one occurred in 2001. South Africa Romania The first census of South Africa was taken The first census in Romania was carried in 1911. Several enumerations have occurred out in 1859. It is now carried out every ten years since then, with the most recent two being carried

December - 2010 33 Orissa Review (Census Special) out by Statistics South Africa in 1996 and 2001. Federal Councillor Stefano Franscini, who The next South African census is planned for evaluated the data of the first census all by himself 2011. after Parliament failed to provide the necessary Spain funds. The census is now being conducted by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office.Participation is The census in Spain is carried out by INE compulsory and reached 99.87% of the every 10 years. Although there has been an old population in 2000. Starting in 2010, the census tradition and like for making census in Spain, the oldest ones dating back to the 12th century (by will cease to be conducted through written Alfonso VII of the Kingdom of Castile), the first questionnaires distributed nationwide. Instead, modern census was carried out in 1768 by Conde data in existing population registers will be used. de Aranda, under the reign of Carlos III. The last That data will be supplemented with a biannual four were in 1971, 1981, 1991, and 2001. questionnaire sample of 200,000 people as well as regular microcensuses. Sri Lanka Syria The census in Sri Lanka is carried out by the Department of Census and Statistics every The first population census in Syria was 10 years, with the next one being planned for taken by the French Mandatory Regime in 1921- 2011, the 2011 one being the first post-war census 22. This is however not considered reliable. in three decades. The census will cover all Grama Censuses during independence have been taken Niladhari (GN) divisions of the country.The first in 1947, 1960 (the first comprehensive scientific census in Sri Lanka was conducted on demographic investigation), 1970, 1976 (a sample 27th March 1871. The last four were in 1963, census), 1981, 1994 and 2004. 1971, 1981 and 2001 with a census estimate in 1989. The 2001 census was only carried out in Taiwan 18 Districts due to the Sri Lankan Civil War. The first census in Taiwan was conducted Sudan in 1905, while Taiwan was under Japanese rule. Population censuses have been carried Turkey out in Sudan in 1955/56, 1973 (national), 1983 The Turkish census is run by the Turkish (national) and 1993 (only north). A census was Statistical Institute. The first census in Turkey conduced in April 2008. Some areas were difficult to measure (e.g. Darfur, Juba and Malakal) was conducted in 1927. After 1935, it took place every 5 years until 1990. Now, the census takes Sweden place every 10 years. The last census was in The first population census in Sweden 2000. The 15th census based on improved was carried out in 1749. The last population and geographical information systems is planned for housing census was carried out in 1990. It is 2010. planned to conduct population and housing Uganda censuses based on registers in the future. Switzerland The first censuses in Uganda were taken in 1911, 1921 and 1931. It was done in a rather In Switzerland, the Federal Population primitive way. Enumeration unit was ‘huts’ and Census, has been carried out every 10 years not individuals. More scientific censuses were starting in 1850. The census was initiated by taken 1948 and 1959 where the enumeration unit

34 December - 2010 Orissa Review (Census Special) was persons. The census was however divided Different countries conduct censuses in into two separate enumerations, one for Africans, different ways, in accordance with the size and and one for the non-African population. The social behaviour of their populations. In most censuses during independence 1969, 1980, 1991 countries, population censuses are conducted were taken jointly for all races. The last census once every 10 years. In some countries such as was conducted in 2002. Japan, Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, and Canada, censuses are conducted more often, every 5 years. The first post-Soviet Ukrainian Census was carried out by State Statistics Committee of Notwithstanding differences between Ukraine in 2001, twelve years after the last All- countries with regard to the frequency of censuses Union census in 1989. and techniques used in different countries, the information collected ultimately relates to similar United Kingdom issues. Thus, it is possible to conduct international Following the influence of Malthus and comparisons afterwards. Typically, census data concerns stemming from his An Essay On The is processed to obscure individual information to Principle Of Population the UK census as we ensure confidentiality. know it today started in 1801. The census has In recent years, the use of administrative been conducted every ten years since 1801 and data and other official statistics has intensified. This most recently in 2001. The first four censuses is largely due to technological changes, especially (1801–1831) were mainly headcounts and in the areas of computerization, and the expansion contained little personal information. The Next of administrative databases. These processes census is planned for 2011. have opened new options for collection, analysis, United States and storage of data in addition to improving data accessibility. Moreover, the need to meet The first U.S. Census was conducted in standards of diversity and expansion of the 1790 by Federal Marshals. From 1950 onward, statistical products in developed and developing census forms were mailed to every address on economies, as well as the need to reduce the record with the United States Post Office, response burden on participants involved in data including the Armed Services Postal System, in collection, and the need to reduce the costs of an effort to enhance completeness of the data producing statistical data, have all led to the collected. Beginning in 1970, it was made illegal conclusion that it is possible and desirable to make to fail to return a completed census form, which more efficient use of data found in administrative many were discovered to have done in the sources. These trends are also evident in previous two decades’ censuses. population Census.

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