Vol. 18, n.º 4, pp. 57-70, 2019 UIS Engineering Magazine Magazine page : revistas.uis.edu.co/index.php/revistauisingenierias

Energy efficiency improvements (EE) in synchronous single -phase motors 220 (VAC) / 50 (Hz), PMSM type

Anderson, Ibar Federico 1

1Category III Researcher, CyT-FBA-UNLP Secr etariat, Department of Industrial Design , National University of La Plata. La Plata, Argentine Republic. Email: [email protected]

Received: January 17, 2019. Accepted: May 11, 2019. Final version: August 5 , 2019

Abstract

Taking into account the importance of the Energy Efficiency (EE), especially the one referring to the single -phase electric power, of domiciliary and commercial consumption. The problem of the environmental impact (carbon footprint) that is being generated, means an opportunity for the development of more efficient products in the consumption of electric energy (final objective). In clear orientation with this ethical line of Dis. Ind., We worked with our own Ecodesing methodology, fo cused on the fifth stage of life cycle analysis (LCA): efficient use of electric energy. The purpose was to develop a synchronous motor of type PMSM of 220 (volts), 50 (Hz) of alternating current (AC); to be used in fans, air conditioners and other cooling systems: air forcers, etcetera. The main result obtained was the reduction of 52% of the active power (W), without loss of speed (revolutions per minute) of the blades. As a final conclusion we can say that there was a saving of 58% consumption of active electric power (kWh).

Keywords: energy efficiency, electric power, AC machine, synchronous machine, fan

1. Introducción to keep an environment cool, represents almost 20% of the total electricity used in buildings around the world today. According to the World Energy Outlook 2017 [1] published by the International Energy Agency (IEA) In the Argentin e Republic, CAMMESA annual reports: there are some trends in the global energy system, 2007/16 [3] indicate that during that period there was a where electric motors will represent a third of the 45% increase in electricity consumption in all sectors, increase in demand for electric energy. This increase which means a problem in generation and transmission. means that millions of homes will add appliances and Therefore, it becomes a necessity all the measures th at can refrigeration systems. Recently the Agency published a be taken in the sense of Energy Efficiency (EE) [4]; which very complete study [2] on the situation of the use of air on the other hand means an opportunity for the design and conditioni ng in the world, where it is detailed that its development of more efficient industrial products in the use together with electric fans to keep an environment consumption of electric energy. In clear orientation with cool, represents almost 20% of the total electricity used the ethical line of carbon footprint reduction. in buildings around the world today. The carbon footprint is known as greenhouse gases Recently the Agency published a very complete study [2] (GHG) emitted by direct or indirect effect of an on the situation of the use of air conditioning in the world, individual, organization, event or product. Such where it is detailed that its use together with electric fans environmental impact is measured by conducting a GHG emissions inventory or a life cycle analysis (LCA)

ISSN printed: 1657 - 4583. ISSN on line: 2145 – 8456, CC BY-ND 4.0 I. Anderson, “ Energy efficiency improvements (EE) in synchronous single -phase motors 220 (VAC) / 50 (Hz), PMSM type ” Rev. UIS Ing. , vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 57-70, 2019. doi: 10.18273/revuin.v18n4 -2019005

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[5], in English: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) [6]. 1.3. Degree of technological relevance Following regulations such as the one adopted in Spanish UNE-EN ISO 14040 [7], based on the The Ministry of Energy of the Nation [11] in the international standard ISO 14044 [8]. Republic of Argentina, has a Subsecretariat of Savings and Energy Efficiency (EE) [12] created by Presidential This information has been obtained from the Ecodesign Decree 231/15 [13], which indicates the political and Postgraduate Course, by Ing. Guillermo Canale et al., strategic relevance that for the country it owns the EE, Department of Industrial Design, National University of to reduce the consumption of electrical energy. La Plata, Argentina. In effect, the Ecodesign is a Translated into policies [14] for intelligent use [15] and methodological tool for the Industrial Design of responsible for energy in various areas such as: products. education, productive sectors, building and public sector, transportation, etc.

1.2. Technological novelty and hypothesis in The national political and strategic importance is Industrial Design manifested in an EE portal [16] on the government website. Where is the label [17] of EE, IRAM Standard The novelty to build this technology less expensive 62480: 2017, with useful advice for both the responsible (economically) and less complex (electronically) is to use (saving or reduction of energy consumption) and use other technologies previously existing in the market efficient use (optimize the use of such energy, using the and recombine them in a new way (novel, original) in same or less quantity). In other words, EE means such a way that the definition of novelty of the Invention producing the same or more with less energy. Patent Law (Law 24481), and utility models; as the Law in the Republic of Argentina states: “d) There will be With a special section and an EE guide for electric inventive activity when the creative process or its results motors [18], which saves money and increases are not deduced from the state of the art in an evident competitiveness. way for a person normally versed in the corresponding technical matter.” [9, Article 4 °, Inc. D] With a clear objective of incorporating EE into formal education at the three mandatory levels (primary, Indeed, the novelty is that the abundant bibliography of secondary and tertiary). Promote agreements and electrical engineering and electrical machines, says that agreements with universities, business chambers, civil the so-called speed control circuits of a-synchronous (or society organizations and all those institutions whose asynchronous) induction electric motors of medium and objective is to improve the EE. low power alternating current (AC), They are made by electronic devices of semiconductor materials. From a nominal power of 300 (W) to 5000 (W), the induction 1.4. Degree of technological relevance motors (a-synchronous) that can be controlled correspond to those of the type developed in the patent We measure the relevance of technological innovation No. 381,968 of Nikola Tesla, in the year: 1 of May 1888 at the local level from the catalog for the National [10]. Technological Innovation Contest: INNOVAR [19]. Dependent of the former Ministry of Science and The hypothesis that guides this work is based on the fact Technology of the Nation (MINCYT). that said electronic power control circuits by bi- directional semiconductor materials (Triac) can be In 2017, the project was selected for the 2017 MINCYT applied to a-synchronous motors, but also to Tecnópolis Expo and was registered in the digital synchronous (or synchronous) PMSM (Permanent) catalog [20] and also on paper support. motors. Magnet Synchronous Motor) or permanent magnet synchronous motors; either of ferrite magnets of Although there are no explicit plans and other 4000 (Gauss) or rare earth neodymium (Nd2Fe14B) of information on the project design, only the product great intensity of magnetic field: between 12 and 14 photos and a brief description, which guarantees - thousand Gauss (1.2-1.4 Tesla). according to Law 24481:

This is the main novelty on which it bases the Article 5 - The disclosure of an invention will not hypothesis of technological development. affect its novelty, when within one (1) year prior to the date of filing of the patent application or, where appropriate, of the recognized priority, the inventor Turbo electric fan 220 (VAC) / 50 (Hz), Energy Efficient (EE) 3

or his successors have disclosed the invention by any means of communication or exhibited in a Figure 2. National Contest Catalog INNOVAR 2017, national or international exhibition. When the MINCyT de la Nación. Source: digital catalog: corresponding application is submitted, the https://mia.gob.ar/uploads/innovate/catalogo_innovar_2017.pd supporting documentation must be included in the f conditions established by the regulations of this law. [9, Article 5]

1.5. Product presentation (photos) of technological innovation. INNOVAR 2017 Catalog, Ministry of Science, Technology and Technological Innovation (MINCyT) of the Nation

Figure 3. This photo is from the 1st prototype of the year 2017 and as such corresponds to the capture of the digital catalog of the National INNOVAR 2017 Contest, MINCyT of the Nation. Project ID: 21351 PMSM electric ecomotor (reduces energy consumption), see link (pages 206-207): https://mia.gob.ar/uploads/innovate/catalogo_innovar_2017.pd f Source: own elaboration.

Figure 1. Catalog of the year 2017, of the National INNOVAR 2017 Contest, MINCyT de la Nación. Argentinian republic. Next to the 2nd prototype of the year 2018. Source: own elaboration.

Figure 4. Photo of the 2nd prototype of the year 2018, the test bench is observed, with laser photo-tachometer, power meter or electric power consumption meter (kWh), wattmeter, True RMS clamp meter (AC) and voltmeter of alternating current (AC) True RMS. Source: self made.

2. Product development methodology

Following an Industrial Design methodology (Eco- Design) combined with Mecatr., The distinct stages were five: 1) Generation of the innovative idea (Industrial Design concept argued from Physical Science: electricity and magnetism) based on the use of thyristors as an electronic foundation (Triacs).

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3) The drawing and / or CAD design of the mechatronic headquarters, Province of Entre Ríos), also to LIDDI circuit (electrical and mechanical) regulated by an (Laboratory of the Department of Industrial Design of electronic open loop control. Using R-L-C equivalent the National University of La Plata, La Plata electrical circuit design. headquarters, Province of Buenos Aires). All located in 4) Computerized electronic simulation and use of digital the Argentine Republic. It was also discussed with oscilloscopes by two (2) different software: Proteus / various professionals: electrical and electronic ISIS Design Suite 8 and NI / Multisim 14.0. engineers, industrial designers, undergraduate and Electromechanical problems related to motors, found in graduate university professors, and so on. the CAD simulation, are also discussed. 5) Manufacturing of Industrial Design of the first Specifically, for the development of the second prototype (2017) and experimentation (first tests, error prototype (year 2018) a PMSM type synchronous motor tests and verification of electrical, electromechanical (with ferrite magnet magnet rotor), obtained from the and electronic data). stator of a 65-watt dishwasher electric pump of nominal 6) Improvement: Manufacture of the second prototype, power and Attach it to the blades of the same rotor of an improved (year 2018). a-synchronous motor of shades of spiral (or spiral of fragger) of microwaves. The activities carried out for the construction of the first prototype were: to adopt a PMSM type synchronous Controlling it with the same trigger power electronics motor of 30 watts of nominal power (with rotor of by Triac BT137. As the typical bibliography - which is ferrite magnets) obtained from the stator of a washing abundant - of control of alternating current (AC) motors machine electric pump and attaching it to the vanes of a describes it. In this work a specific author in control of rotor of an a-synchronous motor of shadow turns (or alternating current motors was used, as detailed below. spiral of fragger) of microwaves. It is controlled Mechatronics with a Triac BT137 trigger power control, Indeed, the complete wave control by Triac, according capable of regulating up to 300 (W) of power. What to Harper, G. in its Chapter 6: "Electronic control of worked as a voltage wave attenuator (Volts) and current alternating current", from his book The ABC of electric intensity (Amps). With an adaptation as shown in the machines III. Installation and control of alternating following circuit drawing: current motors [20], details the typical circuit used in these cases (illustrated in Figure 5) [21].

What allows to control the wave of the alternating current (AC): in tension (voltage) and intensity (amperage) of the current.

There are many typical variants, analogous to the design proposed in this work, for the design of these electrical / electronic circuits that control a load (regardless of an a- synchronous or synchronous induction motor), from 300 (W) to 5000 (W); recognized as various names as power attenuators [22]. Sufficient power range for use in home and / or commercial (non-industrial) appliances that

Figure 5. Drawing of an electronic R-L-C power control consume single-phase electricity. circuit of the a-synchronous induction motor. Where the a- synchronous motor must be replaced by a PMSM (Permanent Before building the prototype, the simulation was Magnet Synchronous Motor) synchronous motor or permanent carried out in Proteus Design Suite 8 CAD [23], an magnet synchronous motor. Source: Harper, G. in his book electronic design automation software, developed by The ABC of Electric Machines III. Installation and control of Labcenter Electronics Ltd., consisting of the two main AC motors. programs: Ares and Isis, and the VSM module . The

ISIS Program, Intelligent Schematic Input System (or The first prototype (2017) included visits to the test Intelligent Scheme Routing System) allows you to benches of the Engineering laboratories (electrical and design the electrical / electronic circuit of the circuit that mechatronics) of various National Universities: UNER you want to perform with very varied components as (National University of Entre Ríos, Concordia shown below (Figure 6). Following some general headquarters, Province of Entre Ríos) and UTN specifications for the design of this type of electrical / (Technological University National, Concordia electronic circuit. Turbo electric fan 220 (VAC) / 50 (Hz), Energy Efficient (EE) 5

(AC); Well, all the motors available in the software package are for DC applications. So the load (load) was simulated with an R (pure resistive) circuit equivalent to the impedance of an R-L circuit of a synchronous (or synchronous) motor.

On the other hand, the NI / Multisim 14.0 [24] permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) software was also searched, since it has a very good application package for the design of alternating current (AC) motors and as a factor In addition, its measuring instruments are better for these types of development applications, than are available for the Proteus Design Suite 8 CAD.

The following illustrates the simulation achieved to be displayed on the Agilent XSC 3 [25] oscilloscope of the NI Multisim 14.0 software [26] and its electrical Figure 6. Design of the RLC electronic power control circuit measurements: energy, power, voltage and intensity. of the synchronous AC motor of the PMSM type (Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor) or synchronous permanent magnet motor, with an impedance of 256 ( Ω), simulated with the Proteus Design Suite 8 CAD . The control is carried out by a mechanical variable resistor (potentiometer), since the resistance angle can be controlled by varying the resistance. The source of fem (electro-motor force) of 220 (VAC), 50 (Hz) is observed, the Diac connected to the Triac BT stabilizes the Triac BT 137. Source: own elaboration.

Figure 7. Proteus Design Suite 8 CAD software oscilloscope. The clipped wave is observed. In this condition the Triac is Figures 8 (a) and 8 (b). At higher active power (image on the stabilized by the Diac. It is controlling the power of the left) the motor uses the total sine wave voltage (Vrms) and electric current (AC) to the load (PMSM motor) by switching current intensity (Arms). But in the synchronous (or on and off during the positive and negative regions of the synchronous) motor, when the sine wave is trimmed by the input sinusoidal signal. Source: self made. Triac shot (image on the right); the active energy consumption (kWh) decreases due to a reduction in the average or average It should be clarified that due to the characteristics of active power (Pmed) measured in watts (Watts). This the type of circuit design that combines electronic simulation of the circuit connected to the Agilent XSC 3 aspects (Diac and Triac) with electromechanics (motor), oscilloscope, of the NI Multisim 14.0 software, presents a there were problems with the use of simulation better visual representation of the full and trimmed wave software: Proteus Design Suite 8 CAD. This software is (Triac trigger) for the same electrical / electronic circuit well adapted for electrical and electronic simulation, but previously simulated in the Proteus Design Suite 8 CAD. Source: self made. not for electromechanical aspects in alternating current 6 I. Anderson 4

Power control Active energy Average Current Voltage Cosine fi (Triac) consumption active power intensity (Vrms) (cos φφφ) (kWh) (Watts) (Irms) Maximum wave trimming 0.025 25.1 0.88 220 0.13 (Triac off) No wave clipping (Triac at 0.012 13 0.21 77 0.94 maximum shot)

Figure 9. In this figure, presented as an enlarged table of 6 columns and 3 rows, the values of voltage (Vrms) and intensity (Irms) of alternating electric current (AC) and cosine of fi (cos φ) are represented, oscillating at 50 (Hz). They were taken at the input contacts to the R-L circuit of the inductor winding (stator) in the rotary machine (synchronous motor). The values of active average power (Watts) and active energy consumption (kWh) were taken at the input of f.e.m. (electro-motive force) in the entire R-L-C circuit (electromechanical and electronic). Source: self made.

Depending on where the measuring instruments are The rotor and the stator always have the same located in the circuit design and the data is taken, the number of poles (...), the number of poles values fluctuate. In figure 9, as a comparative table of determines the synchronous motor speed: six columns, these variations are observed - fluctuations ns = 120 ∗ f / p - depending on the operability state of the Triac (off and on). Where: ns = engine speed (r / min) The formula for the active average power (Pmed), in a f = source frequency (Hz) general RCL circuit of alternating current (AC) is equal p = number of poles [28, p. 379] to the product of the effective voltage (Vrms), by the effective intensity of the electric current (Irms), Calculation: ns = 120 ∗ 50 (Hz) / 2 = 3000 (r/min), or multiplied by the factor of power or cosine of fi: cos ( φ). 3000 (RPM).

Exactly, according to some classical physics authors, The 3000 (r / min, or revolutions / minutes) or 3000 Sears and Zemansky argue that: " = (RPM), are a consequence of the frequency (Hertz) of (φ) = . . (φ)" [27, p. 1076]. the alternating current (AC). Indeed, the prototype of the synchronous motor does not reduce its RPM when Values that were taken with the corresponding the active energy consumption is reduced (ergo: its instruments of true effective value or RMS (Root Means active power decreases). Square). Considering the stability of the frequency (measured in Considering the stability of the frequency (Herzios) of Herzios) of the alternating current (AC) which in the the alternating current (AC) in the Argentine Republic Republic of Argentina is 50 (Hz); which ensures a which is 50 (Hertz); which ensures a constant rotation at constant rotation at 3000 RPM (revolutions per minute) 3000 RPM (revolutions per minute) of the motor shaft. of the motor shaft.

If the pair of poles of the synchronous machine is The same does not happen with the torque, since this equivalent to two (2) poles (north-south) in the stator. drops to the minimum limit, without affecting the ability Being p = 2, the number of poles used in the design of of the rotor blades to perform mechanical work on the the prototype - according to certain authors specialized air fluid. in the field of electric machines - has the following formula, as shown below. PMSM type motors provide shaft rotation at a fixed speed in synchrony with the frequency of the power According to Theodore Wildi: supply regardless of the fluctuation of the mechanical

Turbo electric fan 220 (VAC) / 50 (Hz), Energy Efficient (EE) 7

load - greater or lesser - that produces resistant torque. This is achieved: keeping the scalar control volts/hertz The voltage (volts) and intensity (amps) of the current (V/Hz) non-constant, typical of frequency inverters decrease when the Triac operates and anyway, the (VDF) or drivers. As shown below in the following motor runs at a synchronism speed; provided that the table. frequency of the network is constant, in this case 50 (Hz); for any torque up to the engine operating limit. Table 2 (a) and 1 (b). The table above shows the ratio volts / frequency (V / Hz) in a driver or frequency inverter (VDF). In the International System of Units (SI), the unit of The table below shows the ratio volts / frequency (V / Hz) in a torque (also called: torque) is the physical magnitude: Triac BT 137 trip voltage control. Source: own elaboration. Newtons.meters (abbreviated: N.m). Voltage (Vrms) Frequency (Hz) The torque is the moment of a force exerted on the 220 50 power transmission shaft (rotor). According to certain 70 16 authors, by formula of rotation power, we know that as Tipler-Mosca they maintain: “P = τ . ω” [29, p. 265]. Voltage (Vrms) Frequency (Hz) Where each algebraic symbol means: 220 50 70 50 P, is the power (measured in Watts). τ, is the torque (measured in N.m). This is the key to the principle of operation and the ω, is the angular velocity (mediated in rad/s). saving of 59% of active energy consumption (kWh), by reduction of active power (kW). Thanks to the capacity If in both situations (Triac off and Triac at maximum of the single-phase synchronous alternating current firing angle), the angular velocity ω (represented by (AC) motors of the PMSM type, to rotate at 3000 omega), or rotational speed measured in radians/seconds (RPM), in synchronization with the frequency of the (rad/s) is the same: 314.159 (rad/s) . Equivalent to 3000 current. (RPM) obtained by the frequency of the alternating current of 50 (Hz).

Clearing torque or torque (tau): τ = P/ω. We obtain the following data represented in Table 1:

Table 1. For the first case, that the motor works at maximum power, without trimming the AC wave (Triac off): 25.1 (W), the calculations of the formula gives us a torque (torque) of: 25.1 (W) /314.159 (rad/s)=0.08 (N.m). For the second case, that the engine works at minimum power (with the Triac at maximum firing angle): 13 (W), the calculations of the formula give us a torque (torque) of: 13 (W)/3114.159 (rad/s)=0.04 (N.m). Source: own work.

Power control Active power Torque-motor (Triac) (Watts) (N.m) Maximum wave trimming 13 0.04 Figure 9. The product (improved synchronous motor) is (Triac on firing) shown, registering the 3000 (RPM) with the laser photo- No wave clipping tachometer, synchronous speed of the alternating current (AC) of 50 (Hz). Reduces electrical energy consumption by 59%, (Triac off or no 25.1 0.08 measured in kWh (kilo-Watts-hour), according to IRAM shot) Standard 62480: 2017 an EE was obtained Type: A. With an energy consumption of less than 55% of the nominal value; The torque drops to the minimum limit (caused by the which represents 15 kWh / month. Source: own elaboration. reduction of active power), without affecting the ability of the rotor blades to perform mechanical work with the The saving of 59% of active energy consumption (kWh) air fluid. is due to the reduction of active power (kW). What according to a life cycle analysis (LCA) [30], in accordance with international standards ISO 14040 and 8 I. Anderson 4

14044, according to D4S (design for sustainability) [31] Something remarkably excellent for this low power focuses on the fifth stage of the life cycle: use Efficient engine, designed for domestic and commercial use. electric power.

Figure 11. The motor connected to the True RMS clamp meter (in English: Root Mean Square), which means: square root. Source: self made.

Figures 10 (a) and 10 (b). The photo above shows the maximum engine power, recorded by the vatimeter (True RMS). With 0.88 (RMS Amps) * 220 (RMS Volts) * 0.13 (cosine of fi) = 25.1 (Watts), active power in watts. Turning to 3000 (RPM), synchronous speed of alternating current (AC). The photo below shows the minimum engine power, according to formula (2), recorded by the vatimeter (True RMS) with power control on (saves energy). With 0.21 (RMS Amps) * 77 (RMS Volts) * 0.74 (cosine of fi) = 12 (Watts), active power in watts. Turning to 3000 (RPM), synchronous speed of alternating current. Source: self made.

An interesting clarification is that the measurements of intensity of the electric current (amps), when a clamp Figures 12 (a) and 12 (b). In the image above, the clamp meter (True RMS) was used more accurately than that meter (True RMS) indicates a consumption of 0.53 (Amps) used to record the data in Figure 9, showed that the and in the photo below it shows 0.05 (Amps), which means a intensity saving of the Current corresponded to 90%. 90% reduction in the intensity of the electric current with a pincer of greater precision according to the Mechatronics Turbo electric fan 220 (VAC) / 50 (Hz), Energy Efficient (EE) 9

Laboratory of the UNER (National University of Entre Ríos). continue to develop it from this theoretical line of Source: self made. Research & Development (R&D).

It is also important to note that this work should be 4. Results and debate deepened by various lines of research from universities, state or private R&D teams, business laboratories, and As previously stated, initially there were problems with so on. the use of the two simulation software: Proteus Design Suite 8 CAD and NI / Multisim 14.0. 6. Conclusions The first software was well adapted for electrical and electronic simulation but all the motors available in the It has been possible to verify that the prototype reduces computer package were for direct current (DC) and electricity consumption by 59% (this value will there was no synchronous single-phase alternating probably reach a higher value if it is carried out with current motor of the PMSM type. greater control of more sophisticated equipment), measured in kWh (kilo-Watts-hour), which is the way in In the case of the second software, NI Multisim 14.0, which the energy distribution companies invoice the although there are several types of alternating current single-phase household and commercial consumption (AC) motors, mostly three-phase, it is also not available (not the industrial one that is three-phase and where in the package of alternating current motors, a additionally the reactive energy is penalized). synchronous machine with permanent single-phase permanent magnets type PMSM The only PMSM type In this study the reactive energy was not analyzed, only permanent magnet synchronous machine is three phase, the active one.

This problem of electromechanical simulation (not so of According to IRAM 62480: 2017 [32], an Energy electronics) was solved with design of equivalent Efficiency (EE) was obtained Type: A. With an active circuits R-L and R-L-C. energy consumption of less than 55% of the nominal value; which represents 15 kWh / month. Value that is Obviously, although the electromechanical torque was calculated for one (1) hour per day at maximum power reduced by half, by a 52.2% reduction in active power (25 watts for the prototype). (measured in watts). In synchronous motors, although the mechanical torque dropped to the minimum limit, Recalling that from the beginning, the objective has this did not affect the ability of the rotor blades to been to approach the frequency inverters (VDF) or perform mechanical work with the air fluid at 3000 drivers in a simpler (technologically) and economical (RPM), measured by the laser phototachometer. way, which are a technology that reduces the Reiterating, this is so, provided that the torque-resistant consumption of electric energy, keeping the relationship does not exceed the torque. constant voltage / frequency (volts / hertz) with complex and expensive electronics (such as bipolar insulated gate transistors, IGBTs used in most inverter circuits or 5. Information on the patenting / registration of drivers). innovation or development In order to construct this less expensive (economically) The Industrial Design product presented here is not and less complex (electronically) technology, the patented in the Argentine Republic. But it can be previous and proven existence in the market of other patented as an invention and / or utility model as similar technological applications was studied, which appropriate, under the Law on Patents and Utility can be adapted and assembled to other existing Models No. 24,481 [9]. Decree 260/96 of the orderly technologies. Thinking that this assembly can be done text of Law No. 24,481, amended by its similar No. in a cheap (economical) and functional way. 24,572 (T.O. 1996) and its Regulations. According to the law of the Argentine Republic. What could be summarized as: hybridization of existing and recombined technologies in a new innovative or The prototype has not received funding for its research innovative way. and development (R&D) stage, nor for its patenting. Therefore, it is desired to show it to the academic, Here we have solved the problem in a simpler, but scientific and technological community so that they can limited, also more economical way; maintaining the 10 I. Anderson 4

non-constant relationship (V / Hz) with a Triac BT 137, CAD Laboratory: D.I. Pablo Ungaro To make available stabilized by a Diac. A power control originally the Research Laboratory of the Department of Dis. Ind. designed for use in single-phase a-synchronous (LIDDI-UNLP) with the Head of Department: D.I. Ana induction motors of 220 (V), 50 (Hz) alternating current Bocos. (AC). What, when applied to PMSM type synchronous motors, although it was possible to reduce the torque Also to Engineer José Paramo of the Mecatr (torque), this did not affect the ability to perform Engineering degree. at the National University of Entre mechanical work with the air fluid. Ríos (UNER) and Eng. Marcelo Arlettaz, Carlos Blanc and Dean Jorge Penco of the Faculty of Electrical Additional clarification: what has been stated here has Engineering of the National Technological University not been verified in water pumps. Which should be (UTN). Both Universities –UNER and UTN- are located studied. in the city of Concordia, Entre Ríos Province, Argentina.

7. Recommendations To all of them my thanks for their academic teachings, their comments, corrections, suggestions and for always The solution reached is considered satisfactory if we having made available the laboratories and teaching measure the cost-benefit ratio, that is: minimum teams. technological cost invested, for a good economic benefit achieved (saving electricity consumption). When To all of them, thank you for your commitment to considering a good solution between the balance of graduate and postgraduate education. technological costs and the practical utility achieved; the impact could well result in other higher studies that can be carried out in greater detail and depth. 6. References

Development that can be as much of laboratories of [1] International Energy Agency. World Energy Outlook scientific investigation and technological development 2017 [On line]. Available: (R&D) of state and / or private universities, as by the https://www.iea.org/weo2017/ [Accessed: 25-jan-2019] same companies of the sector (manufacturers interested in investing in their development); mainly from Small [2] International Energy Agency. The Future of and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) as it is known in the Cooling. Opportunities for energy-efficient air Argentine Republic, or other countries. Also - conditioning [On line]. Available: eventually - conclude in the National Institute of https://webstore.iea.org/the-future-of-cooling Industrial Property (INPI) [33], in a utility model patent [Accessed: 25-jan-2019] [34]. [3] CAMMESA, Compañía Administradora del If a product, hypothetically were developed by private Mercado Mayorista eléctrico [

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