DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter 6 – Internet

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter 6 – Internet CRIM 3460 Introduction to Critical Infrastructure Protection Fall 2016 Chapter 6 – Internet School of Criminology and Justice Studies University of Massachusetts Lowell Historical Timeline 1957 - 2003 The human organizations behind the Internet? Legislation leading to Commercialization Who governs the Internet, today? Invention . ARPA - Advanced Research Projects Agency . NSF – National Science Foundation . IETF – Internet Engineering Task Force . W3C – World Wide Web Consortium . ICANN - Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers created to sell blocks of names The Internet is a network that runs TCP/IP . A network of networks . A generic term used in the 1970s in reference to the ARPANet network . Internet is a network that links computer networks all over the world by satellite and telephone, connecting users with service networks such as e-mail and the World Wide Web.1 1Encarta® World English Dictionary © 1999 Microsoft Corporation 1957 - USSR launches Sputnik and USA responds with creation of ARPA = Advanced Research Projects Agency 1962 - Licklider of MIT proposes “Intergalactic Computer Network” as head of ARPA’s command and control program Joseph Carl Robnett "Lick" Licklider developed the idea of a universal network, spread his vision throughout the IPTO, and inspired his successors to realize his dream by creation of the ARPANET. (Robert) Taylor’s “Terminal Problem” . How to connect one terminal to 2 or more computers 1968 - ARPA contracts BBN to build packet switched ARPANet Back-of-Envelope Sketch: Back-of-Envelop Sketch: A Server (Sigma7) … 4 Computers located in UCLA, … and a Switch (IMP) SRI (Palo Alto), UCSB, Utah 1969 - Jon Postel starts list of users - eventually becomes DNS - for ARPA - he runs IANA for 30 years DNS (Domain Name Server); “Telephone Book” of Internet. DNS translates: http://www.myname.tld into 120.131.200.41 The RFC Process . Steve Crocker of UCLA creates RFC = Request For Comment - major tool of Internet evolution Cluster of Servers on East and West Coast 1973 - Vinton Cerf of Stanford and Robert Kahn of DARPA (Defense Acquisition Research Projects Agency) invent TCP for interoperability and reliability across a network of networks = the “Internet” protocol. First use of the term, “Internet” . Bob Metcalf invents Ethernet for LANs = Local Area Networks = to become dominant LAN protocol 1976 - DARPA requires use of TCP in ARPANet 1978 - Vinton Cerf, Jon Postel, Danny Cohen divide TCP into 2 parts: TCP and IP - thus TCP/IP is born 1979 - ARPANet Internet exceeds 100 users . Bellovin of UNC invents USENET news group network 1981 - NSF creates CSNet for non-ARPANet university use 1982 - Jon Postel creates SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol) thus standardizing e-mail ARPANET at 1,000 users - research centers: Stanford/XPARC, USC/ISI, Triangle Park, MIT 1988 - Al Gore discovers the Internet – NRC report chaired by Kleinrock suggests the commercialization of the Internet - attracts Gore’s attention 1989 - Tim Berners-Lee (CERN) invents the World Wide Web: . HTML . Hyper-linked documents 1992 - Congress gives NSF permission to commercialize the Internet (NSFNet) . Number of users exceeds 1 million 1993 - NSF creates InterNIC to support Internet . AT&T contracted to maintain DNS structure . NSF awards 5-year contract to Network Solutions to sell domain names for $50/year subscription . Number users exceeds 2 million Mosaic - First graphical browser . Turned web into a visual web . Made it easy to use . Ran on low-cost PCs 1995 - After spending $200M from 1986-1995 NSF out-sources the Internet to 4 companies via Department of Commerce 1997 - Clinton administration directs Secretary of Commerce to privatize the DNS to increase competition and International participation Department of Commerce National Telecom and Information Admininistration (NTIA) produces “Green Paper” on governance of Internet and DNS in a private ownership world ICANN created to sell blocks of names Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is responsible for coordination of DNS root and IP addressing/other resources http://www.internetassignednu mbersauthority.org/ Non-profit, LLC formed IT sector members as a forum for managing risks to IT infrastructure and corporations. Members participate in national and homeland security efforts to strengthen IT infrastructure through cyber information sharing and analysis Members help improve incident response via collaboration, analysis and coordination, which drives cybersecurity policy, incident response and information sharing Current officers and board members are with Cargill, Oracle, Intel, AT&T, BAE Systems and HP. Figure 6-1 (in Text). Internet age versus classical industrial age Figure 6-2 (in Text). AS500 network: the most-connected 500 autonomous systems in the global Internet Figure 6-3 (in Text). Core autonomous systems of the Internet Simulation . Spread virus in AS500 Internet with vulnerability of 5%. Spread virus in AS500 Internet with vulnerability of 10%. Spread virus in AS2000 Internet with vulnerability of 5%. Spread virus in AS2000 Internet with vulnerability of 10%. Simulations illustrates the relationship between Internet structure and node vulnerability under stress. Assume a virus starts spreading from a node chosen at random. What is the risk that it will spread to other nodes? . AS500 with a 5% probability of spreading (vulnerability) produces a low-risk (exceedence and risk profile) . AS500 with a 10% probability produces a modest risk due to the increase in vulnerability . AS2000 (less resilient to cascades) with a 5% probability produces a higher risk than AS500 due to less resiliency . AS2000 with a 10% probability produces a catastrophic risk network due to the increase in vulnerability Figure 6-4 (in Text). DNS structure of the global Internet Figure 6-5 (in Text). The ISO-OSI protocol stack. Figure 6-6 (in Text). Governance of the Internet is mostly a collection of voluntary groups. Figure 6-7 (in Text). Example of sending an email via TCP/IP protocol Internet = TCP/IP . Any device that understands TCP/IP is on the Internet Internet’s webgraph has a high spectral radius . Vulnerable to the spread of viruses Logical DNS structure is a tree . DNS is the “telephone book” . Updated frequently . Controls who is on the Internet Internet governance is voluntary; so far What is “Internet Security”? Properties of Sand Piles; Internet SOC at the physical, virtual levels Cyber Exploits: Real or Hype? . Vulnerabilities . Consequences . Black Swans . Reality Check . Einstein on Offense Internet as Biology . The Internet Ecosystem . Predator-Prey Systems . Limit cycles and extinction . Gause’s Law . Paradox of Enrichment . The Internet monoculture Policy Options . Traditional . Radical Biology Internet DNA TCP/IP Alphabet Messenger RNA Internet Routing Cisco Router Mutation Innovation Unix > MacOS Extinction Creative Destruction DEC, CDC, Multics Co-evolution Co-evolution 3G : iPhones Food Network Supply Chain ARM > Apple > iPad Predators Users, Hackers, e-Commerce RussianBusinessNet Prey Hardware, Software Windows, MS Office Vulnerabilities constantly change . Some go up, some go down Malware . Insiders . Stolen laptop . Denial of service (DOS) . Financial fraud (phishing) . Password sniffing . Open wireless access Regulation : Should the Internet be regulated? Will it kill it? What is legitimate regulation? Larry Lessig’s 4 Codes: . East Coast Code: Internet laws cannot oppose existing laws o Fraud, Theft, Pornography, subject to same rules . West Coast Code: Rules of Internet operation driven by ‘Internet culture’ o TCP/IP, WWW, media, other standards drive the culture . Social Norms: Internet law/regulation follow social norms o Censorship, free speech, privacy, civil behavior . Markets and Commerce: information supply and demand = classical economics .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Internet and Isi: Four Decades of Innovation
    THE INTERNET AND ISI: FOUR DECADES OF INNOVATION ROD BECKSTROM President and Chief Executive Officer Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) 40th Anniversary of USC Information Sciences Institute 26 April 2012 As prepared for delivery It’s an honor to be here today to mark the 40th anniversary of the University of Southern California’s Information Sciences Institute. Thank you to Herb Schorr for inviting me to speak with you today and participate in the day’s events. When he steps down he will leave some very large shoes to fill. When I received Herb’s invitation, I seized upon it as an opportunity to come before you to express the sincere gratitude that my colleagues and I feel for the work and support of ISI. When I think of ICANN and its development, and all we have accomplished, I never forget that we stand upon the shoulders of giants, many of whom contributed to my remarks today. In fact, I owe a special debt of gratitude to Bob Kahn, who has been a mentor to me. I am honored that he took the time to walk through a number of details in the history I have been asked to relate. The organizers asked me to speak about the history of ISI and ICANN. They also invited me to talk a bit about the future of the Internet. In my role as President and CEO of ICANN, I have many speaking engagements that are forward looking. They are opportunities to talk about ICANN’s work and how it will usher in the next phase in the history of the global, unified Internet that many of you have helped to create.
    [Show full text]
  • The Consensus Protocol
    8/5/2020 The Consensus Protocol FEATURE AUGUST 2020 The Consensus Protocol How a radical process, invented to build the ARPANET, spawned history's greatest tool for collaborative work BY STEVE CROCKER UCLA’s Boelter Hall housed one of the four original ARPANET nodes. ach March, July, and November, we are reminded that the Internet is not Equite the mature, stable technology that it seems to be. We rely on the Internet as an essential tool for our economic, social, educational, and political lives. But when the Internet Engineering Task Force meets every four months at an open conference that bounces from continent to continent, more than 1,000 people from around the world gather with change on their minds. Their vision of the global network that all humanity shares is dynamic, evolving, and continuously improving. Their efforts combine with the contributions of myriad others to ensure that the Internet always works but is never done, never complete. The rapid yet orderly evolution of the Internet is all the more remarkable considering the highly unusual way it happens: without a company, a government, or a board of directors in charge. Nothing about digital communications technology suggests that it should be self-organizing or, for that matter, fundamentally reliable. We enjoy an Internet that is both of those at once because multiple generations of network developers have embraced a principle and a https://read.nxtbook.com/ieee/spectrum/spectrum_na_august_2020/the_consensus_protocol.html?mkt_tok=eyJpIjoiTmpWh h b i i h hi f h l haVpXSmxOMll6TURZeSIsInQiOiIyc280i i l i h … 1/12 8/5/2020 The Consensus Protocol process that have been quite rare in the history of technology.
    [Show full text]
  • Features of the Internet History the Norwegian Contribution to the Development PAAL SPILLING and YNGVAR LUNDH
    Features of the Internet history The Norwegian contribution to the development PAAL SPILLING AND YNGVAR LUNDH This article provides a short historical and personal view on the development of packet-switching, computer communications and Internet technology, from its inception around 1969 until the full- fledged Internet became operational in 1983. In the early 1990s, the internet backbone at that time, the National Science Foundation network – NSFNET, was opened up for commercial purposes. At that time there were already several operators providing commercial services outside the internet. This presentation is based on the authors’ participation during parts of the development and on literature Paal Spilling is studies. This provides a setting in which the Norwegian participation and contribution may be better professor at the understood. Department of informatics, Univ. of Oslo and University 1 Introduction Defense (DOD). It is uncertain when DoD really Graduate Center The concept of computer networking started in the standardized on the entire protocol suite built around at Kjeller early 1960s at the Massachusetts Institute of Technol- TCP/IP, since for several years they also followed the ogy (MIT) with the vision of an “On-line community ISO standards track. of people”. Computers should facilitate communica- tions between people and be a support for human The development of the Internet, as we know it today, decision processes. In 1961 an MIT PhD thesis by went through three phases. The first one was the Leonard Kleinrock introduced some of the earliest research and development phase, sponsored and theoretical results on queuing networks. Around the supervised by ARPA. Research groups that actively same time a series of Rand Corporation papers, contributed to the development process and many mainly authored by Paul Baran, sketched a hypotheti- who explored its potential for resource sharing were cal system for communication while under attack that permitted to connect to and use the network.
    [Show full text]
  • The People Who Invented the Internet Source: Wikipedia's History of the Internet
    The People Who Invented the Internet Source: Wikipedia's History of the Internet PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Sat, 22 Sep 2012 02:49:54 UTC Contents Articles History of the Internet 1 Barry Appelman 26 Paul Baran 28 Vint Cerf 33 Danny Cohen (engineer) 41 David D. Clark 44 Steve Crocker 45 Donald Davies 47 Douglas Engelbart 49 Charles M. Herzfeld 56 Internet Engineering Task Force 58 Bob Kahn 61 Peter T. Kirstein 65 Leonard Kleinrock 66 John Klensin 70 J. C. R. Licklider 71 Jon Postel 77 Louis Pouzin 80 Lawrence Roberts (scientist) 81 John Romkey 84 Ivan Sutherland 85 Robert Taylor (computer scientist) 89 Ray Tomlinson 92 Oleg Vishnepolsky 94 Phil Zimmermann 96 References Article Sources and Contributors 99 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 102 Article Licenses License 103 History of the Internet 1 History of the Internet The history of the Internet began with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. This began with point-to-point communication between mainframe computers and terminals, expanded to point-to-point connections between computers and then early research into packet switching. Packet switched networks such as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of protocols. The ARPANET in particular led to the development of protocols for internetworking, where multiple separate networks could be joined together into a network of networks. In 1982 the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) was standardized and the concept of a world-wide network of fully interconnected TCP/IP networks called the Internet was introduced.
    [Show full text]
  • (Jake) Feinler
    Oral History of Elizabeth (Jake) Feinler Interviewed by: Marc Weber Recorded: September 10, 2009 Mountain View, California Editor’s note: Material in [square brackets] has been added by Jake Feinler CHM Reference number: X5378.2009 © 2009 Computer History Museum Oral History of Elizabeth (Jake) Feinler Marc Weber: I’m Marc Weber from the Computer History Museum, and I’m here today, September 10th, 2009, with “Jake” Elizabeth Feinler, who was the director of the Network Information Systems Center at SRI. [This group provided the Network Information Center (NIC) for the Arpanet and the Defense Data Network (DDN), a project for which she was the principal investigator from 1973 until 1991. Earlier she was a member of Douglas Engelbart’s Augmentation Research Center (ARC) at SRI [which [housed] the second computer on the Arpanet. It was on this computer that the NIC resided initially.] Jake is also a volunteer here at the museum. [She has donated an extensive collection of early Internet papers to the museum, and has been working on organizing this collection for some time.] Thank you for joining us. Elizabeth (Jake) Feinler: My pleasure. Weber: I really just wanted to start with where did you grow up and what got you interested in technical things or things related to this. Feinler: [Originally I hoped to pursue a career in advertising design, but could not afford the freshman room and board away from home, so I began attending West Liberty State College (now West Liberty University) close to my home. West Liberty was very small then, and the] art department [wasn’t very good.
    [Show full text]
  • Revisiting the Root
    Revisiting the Root David Huberman ICANN’s Office of the CTO | 1 Overview ¤ A Brief History of the Root Server System ¤ Root Server Instances in the RIPE NCC Service Region ¤ Root Server System Governance ¤ Distribution of the Root Zone | 2 A Brief History of the Root Server System | 3 1983 DNS defined | 4 1984 First root server established at University of Southern California’s Information Sciences Institute (USC ISI) | 5 1985 Four root servers: two on each U.S. coast | 6 1987 Seven root servers: SRI – ISI – RPI – U. of Maryland – U.S. Air Force – NASA – U.S. Army | 7 1991 NORDU.NET replaces U.S. Air Force | 8 1993 Nine root servers: InterNIC and ISC are added | 9 1995 Labels changed to [X].ROOT-SERVERS.NET to allow more root servers in a 512-byte priming response | 10 1997 13 Root Servers | 11 Root Server System Today | 12 The Root Server System Today ¤ 13 labels: A through M ¤ 26 IP addresses (13 IPv4, 13 IPv6) ¤ Operated by 12 Root Server Operators ¤ Assigned to 1,100+ instances thanks to “anycast” routing ¤ On 1 December 2018 there were 77.7 billion queries received by the root zone servers (*excludes G-root) | 13 | 14 Root Server Operators A: Verisign G: U.S. DoD B: USC ISI H: U.S. Army Research Lab C: Cogent I: Netnod D: University of Maryland J: Verisign E: NASA - AMES K: RIPE NCC F: ISC L: ICANN M: WIDE | 15 Root Server Operators A: Verisign G: U.S. DoD B: USC ISI H: U.S. Army Research Lab C: Cogent I: Netnod D: University of Maryland J: Verisign E: NASA - AMES K: RIPE NCC F: ISC L: ICANN M: WIDE | 16 Root Server Instances in
    [Show full text]
  • The Value of Vision in Radical Technological Innovation A
    THE VALUE OF VISION IN RADICAL TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND THE COMMITTEE ON GRADUATE STUDIES OF STANFORD UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Tammy L. Carleton September 2010 © 2011 by Tammy Lee Carleton. All Rights Reserved. Re-distributed by Stanford University under license with the author. This dissertation is online at: http://purl.stanford.edu/mk388mb2729 ii I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Larry Leifer, Primary Adviser I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Riitta Katila I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Chuck House Approved for the Stanford University Committee on Graduate Studies. Patricia J. Gumport, Vice Provost Graduate Education This signature page was generated electronically upon submission of this dissertation in electronic format. An original signed hard copy of the signature page is on file in University Archives. iii THE VALUE OF VISION IN RADICAL TECHNOLOGICAL INVENTION ABSTRACT Is a technological vision needed to drive radical or disruptive innovations? Few studies have discussed a possible relationship between the formation of a technological vision and the sustained creation of radical innovation.
    [Show full text]
  • 1603 Surfnet Bv Category: Informational D
    Network Working Group E. Huizer Request for Comments: 1603 SURFnet bv Category: Informational D. Crocker Silicon Graphics, Inc. March 1994 IETF Working Group Guidelines and Procedures Status of this Memo This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Abstract The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has responsibility for developing and reviewing specifications intended as Internet Standards. IETF activities are organized into working groups (WGs). This document describes the guidelines and procedures for formation and operation of IETF working groups. It describes the formal relationship between IETF participants WG and the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). The basic duties of IETF participants, including WG Chair and IESG Area Directors are defined. Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION.............................................. 2 1.1. IETF approach to standardization........................ 3 1.2. Acknowledgments......................................... 4 2. WORKING GROUP (WG) FORMATION.............................. 5 2.1. Criteria for formation.................................. 5 2.2. Charter................................................. 6 2.3. Charter review & approval............................... 9 2.4. Birds of a feather (BOF)................................ 9 3. WORKING GROUP OPERATION................................... 11 3.1. Session planning........................................ 11 3.2. Session venue..........................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Long Time Ago, in a Meeting Room Far, Far Away...Or Maybe 17 Years
    A long time ago, in a meeting room far, far away.... ... or maybe 17 years ago, in Houston, Texas... ...work in the IETF began on... DNSSEC For their efforts with DNSSEC, the IETF wishes to thank: Joe Abley - Danny Aerts Alain Aina - Mehmet Akcin Jaap Akerhuis - Mark Andrews Roy Arends - Derek Atkins Rob Austein - Roy Badami Alan Barrett - Doug Barton Rickard Bellgrim - Ray Bellis Steve Bellovin - Dan Bernstein David Blacka - Stéphane Bortzmeyer Eric Brunner-Williams - Len Budney Randy Bush - Bruce Campbell Vint Cerf - K.C. Claffy Alan Clegg - David Conrad Michelle S. Cotton - Olivier Courtay John Crain - Dave Crocker Steve Crocker - Alex Dalitz Joao (Luis Silva) Damas Hugh Daniel - Kim Davies John Dickinson - Vasily Dolmatov Lutz Donnerhacke - Mats Dufberg Francis Dupont - Donald Eastlake Anne-Marie Eklund-Löwinder Howard Eland - Robert Elz Patrik Fältström - Mark Feldman Ondrej Filip - Martin Fredriksson Alex Gall - James M. Galvin Joe Gersch - Demi Getchko Miek Gieben - John Gilmore Steve Goodbarn - James Gould Michael Graff - Chris Griffiths Olafur Gudmundsson - Gilles Guette Andreas Gustafsson Jun-ichiro Itojun Hagino Staffan Hagnell Phillip Hallam-Baker Ilja Hallberg - Bob Halley Cathy Handley - Wes Hardaker Ted Hardie - Ashley Heineman Jeremy Hitchcock - Bernie Hoeneisen Alfred Hoenes - Paul Hoffman Scott Hollenbeck - Russ Housley Geoff Houston - Walter Howard Bert Hubert - Greg Hudson Christian Huitema - Shumon Huque Johan Ihren - Stephen Jacob Jelte Jansen - Rodney Joffe Simon Josefsson - Daniel Kalchev Andris Kalnozols - Dan
    [Show full text]
  • Steve Crocker Resume
    STEPHEN D. CROCKER 5110 Edgemoor Lane Bethesda, MD 20814 Mobile: (301) 526-4569 [email protected] SUMMARY Over 50 years of experience in the industrial, academic and government environments involving a wide range of computing and network technologies with specialization in networking and security. Strong background in formal methods, including PhD thesis creating a new logic for reasoning about the correct operation of machine language programs and the development of a program verification system to demonstrate the method. Managed numerous innovative research and development efforts benefiting private industry and government interests. Extensive involvement in the development of the Internet, including development of the initial suite of protocols for the Arpanet, the creation of the RFC series of documents, and multiple involvements in the IETF, ISOC and ICANN organizations. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE BBQ Group 2018-present Founder, leader Development of framework and model for expressing possible, desired and existing registration data directory services policies governing collection, labeling and responses to authorized requests. Shinkuro, Inc., Bethesda, MD 2002-present Co-founder, Chief Executive Officer Development of information-sharing, collaboration and related tools for peer-to-peer cooperative work and inter-platform information management. Coordination of deployment of the DNS security protocol, DNSSEC, throughout the Internet. Longitude Systems, Inc., Chantilly, VA 1999-2001 Co-founder, Chief Executive Officer Development and sale of infrastructure tools for ISPs. Overall direction and management of the company including P&L responsibility, funding, marketing, and technical direction. Executive DSL, LLC, Bethesda, MD 1999-2001 Founder, Chief Executive Officer Creation and operation of DSL-based ISP using Covad and Bell Atlantic DSL circuits.
    [Show full text]
  • Update 6: Internet Society 20Th Anniversary and Global INET 2012
    Update 6: Internet Society 20th Anniversary and Global INET 2012 Presented is the latest update (edited from the previous “Update #6) on the Global INET 2012 and Internet Hall of Fame. Executive Summary By all accounts, Global INET was a great success. Bringing together a broad audience of industry pioneers; policy makers; technologists; business executives; global influencers; ISOC members, chapters and affiliated community; and Internet users, we hosted more than 600 attendees in Geneva, and saw more than 1,300 participate from remote locations. Global INET kicked off with our pre‐conference programs: Global Chapter Workshop, Collaborative Leadership Exchange and the Business Roundtable. These three programs brought key audiences to the event, and created a sense of energy and excitement that lasted through the week. Of key importance to the program was our outstanding line‐up of keynotes, including Dr. Leonard Kleinrock, Jimmy Wales, Francis Gurry, Mitchell Baker and Vint Cerf. The Roundtable discussions at Global INET featured critical topics, and included more than 70 leading experts engaged in active dialogue with both our in‐room and remote audiences. It was truly an opportunity to participate. The evening of Monday 23 April was an important night of celebration and recognition for the countless individuals and organizations that have dedicated time and effort to advancing the availability and vitality of the Internet. Featuring the Internet Society's 20th Anniversary Awards Gala and the induction ceremony for the Internet Hall of Fame, the importance of the evening cannot be understated. The media and press coverage we have already received is a testament to the historic nature of the Internet Hall of Fame.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Internet Pioneers
    List of Internet pioneers Instead of a single "inventor", the Internet was developed by many people over many years. The following are some Internet pioneers who contributed to its early development. These include early theoretical foundations, specifying original protocols, and expansion beyond a research tool to wide deployment. The pioneers Contents Claude Shannon The pioneers Claude Shannon Claude Shannon (1916–2001) called the "father of modern information Vannevar Bush theory", published "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" in J. C. R. Licklider 1948. His paper gave a formal way of studying communication channels. It established fundamental limits on the efficiency of Paul Baran communication over noisy channels, and presented the challenge of Donald Davies finding families of codes to achieve capacity.[1] Charles M. Herzfeld Bob Taylor Vannevar Bush Larry Roberts Leonard Kleinrock Vannevar Bush (1890–1974) helped to establish a partnership between Bob Kahn U.S. military, university research, and independent think tanks. He was Douglas Engelbart appointed Chairman of the National Defense Research Committee in Elizabeth Feinler 1940 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, appointed Director of the Louis Pouzin Office of Scientific Research and Development in 1941, and from 1946 John Klensin to 1947, he served as chairman of the Joint Research and Development Vint Cerf Board. Out of this would come DARPA, which in turn would lead to the ARPANET Project.[2] His July 1945 Atlantic Monthly article "As We Yogen Dalal May Think" proposed Memex, a theoretical proto-hypertext computer Peter Kirstein system in which an individual compresses and stores all of their books, Steve Crocker records, and communications, which is then mechanized so that it may Jon Postel [3] be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility.
    [Show full text]