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NRC Publications Archive Archives des publications du CNRC Mechanical and structural properties of ice Ruedy, R. R. For the publisher’s version, please access the DOI link below./ Pour consulter la version de l’éditeur, utilisez le lien DOI ci-dessous. Publisher’s version / Version de l'éditeur: https://doi.org/10.4224/20337880 Internal Report (National Research Council of Canada. Division of Building Research), 1972-02-01 NRC Publications Archive Record / Notice des Archives des publications du CNRC : https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=3bfa92e0-3c65-4867-a8ba-bc23014aceac https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/voir/objet/?id=3bfa92e0-3c65-4867-a8ba-bc23014aceac Access and use of this website and the material on it are subject to the Terms and Conditions set forth at https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/copyright READ THESE TERMS AND CONDITIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE USING THIS WEBSITE. L’accès à ce site Web et l’utilisation de son contenu sont assujettis aux conditions présentées dans le site https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/droits LISEZ CES CONDITIONS ATTENTIVEMENT AVANT D’UTILISER CE SITE WEB. Questions? Contact the NRC Publications Archive team at [email protected]. If you wish to email the authors directly, please see the first page of the publication for their contact information. Vous avez des questions? Nous pouvons vous aider. Pour communiquer directement avec un auteur, consultez la première page de la revue dans laquelle son article a été publié afin de trouver ses coordonnées. Si vous n’arrivez pas à les repérer, communiquez avec nous à [email protected]. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF CANADA DIVISION OF BUILDING RESEARCH MECHANICAL AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF ICE Two literature reviews prepared by R. R. Ruedy during an investigation of the properties of ice carried out in 1943 under the direction of the National Research Council of Canada Internal Report No. 395 of the Division of Building Research Ottawa February 1972 ··.i ''' .•, ｾ .....""". PREFACE The possibility of major oil and gas developments in Northern Canada, particularly in offshore areas, has brought about an increased interest in the behaviour and properties of ice. This interest is not confined to the forces that ice covers might exert on structures, al­ though this is a major problem. Ice covers can also be used as sur­ faces for roads and airstrips, and consideration is being given to their use as platforms for drilling operations. In 1943 the National Research Council of Canada undertook, with the assistance of several university and other groups. a major investigation of the properties of natural and reinforced ice. At the conclusion of the war the information obtained in this study was assembled in the Council's files. Some of it is relevant to current interests and needs, and it was decided to make it available for limited distribution in the Internal Report Series of the Division of Building Research. The present report contains two literature reviews prepared by R. R. Ruedy, who was a member of the staff of the National Research Council. The first is on the mechanical properties of ice, and considers Young's modulus and strength. Several topics are considered in the second review, including effect of salts, properties of sea ice. viscosity and plasticity of ice and aspects of ice engineering. These are presented just as they were prepared in 1943, without revision. They still form an excellent starting point for a study of the subject, to be updated as required by the reader through reference to more recent literature. Also included in the report. as Appendix A, is a summary of selected technical data on ice obtained from the investigations and thought to be of current interest. Further selections will be made for reproduction in subsequent reports. Many individuals participated in the field and laboratory research associated with this wartime activity. The Division of Building Research is honoured to have this opportunity to make the fruits of their efforts available for application to present-day problems of national concern. Ottawa N. B. Hutcheon, February 1972 Director TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PART I. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ICE 1 Introduction 1 Young's Modulus for Ice 3 (a) General Features 3 (b) Young's Modulus from Compression Tests between the Freezing Point and Zero Degrees. Progressive Loading. 3 (c) Young's Modulus for Bending Stresses (Progressive Loading) 5 (d) Young's Modulus for Decreasing Loads in Bending Tests on Beams of Ice Prepared from Frozen Snow 5 (e) Young's Modulus from the Velocity of Sound in Ice (Adiabatic Value) 7 {f} Miscellaneous Values for E 7 (g) Rigidity of Ice and Poiaaonts Ratio 7 Strength at Failure 8 {a} General Features 8 (b) Crushing Strength of Ice 9 (c) Tensile Strength of Ice 10 (d) Strength of Ice in Bending 11 Impact Strength of Ice 12 (a) Strength in Sudden Loading 12 (b) Shifting Loads 13 (c) Impact Strength 13 Page PART II. STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF ICE Effect of Salts 15 The Production of Large Single Crystals 18 Heat Conductivity 19 Ultimate Strength of Ice in Shearing 20 Internal Friction (Viscosity) of Ice 21 Experimental Work on the Adhesion of Ice 21 Ice Floes as Landing Fields for Aircraft 24 Properties of Sea Ice 28 Ice in Excavation of Shafts and Tunnels 29 Reinforced Ice as Structural Material 32 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Ice 33 Temporary Supports of Ice 33 Ice as a Building Material 34 Destruction of Ice Masses by Explosions 34 Plasticity of Ice 35 References 39 Appendix A Note: The material in this report refers to a small number of tests and the results cited are not to be taken as average values. PART 1. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ICE INTRODUCTION Ice differs in several respects f r orn other rnater ial s of COITlITlon occurrence. Metals and stones are aggregates of s rrial I grains. and SOITle of their properties differ quite rnar kedly f'r orn those of single crys­ tals of the s arne rnater iaI, Ice. whether gathered f r orn lakes and rivers or produced artificially, consists of a few large crystals. and the prop­ erties of ice consisting of rrrinute grains ar e only irnpe rfectly known f r orn studies on glaciers and scattered tests on icicles and snow. The question of grain size that plays such a large part in m.eta.Hurg y, creates therefore little difficulty in the study of blocks of ice. When ice grows undisturbed on the surface of large water bodies or in srna.Il vessels. the optic axis or axis of the hexagonal p r i srri, is always perpendicular to the surface of the ice-cover, except near the edges and in the first stages of freezing. As a result of the presence of large single crystals of the hexagonal s y s tern, the properties of ice depend on the direction considered, in particular on the direction parallel to the base of the p r i srn, or parallel to the sides of the prism, that is. parallel to the optic axis and the direction of undisturbed growth. Roughly speak­ ing crystals of ice behave as if they were built up of an infinite numbe r of very thin sheets of paper fastened together with SOITle viscous substance that allows the sheets to slide over each other when strong forces are applied parallel to the sheets, or in other words, perpendicular to the optic axis. The single sheets are nearly inextensible and quite flexible. On account of the iITlperfect c ementation of the sheet, d i spl.ac ements in the for m of punching are readily produced parallel to the base. When, for instance. bars of square cross-section (1 sq. CITl.) with the optical axis parallel to the length of the bar, are placed upon wooden supports, and a cord carrying a weight of about 5 kgrn, is slung around the section between the supports, a piece corresponding to the thickness of the cord is gradually pushed downwards. No cracks occur in the bar, but the dis­ placed piece is streaked with fine lines parallel to the base of the hexag­ onal crystal. On the other hand. since the crystal planes ar e flexible. a rod will bend under its own weight when the optic axis is perpendicular to the length of the bar and the sheets of paper are horizontal, but if the bar be turned over so that the basal planes are vertical. the rod is rnor e dif­ ficult to bend even when loads are applied. Another irnportant difference between ice and COITlITlon engineering rnater Ials is that stones and rne ta.ls are used at a ternpera ture farther be­ low their melting and softening points than ice ever is out of doors. Ice. therefore, is in an even less stable state than rnetal s and stones are. and the ternpera ture must be expected to exert a strong influence upon its rnechanical properties. This variability is enhanced by the peculiar in­ fluence of the pressure upon the rrrelting point of ice. - 2 - Melting Point of Ice at Various Pressures Temperature I Pressure TeITlperature Pressure of °e *kgITl. per I lb. per of °e ｾＧ＼ｫｧｉｔｬＮ per I lb. per I• I. sq. CITl. ! sq. rn, sq. CITl. , sq. In. I I 32 0 1 ! 14 -12.5 1410 ,I 20, 064 2.5 336 4, 781 5 -15.0 1625 23, 124 23 5 615 I 8,751 -17.5 1835 26, 112 I - 7.5 890 112, 665 -4 -20.0 2042 29, 058 I 14 I -10 1155 :16,436 -22.
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