A Peer-Reviewed Journal Tracking and Analyzing Disease Trends pages 1187–1356 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF D. Peter Drotman EDITORIAL STAFF EDITORIAL BOARD Founding Editor Dennis Alexander, Addlestone Surrey, United Kingdom Joseph E. McDade, Rome, Georgia, USA Ban Allos, Nashville, Tennessee, USA Managing Senior Editor Michael Apicella, Iowa City, Iowa, USA Polyxeni Potter, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Barry J. Beaty, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA Associate Editors Martin J. Blaser, New York, New York, USA Charles Ben Beard, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA David Brandling-Bennet, Washington, D.C., USA Donald S. Burke, Baltimore, Maryland, USA David Bell, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Charles H. Calisher, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA Patrice Courvalin, Paris, France Arturo Casadevall, New York, New York, USA Stephanie James, Bethesda, Maryland, USA Thomas Cleary, Houston, Texas, USA Brian W.J. Mahy, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Anne DeGroot, Providence, Rhode Island, USA Takeshi Kurata, Tokyo, Japan Vincent Deubel, Lyon, France Martin I. Meltzer, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Ed Eitzen, Washington, D.C., USA Duane J. Gubler, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA David Morens, Washington, D.C., USA Scott Halstead, Arlington, Virginia, USA J. Glenn Morris, Baltimore, Maryland, USA David L. Heymann, Geneva, Switzerland Tanja Popovic, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Sakae Inouye, Tokyo, Japan Patricia M. Quinlisk, Des Moines, Iowa, USA Charles King, Cleveland, Ohio, USA Gabriel Rabinovich, Buenos Aires, Argentina Keith Klugman, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Didier Raoult, Marseilles, France S.K. Lam, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Bruce R. Levin, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Pierre Rollin, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Myron Levine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Mario Raviglione, Geneva, Switzerland Stuart Levy, Boston, Massachusetts, USA David Walker, Galveston, Texas, USA John S. MacKenzie, Brisbane, Australia Henrik C. Wegener, Copenhagen, Denmark Tom Marrie, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Copy Editors John E. McGowan, Jr., Atlanta, Georgia, USA Angie Frey, Ronnie Henry, Anne Mather, Carol Snarey, Stephen S. Morse, New York, New York, USA Philip P. Mortimer, London, United Kingdom Cathy Young Fred A. Murphy, Davis, California, USA Production Barbara E. Murray, Houston, Texas, USA Reginald Tucker, Ann Kitchen, Maureen Marshall P. Keith Murray, Ames, Iowa, USA Editorial Assistant Stephen Ostroff, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Carolyn Collins Rosanna W. Peeling, Geneva, Switzerland David H. Persing, Seattle, Washington, USA www.cdc.gov/eid Gianfranco Pezzino, Topeka, Kansas, USA Emerging Infectious Diseases Richard Platt, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Emerging Infectious Diseases is published monthly by the Leslie Real, Atlanta, Georgia, USA National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease David Relman, Palo Alto, California, USA Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop D61, Nancy Rosenstein, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. Telephone 404-371-5329, Connie Schmaljohn, Frederick, Maryland, USA fax 404-371-5449, email [email protected]. Tom Schwan, Hamilton, Montana, USA Ira Schwartz, Valhalla, New York, USA The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Centers for Disease Tom Shinnick, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Control and Prevention or the institutions with which the authors Bonnie Smoak, Bethesda, Maryland, USA are affiliated. Rosemary Soave, New York, New York, USA P. Frederick Sparling, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA All material published in Emerging Infectious Diseases is in Jan Svoboda, Prague, Czech Republic the public domain and may be used and reprinted without special Bala Swaminathan, Atlanta, Georgia, USA permission; proper citation, however, is required. Robert Swanepoel, Johannesburg, South Africa Use of trade names is for identification only and does not Phillip Tarr, Seattle, Washington, USA imply endorsement by the Public Health Service or by the U.S. Timothy Tucker, Cape Town, South Africa Department of Health and Human Services. Elaine Tuomanen, Memphis, Tennessee, USA Mary E. Wilson, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA ∞ Emerging Infectious Diseases is printed on acid-free paper that meets John Ward, Atlanta, Georgia, USA the requirements of ANSI/NISO 239.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper) Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 10, No. 7, July 2004 A Peer-Reviewed Journal Tracking and Analyzing Disease Trends Vol. 10, No. 7, July 2004 On the Cover Jaune Quick-To-See Smith, Enrolled Flathead Salish (b. 1940), Rain (1990) Mixed media 203.2 cm x 76.2 cm, 30.48 cm x 30.48 cm, 30.48 cm x 30.48 cm. Fine Art Collection, Heard Museum, Phoenix, Arizona, USA About the Cover p. 1354 Perspectives p. 1193 Recombinant Viruses and Environmental Response to HIV-1 Epidemic . .1227 SARS, Taiwan, 2003 . .1187 M.L. Kalish et al. E.J. Esswein et al. HIV strains from Zaire indicate the HIV Industrial hygiene emergency response to epidemic in Kinshasa was mature by the SARS in Taiwan mid-1980s. Malaria Epidemics and Surveillance Plasmodium ovale Variants . .1235 Systems in Canada . .1195 T.T. Win et al. J.D. MacLean et al. Sequence analysis of six isolates from Malaria surveillance data are evaluated for Southeast Asia supports species division causes of epidemics in Canada. into types. Estimating Time and Size of Sporadic Cryptosporidiosis Bioterror Attack . .1202 Case-Control Study . .1241 J. Walden and E.H. Kaplan P.R. Hunter et al. Time and size of possible bioterror event Risk factors for cryptosporidiosis in United estimated in real time Kingdom Quinolone Resistance in Research Pneumococci, Hong Kong . .1250 Psychological Effects of P.-L. Ho et al. Quarantine for SARS . .1206 Fluoroquinolone resistance among invasive L. Hawryluck et al. pneumococci in Hong Kong was high and a Explores effects of quarantine on those result of clonal expansion and spread. quarantined for SARS, Toronto, Canada p. 1217 Model Parameters and SARS-associated Coronavirus Outbreak Control for SARS . .1258 in Oral Specimens . .1213 G. Chowell et al. W.-K. Wang et al. Tool for estimating basic reproductive number Early detection of SARS-CoV in throat wash for the SARS outbreak suggests need for and saliva suggests that these specimens are multiple methods of control. ideal for SARS diagnosis. Wind in November, Malaria Epidemic Detection . .1220 Q Fever in December . .1264 H.D. Teklehaimanot et al. H. Tissot-Dupont et al. Weekly percentile cutoffs perform well for Investigation in southern France confirms the detecting malaria epidemics in Ethiopia. role of wind in Coxiella burnetii transmission. Haemophilus influenzae type b Disease . .1270 D.R. Feiken et al. A Peer-Reviewed Journal Tracking and Analyzing Disease Trends Vol. 10, No. 7, July 2004 Haemophilus influenzae type b disease prevalence in children provides estimates of national disease prevalence. Vancomycin-dependent Letters Enterococci . .1277 1325 Transporting SARS Patient P.A. Tambyah et al. 1326 Psychosocial Impact of SARS Vancomycin-dependent enterococci develop in patients with nosocomial vancomycin- 1327 Highly Pathogenic Avian Flu, resistant enterococcal infections. Japan 1328 Alexander the Great and West Nile Q Fever Outbreak in Virus Encephalitis (Replies) Industrial Setting . .1282 1333 Syndromic Surveillance (Replies) H.C. van Woerden et al. 1335 Staphylococcus aureus and An outbreak of Q fever was likely caused by Escherichia hermanii renovation work that aerosolized contaminated straw board. 1337 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 1338 Metapneumovirus and Pulmonary Dispatches Disease p. 1278 1339 Salmonella enterica Keurmassar 1290 Data to Assess SARS 1341 Hepatitis B Infection, Eastern India Interventions R.D. Scott II et al. 1342 Ehrlichia in Texas 1344 Echinococcus multilocularis, 1293 Mice Susceptible to SARS Hungary Coronavirus 1346 Antimicrobial Resistance in D.E. Wentworth et al. Campylobacter 1297 Q Fever Outbreak in Homeless Shelter Book Reviews P. Brouqui et al. 1347 Manual of Travel Medicine and Health 1300 SARS Coronavirus Detection A. Nitsche et al. 1347 The Vaccine Book 1304 Mayaro Fever, Venezuela J.R. Torres et al. Segue 1349 Brief summaries of articles on 1307 Multidrug-resistant Salmonella pertinent emerging issues Paratyphi B M.R. Mulvey et al. News & Notes 1311 Bartonella DNA in Biting Flies 1351 Emerging infections and SARS C.Y. Chung et al. p. 1299 1352 Open Access Publishing 1314 West Nile Virus Sequence, 1353 Corrections Mexico B.J. Blitvich et al. About the Cover 1318 Co-Infection with Human 1354 Biologic Agents and Disease Emergence Metapneumovirus P. Potter I. Lazar et al. 1321 Atypical Avian Influenza (H5N1) A. Apisarnthanarak et al. Environmental and Occupational Health Response to SARS, Taiwan, 2003 Eric J. Esswein,* Max Kiefer,† Ken Wallingford,‡ Greg Burr,‡ Lukas Jyhun-Hsiarn Lee,§ Jung-Der Wang,¶ Shun Chih Wang,# and Ih-Jen Su** Industrial hygiene specialists from the National From April 29, 2003, through June 13, 2003, four Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) visit- industrial hygienists from the National Institute for ed hospitals and medical centers throughout Taiwan. They Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducted envi- assisted with designing and evaluating ventilation modifica- ronmental assessments of 32 hospitals and medical centers tions for infection control, developed guidelines for convert- throughout Taiwan. NIOSH staff were deployed serially (a ing hospital rooms into SARS patient isolation rooms, prepared designs for the rapid conversion of a vacated mil- team of two initially and later, two persons at two different itary facility into a