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1816 History of Acadie, Penobscot Bay and River, With a More Particular Geographical and Statistical View of the District of Maine Than Has Ever Been Published Joseph Whipple
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Repository Citation Whipple, Joseph, "History of Acadie, Penobscot Bay and River, With a More Particular Geographical and Statistical View of the District of Maine Than Has Ever Been Published" (1816). Maine History Documents. 36. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mainehistory/36
This Book is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Maine History Documents by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE HISTORY
OF ACADIE, PENOBSCOT BAY AND RIVER,
WITH A MORE PARTICULAR
GEOGRAPHICAL AND STATISTICAL VIEW
OF THE DISTRICT OF MAINE THAN HAS EVER BEFORE BEEN PUBLISHED.
ALSO, STATISTICAL TABLES,
SHEWING AT ONE VIEW THE COMPARATIVE PROGRESS OF THE POPULATION OF MAINE WITH EACH OTHER INDIVIDUAL STATE IN THE UNION,
WITH AX ALPHABETICAL LIST
OF ALL THE TOWNS WITH THEIR DATE OF INCORPORATION, CENSUS IN 1810, POLLS AND VALUATION IN 1812, COUNTIES, AND DISTANCES FROM BOSTON,
BY JOSEPH WHIPPLE.
BANGOR: PRINTED BY PETER EDES.
1816. P II E F A C E.
THE Compiler of the following work made these selections for a History of Penobscot, about two years since; the object of which was, to bring a direct and concise view of this part of the country into a more compact, and cheaper volume than can now be obtained. As reference must be made to many publications, to obtain the information which this contains, all of which are very expensive works; and as it is the general wish of the inhabitants to possess a history of the country in which they live—it was presumed thatnearlg every family in this part of the country would avail themselves of as cheap and interesting a collection as could have been made; nor was the Compiler disappointed, as above 300 copies were immediately subscribed for in this town only.—In consequence of this liberal encouragement, and by the request of several subscribers, the work is augmented, and calculated for the use of schools, giving a more succinct and accurate description of the boundaries of the District of Maine than noiv exists, with a more particular description of the Pe nobscot, and its tributary streams, which combines superior advantages to any other river in the North-eastern States, and perhaps not ex ceeded by any in the Union of the same extent. There are also added valuable Statisticcd Tables, shewing the comparative progress of the population of Maine with each individual State in the Union, since the year 1790, with a correct list of the different towns in this Dis trict, with their date of incorporation, census in 1810, polls, valuation, and distances from Boston, onthe plan of a Gazetteer—Also, some remarks on the climate, sod, and productions.—Most of the materials for this work •were selected from Robertson's History of America, Hutchinson's His tory of Massachusetts, Mi nut's Continuation do. Sullivan's History of Maine, Marshall's Life of Washington, Naval H story of the United States, official documents from State Paper-i, with some information from reputable persons now living on the Penobscot river.
WITH due deference, and the Compiler's best endeavors to give use ful information, this work is submitted to the public with all its imper fections. JOSEPH WHIPPLE. BANGOR, JUNE, 1816.
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GEOGRAPHICAL VIEW
OF
ACADIE AND MAINE.
ACADIE.
JL HAT part of Acadie -which is now eotnprehended within the District of Ma w. was rather an appendage to a large tract of territory, which the English called by the general name of Newfoundland, including the island of that name ; and the French by the name of Acadie, or New-France. This territory extended from the river St. Lawrence, through the gul^.'j of that name, including the Bay of Chaleur, and thence extending along the sea-coasl. including Nova-Scotia, thence south-westerly to the river Kennebec, which was considered by the French as the western boundary of this territory. It is now divided into the provinces of Nova-Sco'ia, New-Bruns wick, and j.art of the province of Quebec or Lower Canada, and a part of Maine. The limits of Acadie as settled by the treaty of Utrecht, in 1713, were the St. Lawrence on the north, Pe nobscot river on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the south, and the gulph of St. Lawreuce on the east.
THE PROVINCE OF MAINE. Is 1639, April 3, Charles the I. king of England, granted to Sir Ferdinando Gorges a tract of land, "beginning at the en trance of Pascataway harbour, and passing up to the river Ne- wichawocke, and to the head thereof, and from thence north westward, until 120 miles were ended, and from Pascataway * harbour north-eastward along the sea-coast to Sagedebadocke,* and up the said river to the Kennebec river, and to the head thereof, and thence north-westerly until 120 miles were ended; being accounted from the mouth of Sagedebadocke, and from the period of 128 miles aforesaid, to cross over land to the 120 miles end, formerly reckoned up into the land from Pascataway harbour through Newichawocke river, and also the nortli half of the Isle-of-Shoals, together with the Isles of Capawock and Nautican, near Cape Cod, and ahro all the islands and inlets lying within five leagues of the main, all along the said coasts, between the said rivers of Pascataway and Sagedebadocke, with all the creeks, havens, and harbours thereunto belonging. This tract then included all the territory then designated as the Province of Maine. In 176*, all the claims of the above territory were purchased (through John Usher) by the State of Massachusetts, of th* heirs of Sir Ferdinando Gorges, for £.1200 sterling. (Sullivan •ays £.1400 English money.) Sir Ferdinando Gorges had expended DISTRICT OF MAINE. BOUNDARIES. THE present boundaries of the District of Main e are as fol lows, viz. beginning on the height of land from which the Waters descend to the St. Lawrence, and the Atlantic Ocean, in about 47 degrees and 50 minutes north latitude, and about 9 degrees and 12 minutes east longitude from Washington. Thence south ISO miles to the north branch of the St. Croix—thence through the lakes of said river, about 40 miles, to the Indian por tage to Maqnquadavick river—thence down the St. Croix about 80 miles to the sea, at East-Port—thence westerly along the sea- coast to the mouth of Piscataqua river, in 43 degrees and 4 minutes of nortli latitude—This last distance on a direct line i? 207 miles—thence up the Piscataqua to the head of Salmon Falls river about 36 miles—and thence north 2 deg. west, on the line of New-Hampshire 114 miles, to the province of Quebec—thence easterly on the height of land aforesaid, 220 miles, to the first mentioned bounds^-the distance from the mouth of the Schoodick river, on a westerly course to the line of New-Hampshire, * Sagadahock, or the Kennebec from its mouth to Merrymeeting Bay. S near the north-west comer of Maine, is 160 miles—and from the south-west corner at the mouth of Piscataqua river to the north-east corner, which is its greatest length, is 3*0 miles on a direct line. Commissioners are appointed to establish the north-west boundary, during the present year, 1816. TERRITORY. FROM the nearest estimate that has been made Maine con tains 29.0S0 square miles, or 18,611,200 aeres—but from this estimate 3,000,000 acres may be deducted for water. In point of territory, Maine will compare with the other New-England States, according to the following table, taken from Dr. Morse's estimate of the territory of the other States. 1 Maine contains 29,080 square miles. Vermont 10,237 New-Hamp9hire 9,491 Massachusetts Proper 6,250 Rhode-Island 1,580 Connecticut - 4,67* 32,232 square miles. Maine may be rated the ninth territory in extent in the Uni ted States.—It is exceeded by New-York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, North-Carolina, and Georgia. If we consider the extent of the territory of Maine in a com parative point of view with some countries in Europe, we shall find that should it ever be as much cultivated as some of those countries, that it may be capable of sustaining a greater popu lation than now exists in the United States.—Ireland being near the same extent of territory as Maine, may be a proper counlry to select for the comparison ; although it contains a less num ber of inhabitants to the square mile than several other coun tries.—Iceland contains 27,457 square miles, of which there are immense tracts of waste and uncultivated lands, such as bogs, heaths, &c. : yet by the census of 1815, Ireland contained a population of about seven millions, nearly equal to the census of the United States in 1810. CLIMATE. THE climates of the eastern and western continents, in the same parallels of latitude, are so very different, and as many hypothetical speculations have been advanced on this subject, it may be satisfactory to refer to the opinion of some philosophical writers of high reputation. Acosta, was the first eminent wri- t> ier on the comparative difference of the climates of the two con, tincnts. He was a Jesuit missionary, and a philosopher. He resided many years in South-America, and died in the year 1600. His opinion appears to have been, that the different de grees of heat in the old and new continents, was occasioned by the agency of the winds. M. de Buffon has adopted the same theo ry.—This hypothesis appears very unsatisfactory as it respects the District of Maine. In the first volume of Dr. Robertson's History of America, Note 38, page 295, it is observed—" The author of Itecherches sur les Amcricains, supposes this difference in heat to be equal to 12 degrees, and that a place SO degrees from the equator in the old continent, is as' warm as one situated IS degrees from it in America—torn. 1, page 11. Dr. Mitchell, after observations carried on during thirty years, contends that the difference is equal to 11 or 15 degrees of latitude. Present State, &c.—page 557." If Dr. Mitchell alluded to the United States, the climate must have essentially altered since the Dr. wrote on the subject.— The climate of Great-Britain, from its insular situation, will not admit of a proper comparison with the United States; but as it respects the eastern continent, from 9 to 10 degrees may be es timated as a comparative difference.—For an instance—the climate of the city of Paris, in lat. 48 deg. 50 uiin. may be es timated at a medium between the climates of Philadelphia, in latitude 59 deg. 56 min. and of Baltimore, in latitude 39 deg. 21 min. The climate varies very materially on the eastern and western side of the height of land from which the waters descend to the Atlantic Ocean, and the Missisippi river. The different heights of land, and prevalent courses of wind, no doubt have their particular effects on the climates of different countries. The difference of the climates of Massachusetts Proper and the District of Maine, may*be easily accounted for.—The inte rior of Maine is mostly covered with an impenetrable mass of green foliage, which is not only impervious, hut evidently counteracts the heat of the sun ; and such vast bodies of snow and ice being preserved by the same means, must naturally promote such exhalations as to effect the atmosphere ; and any wind passing over such a surface, must certainly impede the progress of the season, until the intensity of the sun's heat has by degrees subdued the occasion—Hence"arises the question of the climate being meliorated by the country being cleared—the effect is obvious ; as we may observe on the first of May in the interior of Maine, while the cleared land is perfectly divested of snow and ice, that immense bodies are still preserved in the woods—it is therefore plausible, that us the countrv is cleared, the climate will be commensurately meliorated, iiut as evcrv lagcie^d 07 Gabber Jr Didc fcy Fenmuian ^t the NYl^wmn from > Fhinong by SAMIK.I.L MITf H1I.I-. M.D L.I..D. •Zr J- /:• '/^sSzt: 7 hypothesis on this subject may be considered as indefinite as if respects the climate generally ; more conclusive evidence may1 be given from the observations which have been made on the climates of Xcw-York and Pennsylvania, by living evidences.— The springs are supposed to commence about ten days sooner in the Stale of New-York than they did 20 years since. Dr. Mease, in his philosophical observations on the climate of Pennsylvania, observes—« A considerable change has taken place in the climate of Philadelphia, in common with the state •>( large, during the last forty years. Our winters are less uni formly cold, and more variable, and our summers less uniformly warm than before the date just mentioned. The Delaware for many years past has not afforded the diversion of skating for more than two weeks at a time, and seldom so long, while for merly during four or six weeks, it was the scene of pastime ind manly exercises. In the year 1704 snow fell one yard deep, in the winter 1739-40 the river was frozen until the 15th of March : but in that year the cold was intense all over Europe. In the winter of 1779-80 the Delaware continued JTrozen for three months, an ox was roasted on the ice, and the British ar my passed over from New-York to Paulus Hook on the ice. The ground was frozen for four and five feet in depth, and plants and animals suffered greatly. In 1790, after opening and shut ting several times, the river closed on the 18th of December, and remained so until the 18th January 1791. After this period, it closed and opened often, out was not completely navigable until the end of the month. The preceding season had been uncommonly mild, and it was even reported that boys had bathed in the river on the second of January 1790. A heavy fall of snow after the middle of December, generally preceded the formation of ice, and subsequent freezing of the river. But some times the river is completely frozen over in a single ni^ht, and passable the next day. Such an occurrence took place on 31st December 176+, 7th of January 1791, and 6th of December 1797 ; and in other years. But although not uniformly cold in modern times as formerly, yet intensely cold weather occasionally i* experienced. Thus in 1788, on the sixth of February, the thermometer of Farenheit stood ;;t 3 deg. below 0. in Feb ruary 1791, it stood at 5 deg. ; of late years the coldest weather has not commenced until the months of January or February, previously to which the seasons have been moderate ; in some instances unusually so. The winter of 1801-2 was milder than any season since 1790, scarcely any snow having fallen before the 22d of February : and no obstruction to the navigation took place except for a few hours, by floating ice on the day just mentioned. Shad were in market on the 17th of February 1802; ou the 23d of the same month Farenheit'-s thermometer at 8 A. M. stood at 10 deg. ; at 3 P. M. 17 deg. the navigation however was not im peded." Dr. Williams in his history of Vermont, observes—" By the meteorological observations which I made in the University at Cambridge for seven years, from 1780 to 1788, I found the mean heat in the month of December, to be 29 deg. 4 min.—iu January it was 22 deg. 5 min—and in February it was 23 deg. 9 min. These numbers express the present temperature at Boston. If this computation be admitted, the change of temper. ature in the winter at Boston, from the year 1630 to 1788, must have been from 10 to 12 degrees." State of the thermometer at Orono, on the Penobscot, in 1810. January, the mean heat was 15 degrees above cypher. February, do. 25 do. March, do. 27 do. April, do. 42 do. May, do. 52 do.. 'June, do. 13 days, 55 do. During the same month at the same plaee the thermometer stood at 110 deg. above cypher. The same year, January the 18th, the thermometer stood at 42 degrees above 0 ; and on the 19th^ 20th, and 21st, the aver' age was about 20 deg. below 0.—At the same time at Boston, on the 18th, at 48 deg. above ; on the 19th, 20th, and 21st, the average was i\ deg. below 0. The coldest weather recorded in Maine was from the 27th to the 31st January 1815, when the thermometer on the Penob scot stood at 27 deg. below 0. And at Hallo we 11 the ther mometer stood on an average at 31 deg. below 0 ; and on the 31st, at 34| deg. below 0, at sunrise, in, a glass near the river. At the same time at Boston the thermometer stood on the 29th and SOth, at 4 deg. below 0—and on the 31st at ±i\ below 0. Governor Sullivan in his history of Maine, observes—" How ever disagreeable the winters of a northern climate may be, yet the northern part of every country is more healthy, than that part which is nearer to the equator : and we know that the hu man race is increased between the fortieth and fiftieth degrees of latitude, muoh beyond what it is any where else. It is very certain, from observations, that there are more children born in the District of Maine, than there are from the same number of parents in the State of Massachusetts, west of New-Hamp shire j and that the mortality attending children is not so great there, as it is farther to the southward. Besides this, an en quirer will be clearly convinced, that there are not so many pul monic complaints there, as are found in the other parts of New- England, Yellow or bilious fevers are very rare, and the fever and ague is now hardly known to the inhabitants : but it was frequent there within sixty years last past 'tf^ii/i^-f ty C^t & FACE OF THE COUNTRY. THB District of Maine is rather an elevated country ; but k small proportion of it being mountainous. The height of land which divides the waters that descend to the St. Lawrence and the Atlantic Ocean is the highest land in Maine.—The highest of these mountains, that is known, is situated between the head waters of the Penobscot, and the great northwesterly branch. It is called by the Indians Kataden ; being about 70 mileg northerly from the head of the tide on the Penobscot; and may be seen at Dixmont, which is 80 miles distant. InT August, 1S05, a party of eleven persons, including two Indians, ascend ed the Penobscot t« examine the mountain, and to explore the great western branch of the river, and as they were the only per sons that have ever ascended this mountain, an extract from their journal may not be uninteresting. " Monday, August 13, at S o'clock P. M. \fe left our canoes at the head of boatwaters, in a small stream of clear, cold, spring water, which came directly from the mountain, the main stream: of \» hich (as we afterwards found) issued out near the summit, in a large gully-—At five o'clock P. M. we reached the summit. It is the southernmost, and highest, of a cluster of eight or ten mountains, extending from it north-east and north-west; round Kataden on the west, south and east sides, is a table land of about four miles in extent from the Kataden, rising gradu ally towards it, which compared with the land in tbe vicinity is of itself moutainous, overlooking all the country except the mountains, yet when viewed from the top of the Kataden ap pears like a plain.—After leaving the table land, we ascended, following a ridge, to gain the summit at the west end, which appeared most easy of access from the head of the table land, which we call the base of the mountain, we ascended aa near as we could judge in an elevation, making an angle with the horizon of from 35 to 45 degrees, near two miles.—This mountain is composed of rocks which appear to have been brok en or split—Within half a mile of the summit the fretN are only two feet high and of regular shape.—Having attained the summit, we found ourselves on a comparative plain of rocks, with coarse gravel intermixed, and covered with a dead blueish. moss, this plain contains about 800 acres.—On the westerly side we found several springs of clear, cold water, of which we drank freely, probably too much, it being an extreme hot day, and the elevation so great, as sensibly to effect respiration ; some were taking with vomiting in the course of the night-* - we judged it to have been impregnated with mineral substances, Having arrived at the highest pitch toward the east end, we fonnd oiiTkelres elevated abore any muuutaios or land within ID reach of our «ip;ht—it w»s difficult to determine our right aseen» sion, not having instrument*, >or hciir; otlierwa^s prepared to ascertain the height, from this point our view was enchanting; but the atmosphere rather unfavorable ; we had a view of all the mountains between Maine and Canada, and sixty-three lakes of various extent." The general estimate of the height of the mountain by this company was 13,000 feet, which if near accurate, it is by far the highest land in the United States—the white mountains in New-Hampshire are estimated by Dr. Morse, at 11,000 feet; which is 7;000 feet higher than any land in the south-western States.—The highest peak of the Andes is estimated to be 20,584 feet—Tcneriffe at l."i,S96 fret—And Mount Blane. the highest land in Europe, at 15.662 feet. The sea-eoast of Maine is generally moderately elevated, except Bluehil), Mount-De sert, the bills in Camden, and Agamentieus in Old-York.— The section east of Penobscot is inclined to be liroken land—some high hills, and much low land. The section between the Penobscot and Kennebec is very favor ably situated, being generally long, gradual swells, and but few swamps, and very little broken land or ledges—The vicinity of the western side of the Kennebec is moderately uneven ; but to the westward and northward of Androscoggin, the land is broken and hilly, and the same near the line of New-Hampshire. SOIL. THE soil of the District of Maine varies very materially in different parts of the country ; and there is probably a greater va riety than in the other New-England States. It has been found that when the trees have first been cut down and burnt over that the laud has produced much more abundant crops, than it has subsequently, until manured. This circumstance is very obvious ; when we reflect on th« immeijse quantity of vegetable substance that has been annually falling from the trees, and other vegetation which annually de cays on the surface of the ground : and we believe it to be de monstrably true, that the manure from these substances is more than equivalent to support, the spontaneous growth of any coun try remaining in its natural state. Dr. Robertson having very learnedly exemplified this subject in his elegant History of America ; it may not be unprofitable to quote him at this time. He observes— " The soil, on a continent so extensive as America, must, of course, be extremely various. In each of its provinces, we find some distinguishing peculiarities, the description of which be- It longs to those who write their particular history. In general, we way observe, that the moisture and eold, which predominates BO remarkably in all pat-ts of America, must have great influence upon the nature of its soil ; countries lying in the same parallel with those regions which never feel the extreine rigour of winter in the ancient continent, are frozen over iii America during a great part of the year. Chilled by this intense cold, the ground never acquires warmth sufficient to ripen the fruits, which art f<; J'id in the corresponding parts of the other continent. If we wish to rear in America the productions which abound in any particular district of the ancient world, we must advance sever al degrees nearer to the line than in the other hemisphere, as it requires such an increase of heat to counterbalanee the natural frigidity of the soil acd climate. But, if allowance be made for this diversity in the degree of heat, the soil of America is naturally as rich and fertile as in any part of the earth. As the country was thinly inhabited, and by a people of little industry, who bad none of the domestic animals, which civilized nations rear in such vast numbers, the earth was not exhausted by their eoQiumption. The vegetable productions to which the fertility of the soil gave birth, often remained untouched, and being suf fered to corrupt on its surface, returned with increase into its bosom. As trees and plaits derive a great part of their nour ishment from air and water, if they were not destroyed by man and other aiimals, they would render to the earth more, perhaps, than they take from it, and feed rather than impoverish it. Thus the unoccupied soil of America may have gone on enriching for many ages. The vast number as well as enormous size of the trees in America, iadicate the extraordinary vigour of the soil in its native state. Whe.i the Europeans first began (o cultivate the Xew World, they were astonished at the luxuriant power of vegetation in its virgin mould; and in several places the ingenu ity of the planter is still employed in diminishing and wasting its superfluous fertility, in order to bring it down to a state fit for profitable culture." Many settlers ui Maine, after first cutting down, and burn ing the trees, find their first crop very abundant ; but the sub* sequent successive crops much less so—.hence they observe, that the soil is* exhausted after two or three crops. From this vii'sunistance, we find these settlers are anxious to dis pose ot their possessions, and retire into the interior to com mence new scillements. This system may be beneficial to ilninein the aggregate ; as those setthvs who have formed such superficial ideas of agriculture, may be more profitably employ ed as pioneers in clearing the way for substantial fanners. It is, however, unquestionably true, that particular tracts of la.id in the States of Ohio an J Kentucky, will produce much more abund antly tbaa any laads in Alaiao, the comparison has been as- is certaincd by experience—hut. wo believe at the game timet that each of these Stales contains a much greater proportion of waste and impregnable land than Maine : and most of the hcst land being monopolized by proprietors, a very small ipianlity is now offered far sale at exhorbilant prices. The only hy pothecs that we can advance to account for the superiority of any part of the soil of the Western States, over that, of Maine, is the effect of climate. The more powerful influence, and long er duration of the snu?8 heat in the western country, producing a growth of wood, with a more luxuriant foliage, which must more essentially pnrieh the earth than that of the woods of Maine, which sustain a much greater proportion of ever greens, which in some instances appear to impoverish the soil. That part of the District of Maine, which is nearest to the sea-coast, and extending its whole length, and .about 10 miles pack, is generally inclined to clay, and in many places rocky— this is reputed as the most ordinary part of Maine ; but many parts of it, when well cultivated, produces most abundantly— that part of this section which extends from Penobscot to Piseata- qua, is by far the most populous, and probably the best cultivate ed part of Maine. The next section, which is cast of the Penob- •eot, and north of the sea-coast, comprising the million acres, called the. lottery lands, with the land to the northward, has not so good a reputation as many other parts of Maine—there arc some parts of |t, however, that are cultivated, vhich yield hay, beef, pork, butter and cheese, as abundan.ly as any part of New-England—but the soil of this section has probably been underrated. On a new road, which is located by the Com monwealth from Penobscot river toward the St. Johns, and ex tending through this seetion, the la;id is reputed to be generally of the first quality. The next, section, which is comprised between the Penobscot and Kennebec, and extending northerly to the height of land, has a higher reputation than any other part of Maine—it Is about 50 miles in breadth by 100 miles in length, and contains all the variety of soil which is found in Maine— the richest part of this land is between tin upper part of the two rivers. The soil of the nine ranges of townships, north of the Waldo Patent, which arc comprehended in this section, has generally been estimated as the best- in the District of Maine The State's land, which is nearest to the Penobscot, i3 rather flat and low, except a ridge which extends nearly'parallel with the river, over which • road has been opened at the State's expense. It is expected, however, that when this tract is clear ed, that the high bad will prove the best for tillage and the low land for grass. In the townships marked No. 1, on Carleton's map, and which adjoin the States land, the country is genei-ally higher, and a spiall part of it is inclined to be rocky j but not 18 joo much so, as it produces eorn and wheat in abundance— From this section westerly, the land is rather low, extending to the townships marked No. 2. where the la:isl rises and continues about the same for many miles westerly, in swales and gradual swells, and is generally free from ledges, and contains prob ably less waste land than any other part of No.-England—The low land, in some instances, is found to be wet; but the up land is generally a warm loam, inclined to sand or gravel; and not only very congenial to grass, but equally so to tillage. Near the Piscataquis and its branches are extensive intervals, which are particularly productive. The Waldo Patent, although an excel lent tract of land, probably will not average so good as the uine ranges. The next section, which is immediately west of the Kenne bec, and east of the Androscoggin, may be rated as nearly equal to the last described land—The section lying still westerly, and northerly of the Androscoggin, is inferior to the last, being generally hard and stony land. The land lying north erly of Moose-head lake not being explored, we shall decline giving any opinion of it; but from all accounts it may proba bly average with the other parts of Maine. The quality of the soil cannot be so easily ascertained by the growth of wood in Maine, as in other parts of New-Eng land, as many people have been much deceived in selecting land for cultivation by the growth ; but where large hemlocks, interspersed with variety of hard wood is found, the soil will generally prove good. Most lands which are covered with small hard wood and spruce, are ordinary—some of the best soil has been found, however, covered with spruce which had mostly de cayed.—Cedar swamps generally produce abundantly after being cleared and drained. Clay and evergreen woods are more prevalent, contiguous to the great rivers and sea-coast than in other parts of the coun try. A material difference appears in about 10 miles distant in either direction. GROWTH. THERE are five different kinds of pines designated in Maine. The white pine is the most famous and most distinguished for mastt and other spars.—The yellow pine is most used for boards—The pumpkin is softer than the white and yellow, and grflws to an immense size—The Norway pine is much hard er than the white or yellow and is famous for pla;iks and ship timber; it resembles the pitch pine of ihc Sou-'h-wctrrn States.—The pitch pine is found in the Wester;! iiurt of the 14 District of Maine. Spruce is found in great abundance in Maine, and is valuable for the knees taken from the roots and used in ship building Spruce and fir have for late years been frequently destroyed by an insect, which penetrates its trunk with its forceps. Hemlock is mostly valued for tin hark. The fir is generally small and not valuable. The cedar is valuable for posts and shingles, The juniper, which is also sailed hacmatack, and by the English larch, is peculiarly valu able for ship timber. The elm is found in most parts of Maine, and of superior size. The bass wood is used for the bodies of wheel carriages and ot'ier furniture. The balm of gilead has been found, meas uring two feet in diameter. The poplar and wild cherry ar* found in most parts of the country. The oil or butter nut and black birch are found in abundance near the Kennebec river, but not near the Penobscot. Yellow birch is very valuable for ship timber or furniture. White birch is much less valua ble. The red and white beeches arc used for planks, timber and fuel.—The black beech and hornbeam are small trees ; but very tough, and used for levers. White ash is valu able for oar-rafters, planks and carriages, and grows oq high ground.—The yellow and brown ash are the growth of wet land.—The mountain ash is small, but valued as an ornamental tree. The rock or sugar maple is valuable for producing th« maple sugar, and is used for the keels of vessels and household furniture—this is a very valuable tree and is not confined to ei ther low or high ground.—White and brown maple are less valuable, and generally used for fuel. Red oak is found in most parts of Maine, and is used for staves for molasses hogsheads—it is very porous and unfit for ship timber.— Yellow oak is much superior to the red for ship timber, be ing of a much closer grain, and more solid Grey oak is ex cellent ship timber after being properly seasoned, and resembles the British oak in appearance.—White oak sustains a high er reputation than any other for ship timber ; but is inferior to the pasture white oak of Massachusetts When the country is cleared, and it is more exposed to the air, it may become equal ly good—it is more frequently found in the south-westerly part of Maine, and seldom found east of Penobscot river. If has been ascertained in many instances where the land has been cleared of a growth of evergreens, that when exposed to the sun, that a second growth of birches and other hard wood will succeed. Cranberries are found in meadows, bogs, and other low lands. Gooseberries are more frequently found in the South-western part oi the country on low ground. Blackberries, blueberries, and wnortleberries are of spontaneous growth. Raspberries and sirawberries are found in the greatest perfection and abuidaae* a in aH sections of the «ountry. The rnooseplumb is a native of of this country, and much esteemed. Hop*, herbs, and most of the spontaneous grasses which are found in other parts of New-England, are also found in Maine. PRODUCTIONS. APPIE TRET.S succeed much better in the western parts of Maine, near the sea-coast, where the country has been long cleared and exposed to the sun, than in tho northern and eastern parts, where the country approximates nearer to a state of nature.—From the Piscataqua to the Kennebec an ahundauce of eider is made ; but very little is found to the east ward of Kennebec.—The prospect of fruit trees in the vicinity of Penobscot river is rather unsuspicious ; hut less than it was on the Kennebec twenty years since—where cider at this time is made in the greatest abundance—and it may be generally ob served that, as the country is cleared, it is much more con genial to the growth of fruit trees. Pear trees are more hardy, and suffer less by the climate than apple trees. Cherries, eurrants, and plums succeed in most parts of the District of Maine to the greatest perfection. Peach tree9 have not yet been cultivated to any advantage in the interior of Maine ; but probably, when the country is cleared and exposed to the sun, they may succeed as well as in other parts of New-England.— They have been cultivated in the county of York, where tiie coun try has been long cleared, without any difficulty. Melons have been frequently raised in perfection near Pe nobscot river in favorahle seasons. Beans, pea's, and every kind of culinary vegetables that are raised in other parts of New-England, arc cultivated in Maine to the greatest advantage. The soil of Maine is peculiarly congenial to the culture of potatoes ; and with proper attention to the seed, they are not, probably, cultivated to so great advantage iu any other part of the United States. Indian corn is frequently raised to perfection in favorahle seasons ; but is sometimes injured by early frosts.—When the country is more exposed to the sun, probably this dif ficulty may be remedied. The average of produce, when the ground is properly prepared, may lie about twenty bushels to an acre.—A bushel of the best corn weighs 60 pounds.—One bushel of good seed will produce 120 bushels. In favorable sea sons wheat is more profitably cultivated than corn.—Twenty years since, very few people supposed that wheat would ever be cultivated to advantage in Maine—since that time, it has been ascartaiaed that the xoil between (ho Penobscot and Kenncbce 16 DOMESTIC ANIMALS. BEEF cattle have so much increased of late years in Maine, that vast numbers are exported to the British col onies. The number of cattle raised near the Kennebec riv er, may he equal to that of any other part in the United States of the same extent. Immense numbers of sheep are kept in every part of Maine—the sheep near the Kennebec are gen erally larger than in the old State, and the fleeces heavier.— The merino sheep have become very common in most parts of the country; but (he large Brabant sheep are found to be the most profitable. Pork is raised in great abundance, and will probably in a few years become a great article of exportation. Poultry of different kinds are as easily reared as in other parts of New- England. The horses in Maine are generally ordinary in ap pearance, like the common kind in the other New-England States —they are, however, remarkably tough and hardy, and by any attention to seed horses a good breed might b« established in a very few years. iv NATIVE ANIMALS. ..THE Moose is the laiAjt native animal of the District of Maine ; and was £oripufy much more numerous than of late years ; theuarenow seldom taken except in'die inferior of the country. They are of a dark grey colour, with a large head, very thick lips, the horns about three feet in length which gain additional branches by age, and are renewed annually in winter, and spread near six feet - their gait is rather a swift trot, and when in motion, the head is raised with tie nose projected, and the horns are so formed as to lie close to the shoulders, avoid ing the bushes and branches of trees—the average height to the top of the withers of the largest males is about six feet, and the weight about 1200 pounds—The female generally brings one calf, but sometimes twins, and falls far short of the size of the male. The carabon has of late years become very rare, except in the interior country : they are beautiful animals, and rather an intermediate species between the moose and deer—the colour of a redish grey, much larger than the common deer—their gait, like the moose, is a prodigious trot, with the horns extended over the shoulders—the feet are very large. -The common red deers are numerous and frequently tak en by the Indians in the interior. Beavers, the most valuable animals for fur, are less numerous than formerly ; but are still taken In great numbers' by the hunters and Indians. Otters are next .valuable for fur to beavers. Sables are more valuable than any ether small animals. Bears are still numerous and eontftfta in most parts of Maine/ Wolves are much more rare Qma formerly. The catamount has been seen in several instan ces in Maine—they are, however, very uncommon, and more fe- rociousthan any other animal. Wolverenes ("which are the badg es of Europe) the, .wild-cat and lynx, called «y the French loupJ eervierj and by the hunters lucervee j the red and grey fox, rackeoon, wopdehuck, hedgehog, musaj^sh, mink, weasel, hare, rabbi4' black, grey, and red squirrel and skunk are natives. BIRDST THB large white headed eagle is. a native' of every part of Maine, and is superior to any other bird in this country, either in strength or courage. Common fishhawks or kingfishers, hen and pigeon-hawks are natives. Partridges, the common and the spruce, which is a smaller kind, with feathered legs, and dark colored meat. Wild pigeons are very abundant. Wood- ducks, of which the male is very* Beautiful, are common. B*L C 16 vcns, cranes, jays, the large woodpecker, red lieadcd do. and spotted, are common. The thrush, kingbird, robin, goldfinch, bobalink, portroyal and most other small birds that are found in other parts of New-England. Woodcocks and snipes are com mon in the southwestern, but rare in the northeastern parts of Maine, as they arc rather inclined to cleared land, and probably many other birds which are not known at present, may, when the country is cleared, annually visit it. On the sea-coast are plenty of wild-geese, brants, black and grey ducks, teals, dip pers, oldsquaws and widgeons, loons, coots, and mast sea fowls found in Massachusetts Proper. Of marsh birds are the upland and green plover, curlew, yellowlegs, and numerous other small marsh birds. FISH. THE sturgeon is the largest fish taken in the interior waters, they have been taken weighing between 150 and 200 pound*. As the country is settled, like other river fish, they become less common. Salmon, bass, shad, alewives, trout, perch, chub, bream, dace, smelts, and eels, are common in most rivers. Pick erel are not found in any waters that are connected with Penob scot river ; they are taken in all the waters which are to the eastward, and are connected with the Kennebec ; bnt not in any instance in the western waters of Kennebec ; they are also found in the eastern waters of the Androscoggin which are very near those of the Kennebec, but not in the western, as4n the instance of the Kennebec. A large species of trout, weighing from 20 to 30 pounds are found in the large lakes in the interior. The sea fish on the coast are the halibut, cod, haddock, cusk, polluek, and black fish, mackerel, flounders, and most other sea fish* Lobsters and other shell fish, except oysters, are found in abundance on the sea-coast. REPTILES AND INSECTS. REPTILES are very few in Maine. The rattlesnake is very rare. The black-snake is sometimes found in the western part of the District. The house adder and striped snake are com mon—also, frogs, toads, and water lizards, etc. INSECTS the same as in Massachusetts, with the addition of black and sand flics, which prevail in tie woods during the month* of July aud August, ami are exeessively troublesome. •IVKK. MAINK 1? MINERALS. MOUNTAIN and bog iron have been discovered in various parts of the country, their extent, however, has not yet been thorough ly examined ; indications of a mine has been observed in the ninth range of townships, north of the Waldo Patent, whioh is expected to be very valuable. Lime-stone has been found in several parts of the country : but is more peculiar to Thomas- town, in Lincoln county, than in any other situation that has yet been discovered. Black and white marble of a superior quality has been found on the bottom of St. George's river in Thom- astown—-specimens of these marbles were sent to Philadelphia, which, when polished, their texture was found equal to the best Italian marble ; it has, however, only been found in small quan tities—a quarry may probably be hereafter discovered. The lime-stone is at present used as a substitute for hearths, jambs, &c. Quarries of slate have been observed in several sections of the country : probably in sufficient abundance to supply more than the exigencies of the country.. The common blue granite, which is pecutiar to Massachusetts Proper, and used for build ing, is abundant in most parts of Maine. MANUFACTURES. The following is a view of the Manufactures of Maine in 1810, taken from the Marshal's Office. Cloth of different kinds, yds. 2,285,369 No. of Looms 16,057 Do. Carding machines 75 Do. Fulling mills 59 Do. Spindles 780 Do. Hats 60423 Do. Furnaces and Forges 2 Do. Trip Hammers 14 Do. Naileries 6 Do. lbs. of Nails 1,265,594 Augers to the value of 8.2,000 Soap do. g.31,650 Shoes and Boots do. g.l35,2Sl Saddlery do. g.24,678 No. of Tanneries 200 Do. Hides and Skins dressed 55,153 Leather to the value of g.231,174 Flax-seed Oil do. g.3,000 No. of gallons distilled Spirits 160,300 Carriages made to the value of g.9,000 Paper do. g.16,500 No. of Rope-walks 11 Cordage to the value of g.234,600 2.0 EXPORTS. THE articlej of exportation from Maine, are, a variety ot timber, joists, planks, boards, clapboards, shingles, staves, oar- rafters, handspikes, &c.—Pot and pearl ashes, and lime. Beef cattle, horses, sheep, hides, tallow, beef, pork, butter, cheese, oil, and honey.—Wheat, corn, rye, barley, oats, hops, hay, po tatoes, hemp, flax, and some coarse cloths.—A great variety of furs, and sheep's wool in abundance. Of fish, are salmon, shadj bass, alewives, herrings and cod. fish, all of which are occasion; ally exported from Maine. The following is a list of the exports of Maine transmitted from the Office of the Secretary of the Treasury. In 1810; Domestic exports were 2-763,285 Foreign do. 40,334 803,619 1811, Domestic exports g.981,708 Foreign do. 92,922 1,074,630, 181S, Domestic exports g.169,763 Foreign do. 18,959 188,722 £.2,066,971 During the same years the domestic and for eign exports from Connecticut were 2,772,000 But, in the above schedule of the exports of Maine, the imT men so exports of lumber and fuel to Boston, and other parts of the State, are not included—there are also immense quanti ties oflime exported to Boston and other places, of which there is not any account, and which, probably, amount to as much more as the whole aggregate there enumerated. IMPORTS. THE principal articles off importation are manufactured, such aB cloths of ditt'erent descriptions, hats, boots and shoes, cabinet work, most articles, of European and India manufactures, dis tilled spirits of all kinds, teas, coflee, sugar, molasses, salt, cuttlery, axes, shovels, spades, &c—and most articles that re quire expensive manual labour. 21 TONNAGE. lira aggregate tonnage of Maine, in 1804, was 100,939 tons. 1810, 141,057 '1811, 139,727 1813, 135,056 The following is an abstract from the Report of Joseph JTourse, Register of the Treasury, January 18, 1816, and exhib-: its the amount of shipping in the eleven Collection Districts in Maine, on Slst December, 1814. York 1,653 tons. Kennebunk 8,854 Saco 5,095 Portland 31,913 Bath 18,990 Wiscasset 16,715 Waldoborough 16,294 Penobscot 15,684 Frenchman's Bay 4,584 Mai-bias - 1,670 Passamaquoddy 3,554 Aggregate 125,006 Portsmouth 21,696 Boston 107,199 New-York City 243,144 Baltimore 81,048 The following is the amount of tonnage In the district of Po Bobscot, Dec. 31,1815, Registered 7,175 Enrolled, 8,306 -16,707 Fishing 1,226 LANDS. THE land which belongs to the Commonwealth is in the coun ties of Washington, Penobscot, Somerset and Oxford. The aggregate estimate of territory comprises 8,210,880 acres. From this estimate may be deducted for water 1,000,000 And for Indians land 614,400 1,614,460 Total belonging to the Commonwealth 6,596,480 acres. About five million acres of this territory, including the wa ters, is in the county of Penobscot. •ti There is probably a much greater proportion of waste and impregnable land in this, than in that part of the district which is more settled, as most of the height of land which separate the waters of the St. Lawrence and the principal rivers of Maine are in this territory. Propably an average of ten cents an acre might be a fair estimate of the value; which would amount to £.{359,648. The price of land which is offered by proprietors to settlers in the vicinity of Penobscot river is from 2 to 5 dollars, the aver age price may be 3 dollars ; some of the best land in Maine may be procured for 2 dollars an acre, near the Piscataquis, and about SO miles from Bangor. The nine ranges of townships north of the Waldo Patent, pro. bably present superior advantages to settlers than any other sec tion of land in the District of Maine. The quality of the land 1 is particularly described under the head of soil. From the Wal, do Patent to the north line of the 7th range, are 35 townships of 6 miles square, most of them contain from 30 to 50 families; in the list of towns may be seen the census of each in 1810, but since that time the population in many of them has very much increased, and in some instances, 30 or 40 families have been set tle*' in townships, where in 1810 there were not ten. There are other instances, however, where owing to the shameful neglect of the proprietors, that several townships have been nearly desert* ed. The settlers jn this section, most of which is in the county of Penobscot, arc generally industrious and enterprising farmers, those of:: different description, are more frequently engaged in making shingles, and logging, and in the proper season for plant ing, spend their time in fishing on the Penobscot, or occasionally letting themselves for labour. The miserable, wretched appear ance of the residences of these settlers are indicative of the profits of! h eir employment. The farmers are most generally emigrants from Massachusetts Proper, New-Hampshire and the western part of Maine. Their prospects in many instances are very favorable, being conveniently situated for a market, and their produce at all times commanding good prices and immediate payment. The general quantity of produce to the acre is designated under the head of productions. Could the non-resident proprietors of the vacant lands in these townships comprehend the objects Which would promote their own interests, the settlers might be ren dered much more comfortable, and themselves have much less reason to grumble at paying their taxes ; and until they offer a small proportion of their land at moderate prices, and promote the improvement of the roads, it is not to be regretted that their laud should remain a sinking fund, as it has in many instances, for 20 years past. There are nine townships, which principally belong to the Commonwealth, and situated on each side of Penobscot riyjar, as and commencing at the head of the tide, a state road has ri-cenf- ly been made through them, on the western side of the Penob scot from Orono to Piscataquis. Lots of 100 acres have been located on each side of this road and are now offered for sale, some by the state, and others by individuals, the land is very good, and generally of hard wood growth; this road will eventu ally be one of the most important from Bangor to Piscataquis river. The land which is from 5 to 20 miles easterly of the Pe nobscot, has not generally sustained so good a reputation as on the western, but the settlement called New-Wrcutham, in Brew er, which is 6 miles east of Penobscot, and in several instances well cultivated, is perhaps not exceeded by any tract of equal ex tent in the District of Maine; the settlers are, however, of the first class of farmers, and know how to appreciate the value of their land : good lots for settlement may be had from 3 to 6 dol lars an acre. About 20 miles east of Penobscot, commences the Bingham purchase of one million of acres and commonly desig nated as the lottery lands. This division like many others, has probably been much underrated, and should a direct and good road be made by the proprietors, from the head of the tide on the Penobscot, to the head of the tide at Passauiaquoddy, which is about 90 miles, it would reduce the distance about one half from the post road now travelled on the sea board, which is about ISO miles; this might in a few years become an important section of country. ROADS. THE principal roads in the counties of Kennebec, Lincoln* Cumberland and York, are generally in a good state of improve ment ; those in the counties of Washington, Hancock, Penobscot, Somerset and Oxford, are much less so. The soil of the iute- riour of the District of Maine, is generally as well adapted to ood roads as any other part of the Union. In the county of f'enobscot, which is the most central division, particular atten tion is paid in locating the roads in such directions, as may here after preclude the neeessity of turnpikes, but even here there are people who have great reluctance to quit any road which they have used, let the location be ever so indirect, however the in habitants of this section are generally as enterprizing in this department as in any other part of the Union. The roads parallel and each side of Penobscot bay and river, are in a very good state to the head of the tide ; the first important road from the head of the tide and west of the Penobscot, commences at Bangor, and extends northeasterly by the river 14 miles to the upper line uf Orono, from thence it has recently been extended 2i 4* miles northwesterly, ai the expence of the Stale, and another section of 14 miles is now extending beyond the Piscataquis. The next road extends on a northerly direction, about 8 miles westerly of the State's road, this passes the westerly side of Pu- shaw, arid terminates in Blakcsburgh* 25 miles from Bangor; it is however in contemplation to extend it immediately to the township No; 3 in the 7th range on the Piscataquis. The next great road extends from Bangor on the westerly side of theKen- duskeag, and extends northwesterly about 20 miles to the upper part of Corinth, thence north through the centre of Chariestovn No. 2, in the sixth range, to Piscataquis, and to the mills in the town of Sebec, 88 miles from Bangor, and is a confirmed county road for that distance. The next and most important road of either, is contemplated to be opended by the proprietors of the land through which it passes ; it will commence ai the western side of Kendnskeag, thence north 44 deg. west by the compass, i) miles to the south branch of Kenduskeag in Levant, which has been so far traced, thence varying about 2 deg, northerly it pass es through the eentre of Penobscot county to Guilford on Piscataquis river, thence to the south side of Moosehead lake, thence about the same course to the principal settle ment on the Cliaudiere, 52 miles from Quebec, which distance is now a perfect wheel road ; the whole distance from Bangor to Quebec, will probably be about 190 miles, half this distance is now passable by the common road from Bangor to the Piscataquis, and the Chaudiere road to Quebec; which distance the land is peculiarly adapted to a good road ; this road will particularly accommodate the upper settlers on the Kennebec : The next im portant road which is also contemplated, but now before the Court of Sessions, commences at Bangor and extending west a Tew degrees north through Herman and Carmel in the second range, thence on the same course to Canaan, Bloom fie Id and Norridge* wock, on the Kennebec, and thence on the same course through East Andover to Connecticut river in New-Hampshire and Ver mont. The next road is contemplated from Bangor to Augusta, south of Dixmont and on a direct course, which will reduce the distance about 9 miles ', a petition for a township of land for this purpose is now before the Legislature. The next is the present travelled road from Bangor through Hampden, Dixmont, Joy* Unity, Fairfax, Harlem and Vassalborough to Augusta. The last road west of Penobscot is from Bangor to Belfast, through Hampden and Frankl'ort, a petition for a new road from Frankfort to Belfast is now before the Sessions, this will be a most important avenue, A new direct county road is also con templated from Bangor to EUworth, which will be the great road from Bangor to Machias and Passainaquoddv. • • 3 # # f * ?< ; » * J' # # ^. •,« * a? ST. CROIX ISLAND AND SURROUNDINGS. iKnmi a modern chart. It i* placed in this position to allow of comparison with (Jhainplain's map of the same area. 25 RIVERS. COMPARING ihe natural advantages of water in the several States in the Union, the District of Maine possesses a decided pre-eminence. The numerous lakes and ponds in .the interior, are immediately connected with the great rivers, promoting the conveyance of lumber from most parts of the country, with su perior facility. The most conspicuous rivers, are the St. Johns, which descends from the high lands near the northern frontier/in the county of Penobscot, and pursues an easterly course into the Provi nee of New-Brunswick. The Aroostick is a branch of the St. Johns, descending on a southeasterly course through the interior of Penobscot county, to the St. Johns in New-BrUnswick, and is navigable for the largest boats in this course forty miles in distance. The St. Croix or Schoodiek, is the eastern boundary of Maine, and the United States, and is navigable for ships 25 miles from the entrance of Passamaquod- dy Bay. On the sea-coast westerly, are the Machias east *nd west rivers. Pleasant, Narraguagus, and Union riverS ; passing Penobscot bay and river, which are hereafter described, are the St. George, Dammarascotta and Sheepscut rivers. The Ken nebec river, except the Penobscot, is superior to any other river in Maine', descending from Moosehead lake its main source 15 miles, it receives the dead river a principal branch—-front Moose- head lake to the confluence of the dead river, the navigation, is frequently interrupted by rocks and shoals; thence flow ing on a southerly course about 40 miles to the confluence of the Sandy river j in this distance with the dead river, the million acres receive the advantages of the waters of both rivers. From the Sandy river, the course is easterly and circuitous 8 miles through Norridgewock and by Bloomfield, thence southerly, 15 miles, receiving the Sebastieook in Winslow,and forming a beauti ful sheet of water at Waterville ; thence on a southerly course, about 17 miles, the Kennebec meets the Tide at Augusta; thence on the same course about 22 miles, it unites with the Androscog gin at Merry-meeting Bay; thence southerly about 18 miles to the ocean, at Georgetown. The Kennebec is navigable for ves sels of 100 tons to Augusta, and those of 200 tons to Hallowell, but the navigation is intricate this distance, particularly at the narrows at Swan island, which divides the rivers Vessels of 300 tons are, however, built at Hallowelf, but generally load at Bath. The average rise of the tide at Augusta, is about four feet, and about six feet at Hallowell. Bath is 12 miles from the mouth of the river, and possesses every advantage of naviga tion, the river being seldom impeded by ice- this distance—the upper part of the river is generally closed, from the tirst of De<< center to the middle of April. Thn Androscoggin derives Up 94 source from Umbagog lake, at the boundary of Maine and New- Hampshire; thence pursuing a southerly course of about 49 miles in New-Hampshire thence in Maine, on an easterly course, through the county of Oxford about 50 miles: thence southerly through the line between the counties of Kennebec and Oxford, and the line between the counties of Lincoln and Cumberland, about 50 miles, to Merry-meeting bay,, where it unites with the Kennebec ; its whole course through the District of Maine is-about 100 miles. Large vessels are built at Tops- 1mm and Brunswick, on the Androscoggin about 1^ miles- from Bath. Proceeding westerly on the sea-coast, from the mouth of the Kennebec, arc the Royals, Presumscut, Saco, Kennehunfe and Salmon-Falls river. The Saco is navigable at its mouth, and has many valuable mill privileges. . The Salmon-Falls is the boundary line of Maine, and New-Hampshire, and unites with the ocean at Piscataqua harbour. BAYS AND HARBORS. THE principal bays in Maine, are the Passamaquoddy, at the eastern boundary, and except the Penobscot, is the most exten sive ; it is about 6 miles from north to south, and about 12 miles, from east to west; thencewesterly on the sea-coast, ai« Machi- as, Englishman's. Pleasant river, Frenchman's, Bhieliill and Pe- hubseot, which is by far the most extensive, Casco bay extends from Portland to Brunswick, embracing an immense number of islands, and is rather a sound, than hay. The harbors are Lu- bec, Machias, Goldsborougb, Caatine, Owlsbead, Waldobo- rough, Bristol, Wiscasset, Portland,-Saco, Kennebunk and York. LAKES AND PONDS: THE principal lakes which are known, are the Moosehead, which is the most extensive, comprising about 100,000 acres. The Chesunceok is northerly ef the Moosehccftl, but is unex plored, and is probably next in extent to Moosebead. Chilnu- eook or Grand lake, Willequengaugum and Genesagenagua, are chains of lakes, and the head waters of the Schoodick river. Sebeo, Pushaw, and East pond, are in the county of Penobscot. Snow's pond, the Twelve and Twenty-five mile poods, and a beautiful pood in Winthrep, arc in the county of Kennebec. Umbagog and Moosetucmaguntic ponds are the source of the Androscoggin, in Oxford county. Scbago.pond, in Cumberland county, is about 10 miles square, and 16 miles from Portland. There are also ma^y lakes and ponds in the District of Maine, which have been viewed from the Katadca mountain, of various extent that are unexplored. vr PENOBSCOT RIVER. THE source of this noble river, which was the ancient seat of Acadia, is a. small pond in 46 degrees of north latitude, and 8 degrees of east longitude from Washington. Oescendtng in a small stream eight miles southeasterly, to another pond of su perior extent; and from |his pond is much expanded, continu ing a southeasterly coarse,about 12 miles, receiving a small stream from the northward and eastward ; thenee on the same course about two miles, receiving another superior stream, which de scends from the northward and eastward, through a mast town ship surveyed for the State; thence about two miles, receiving a considerable stream from the northwestward ; thence inclining to the southward, and flowing on an easy descent about 15 miles, it embraces the Neketow. or great western branch, which may probably, when hereafter exploied, be estimated as the main river, being much more extensive than what is now desig. nated the Penobscot, from its source to their confluence. This extensive river, which is still unexplored, is supposed to rise near the intersection of the west line of Somerset county, and the north line of the million acres ; thence flowing in a.circuit* ous and northeasterly direction, northerly of Moosehead lake, being frequently embraced by several lakes and ponds, about 40 miles; thence inclining southeasterly, and passing within about 12 miles of the Kataden mountain; thence inclining more south erly, near the ninth range of townships north of the Waldo Pa tent, and becoming rather a chain of lakes and pursuing a cir cuitous route the Neketow is embraced by the Penobscot, in about forty-five and a half degrees of north latitude. The whole course *f this river, will probably include about 100 miles. It has been explored about 40 miles from its junction with the Pe nobscot ; this dfstance it is frequently expanded by ponds, and the navigation iucomiuoded by rocks and falls; it will not therefore ever become so important for navigation as the Penobscot above their confluence. From this confluence the Penobscot is increas ed, and flowing about 3 miles southeasterly, it receives the Sal mon stream ; thgnce on the same course about 4 miles, to the month of the Metawamkeag, which rises about 50 miles north erly, in two branches; thence flowing on a southeast course, within abopt two miles of the Schoodick waters, which are nearly connected with the St. Johns waters ; thence on a southwesterly eourse about 8 miles, through two of the State's mast township, receiving another branch from the southward; thence south westerly about 20 miles. The Metawamkeag is a fine naviga ble stream for the largest boats to the Penobscot; a union with the Schoodick waters would probably require about 3 miles of canal, which would facilitate a water communication of about 300 as miles, by the waters of Schoodick and Penobscot. From the Metawamkeag, the Penobscot descends in a smooth, elegant stream, and navigable for the largest rafts, about 25 miles south, westerly, to the mouth of the Piscataquis, which rises in the mil lion acres near the Kennebec, and continuing a very serpentine eourse, and very frequently intersecting the division line of the sixth and seventh range of townships north of the Waldo Patent. In the township No. 3, in the 7th range, it receives the Sebec and Pleasant rivers, which are about the same width at their juoetion ; the source of the Sebec is a small pond within about two miles of Moosehead lake • thence southeasterly a few miles, it is embraced by two ponds, one called Sebec pond including about 10,000 acres ; thence to the mill seat in the town of 8ebec ; thence southeasterly to the Piscataquis. It is supposed that the water of Moosehead lake, by about 12 miles of canal, might be navigable to the head of the tide on the Penobscot, a distance of aboM/80 miles—the advantages of such a connection would be, next to the union of the Metawamkeag and Passadumkeag, with the Schoodick, superior to any other project of the kind in the District of Maine. Pleasant river rises byvarious branches in the Commonwealth's land, which unite in a main stream, in the town ship No. 5, in the 8th range; thence from a mill seat on a south erly course, about 8 miles, it is navigable for large rafts in fresh ets, to the Piscataquis; from the mouth of Pleasant riyer' the Piscataquis continues about an average eastern course to the Penobscot. From its source to the confluence with the Penobscot, is 40 miles in a direct line, but over tOO miles in its eourse. The water of the Piscataquis flows ver* quick, and is remarkably transparent. From the Piscataquis, the Penobscot flows about 6 miles southerly to the Passadumkeag, which, rises within about two miles of the Schoodick waters, which is the most direct route from the Penobsevt to the Schoodic waters, the Passadum keag flows about 20 miles from its source to the Penobscot, and is generally navigable for boats; the carrying places amount to about seven miles. From the Passadumkeag the Penobscot flows' south about three miles, and embraces (Hainan island, of about 300 acres, opposite a small stream of the same name; thence westerly, embracing Sugar island of about 300 acres ', thence south about 6 miles, embracing many small islands, and receiving several small streams, to Sunkhaze stream; thence about one mile, to a point where the river separates in various passages, and embracing Orson island of about 1200 acres, Oro- no, of about ISO acres, Oldtown of about 300 acres, and Marsh island of about 500 acres, which divides the Penobscot from the western branch called Stillwater, which receives Birch and Bead streams. Dead stream is navigable for large boats for about 12 miles, and is connected with Pushaw pond by a stream ot the same name. From the mouth of Dead stream, the Still- II.IITOWN *'ALL,S, Ol.DTOWN, Mli. 29 water flows i miles southerly, and unites with the Penobscot at the south point of Marsh island. There are falls at Oldtown, which are impassable for rafts, except in freshets, and the navi gation very intricate, except to those who arc acquainted—the navigation may, however, be much facilitated by removing rocks ; rafts of 20,000 feet of boards pass these falls, in the spring aid fall freshets. The numerous privileges of excellent mill stats at Oldtown falls, on the confluence of the Stillwater branch, are perhaps not exceeded in the District of Maine. The re sources for procuring lumber of every description in Maine, and the facility of conveying it to market, is unequalled in any other part of the country. From the mouth of the Stillwater, the Penob scot descends three miles southwesterly to the head of the tide at Eddington i thence westerly four miles to the head of ship navigation, at the mouth of Kenduskeag stream at Bangor. The source of the Kenduskeag is in the town of Dexter, or No. 4. in the 5 th range ; thence flowing southeasterly to Garland, thence easterly and southerly embracing a mill seat to Exeter, where is another mill seat on a branch of Kenduskeag ; thence southerly through Corinth, to a mill scat; thence on the same course, through the north east corner of Levant to another mill seat ; thence on the same course through No. 1, in the 3d range, where it receives a southern branch, embracing a mill seat two miles from the confluence of the main stream; thence to and through Bangor about 6 miles, to the Penobscot, and em bracing four mill seat? in this last distance. ' The mouth of Kenduskeag forms a branch of the harbor of Bangor; it is 600 feet wide at the confluence with the Penobscot, and 420 feet at the bridge, about 1000 feet from the mouth. The whole course of the Kenduskeag, is about 40 miles, and the average breadth about 8 rods. The south branch which unites with the main stream, in township No. 1, is connected with a branch of the Sowadabscook enclosing a part of Bangor, Hampden and Hermon. From the Kenduskeag, the Penobscot pursues a southwesterly course between Bangor and Brewer, Hampden and Orrington; thence between Frankfori and Buckstown receiving the Sowadabscook stream at Hampden, and the Marsh stream at Frankfort. From Oak point at the northern part of Frankfort, the Penobscot is expanded to an elegant sheet of water called Marsh bay, of near one mile in breadth; thence descending south erly 3 miles, and southeasterly 3 miles with the tide waters, in a smooth and easy descent to Orphan island, which contains about 5,000 acres, and divides the Peoobscot into two branches ; the western branch or narrows is the great ship channel; from the narrows the river immediately expands to a great breadth he- low Orphan island, thence to Fort Point, which is designated the entrance, it is embraced by Penobscot bay. »0 PENOBSCOT BAY. THE superior advantages of navigation* and the variety of elegant diversified landscapes, which are presented through thif beautiful bay, are probably unrivalled in the United States. The prospect from the lanthorn on the State-House, in Bostottris - probably not exceeded either in Europe or Ameriea, not even by the transcendent bay of Naples ; thisy however, is one geifer- al view ; but from the various elevations which embrace {he Penobscot, an immense variety of views are presented of equal extent. On opening the bay from Owlshead harbor, the trans ition is grand in the extreme, and the effect may be rather im> agined than described; on the western side are Owlshead anil Camden bays, which are rather inlets of the Penobscot^ the land rises from this shore on a gradual and elegant ascent* presenting a splendid view of the cultivated land, and terminat ing the prospect at the heights of Camden. From those heights the general view of the Penobscot, with the interior ceuntry>.is magnificently unique; the innumerable islands in the bay, represent a superb crescent. The famous point of Bagadirce is conspicuous, on the opposite shore in an easterly direction^ commanding the commodious and excellent harbor of Castine;,. Farther easterly the landscape is terminated by Bluehill; thence northeasterly the entrance of Penobscot river at Fort point, is visible 20 miles distant; thence northerly the prospect is still varied by a fine expanse of water called Belfast bay,: with'Utet, addition of Brigadier's island rising above the opposite shore } varying thence easterly, and immediately below the eminence, Long island expands to the eye with the eastern ship channel on the opposite side; a view from Camden heights, will richly com pensate the traveller for the toil of ascending. From Fart point or Brigadier's island, which are moderately elevated»Jhp prospect is much less extensive, but not less Interesting. The great eastern aud western ship channels are conspicuous at one view, with Bagaduce, Long island, and Camden heights. The shore of Prospect near Belfast, is well cultivated and-divided by direct lines of enclosure, rising very gradually, and presenting to those who ascend the bay, a most sublime prospect. The whole extent of Penobscot bay, including the islands, may be estimated at 30 miles from north to south, and SO miles from east to west. From the height of Bluehill, eight miles easterly from Cas* tine, the prospect combines a still greater variety thai from the heights of Camden—On viewing the immense number of "isl ands, with the intermediate waters which are directly presented to view, the observer is astonished at the caprice of nature,'in this superlative display of magic elegance. 31 DIRECTIONS FOR SAILING FROM BOSTON TO' BANGOR. FROM Boston S miles, keep Fort Independence on the star- hoard hand, thence E. by S. * miles to Nick's Mate, which keep on the starboard side about i cable's length; thence through the narrows S. S. E. half a mile to Gallops island point; thence S. E. by S. half a mile to the Centurion Rock, between Georges island and the Light House, on which is 15 foot of water; thence to the Beacon Spit, which keep on the larboard side, within a quarter cable's length, opposite to which is a buoy on two fath oms of water, on George's island rocks ; thence E. by S. 1 mile to the middle of the Light-House channel. From Boston Light, to Cape Ann Light is N. E. 9 leagues, but, to avoid the Lon doner which is on the larboard side, stear N. E. by E. About half this distance is the half way rock, lying off the harbors of Marblehead and Salem. The course from Cape Ann to Mon- hegan, is N. E. about SO leagues ; thence N. E. 7 leagues to Whitehead ; thence N. E. 1 league to Ash Island, leaving on the larboard hand a large rock, which is about half a mile south west from the island ; thence N. E. by N. about 1 league, leav ing two islands on the starboard bund, to Owlshead harbor, there being a rocky point on the starboard hand, to bear N. E. and a ledge out side the point near* the island, that makes the harbor to bear E. N. E. you may anchor in 1 fathoms muddy bottom. What is generally designated as Penobscot bay, is from the Isle of Holt to Owlshead, which is six leagues. The island of Vinalhaven is about equi distant from these two points. The passage east of Vinalhaven is generally called by seamen, Isle of Holt bay. There are, however, many passages through the islands in this bay, which are intricate ; the course of the main channel is about north. The Penobscot bay is divided bj Long island, which is four leagues in length, and the passages on each side, are designated, the eastern and western channels. From Crabtrees point which is the~western point of "Vinalhaven to Castine, the course is N. N. E. six leagues, keeping the mid dle of the channel, a stranger may conduct a ship of the largest class to Castine without danger. From Owlshead through the western channel to Fort Point, the course is N. JJ. E. 9-| leagues ; in this distance keeping mid channel, there is not any impediment to the largest ships. Opposite to Fort Point, about 1 league S. E. is Steel's Ledge, which is about a quarter of a league from the eastern shore, and covered at high water, and to be seen onlv at the lowest ebbs. Near Fort Point, is Fort Point ledge ; the channel between Fort Point and this ledge, is about hall' a mile wide. The ledge is covered at high water, but 32 may he seen about one third ebb. There is also a spit of san SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR PORTLAND HARBOR. FROM the south-westward, when within half a mile of Cape Elizabeth, a red buoy on a rock is visible, bearing N. N. £. l£ miles from the Cape in 24 feet of water; leave the buoy on the^ larboard band half a cable's length, and steer N. by E. £ E. 1 mile up to the white buoy on Trundy's reef, on which is 16 feet of water, give the buoy half a cable on the starboard, and steer N. by W. | W. for Portland light-house, 3 miles distant ; give the lighthouse head a small birth, and steer N. by W. leaving Bang's island on the starboard baud, thence by the black buoy on spring point ledge, bearing N. W. by W. from the S. W. part 34 of House island, \ a mile distant in 14 feet of wafer, giving Ihif buoy a small larboard birth, steer N. AV. for the white buoy on Stanford's ledge, which is in 14 feet of water, and 1 mile from spring point ledge buoy, giving the white buoy a small larboard birth! you may steer in safety opposite the town. The north- east passage from Portland harbor, is entirely open, and most used by coasters from the eastward ; in sailing in and out through this passage, give Clapboard i u'and and rocks, and the rocks called the Brothers, a good birth, and there is not any difficulty up to the town. Portland harbor is particularly convenient to eoasie.s and other vessels, bound either east or west in a gale of wind or thick weather*. Luber, Machias, Sullivan, Castine, Waldoborough, Wiscasset, Bath, Portland, Saco, Kennebunk, and York, arc the parts of entry for the District of Maine. ISLANDS. THE whole coast of the District of Maine is occasionally in^ terspersed with islands. Mount Desert is of the greatest mag nitude ; it is situated between Frenchmans and Bluehill bayi, containing about 40,000 acres, of rather a circular form, nearly separated by water, elevated, and divided into two townships Eden and Mount Desert. The population of the island in 1810 was 170i inhabitants. Swan Island is 4 miles south west of Mount Desert, oontaining about 6,000 acres; the population in 1810 was 51 inhabitants. Deer Island at the entrance of Pe nobscot bay contains about 16,000 acres: the population in 1810 was 1507 inhabitants. The Isle of Holt is south of Deer Isb> and, and contains about 6,000 acres. Islesborough or Long Isl and, is in the centre of Penobscot bay, it is on an average about 1 mile in width, and 12 miles in length, containing about 7,000 acres, and 583 inhabitants in 1810. Fox Islands which constitute the town of Vinalbaven, are of very irregular form, and frequent ly divided by water, they are situated in the centre of the en trance of Penobscot bay, containing about 10,000 acres, and 1052 inhabitants in 1810. The above islands are all included in the county of Hancock. Matinicus, and Matinic, are several leagues from the entrance of Penobscot bay ; Monhegan is about 7 leagues southwesterly from Whitehead Light House and is ir habited by several families. Westerly are St. Geovges, a cluster ..f small islands extending from Penobscot to St. Oorges river; .hence westerly are the Dauiixcove islands, at the entrance of Booth bay ; thence west of the Kennebec are a numiier of islands in LVco bay, extending to Portland harbur. LoWEB FALLS, EAST MACHIA3, MJS. 35 TOWNS ON PENOBSCOT. BANGOR, the shire town of Penobscot county, is situated at the head of the tide and of navigation on the Penobscot. The principal settlement is at the mouth of the Kendusk;->stg stream, which presents a most (urinating appearance at full tide ; and is accessible for loaded ships of from 300 to 100 tons ; it is, how ever, bare at low water half a mile from the Penobscot. Above Kenduskeag point is a line eddy, which accommodates immense numbers of rafts of timber and other lumber wi.ich descend the river ; about half a mile below the Kenduskeag, is another eddy of superior magnitude, called the lower harbor, where ves^-Is are entirely sheltered from the current; a more particu lar description of the depth and soundings, will be found under uie head of sailing directions, &c. The local situation of Ban gor, is probably unrivalled in the New England States, situated at the head of navigation, on one of the finest rivers in the world, being near the centre of territory in the District of Maine, and surrounded by a superior country, which is rapidly improv ing : commanding all the resources of lumber, from the head waters of the Penobscot, and its numerous branches, with the immense quantity of fish of different descriptions, and the great facility of obtaining ship timber of various kinds, presents such encouragement to the farmer, mechanic or trader, as perhaps is not found in any other situation in the New England States. The Penobscot is generally closed by ice, from the first of De cember to the middle of April, ten miles below Bangor, at Marsh bay, it is, however, generally open all winter. The average opening and closing of the Penobscot has been about the same for twenty years past. In the year 1800 the ice descended the river on the isth of April—On the 1st of Janua ry, 1S05, the river was opened after being closed about three weeks ; it closed again on the ,l<\ or 3d of January. On the 17th of February, 1807, 1 he river was partially opened by an im mense freshet ; the ice was impeded at Bangor, forming a dam below the harbor, when the tide rose from 10 to 12 feet higher than was ever known by the oldest person on the river. The water rose to the chamber windows of one dwellinghouse, from which the inhabitants made their escape ; in several instances the lower apartments of the stores were entirely under water, and many goods lost or destroyed. A fish house was lifted from the shore by the ice above the settlement, and conveyed several miles upright on the river—the flood continued three days and thin subsided, by the river's closing. For several suc ceeding years the river closed from the first to the fifth of De cember, and opened horn the 15th to the 20th of April. On the 26th of March, 1811, the ice descended the river, a.;l several so vessels arrived before the first of April; this, however, was, the only instance that occurred for several years—This year, 1816, the ice descended on the 22d April. In 179* the rateable polls in Bangor were 45—Jn 1816, 25% The whole population in 1800 was 277, and in 1810, 850. The town extends six miles on the Penobscot, beginning oo the west side of the river at the southerly corner of Orono ; thence north 38 deg. west, 1,032 rods; thence west 1,800'rods $ thence south 1,960 rods ; thence east 700 rods ; thence southeast 140 rods to Penobscot river, containing about 20,000 acres—113 lots of one hundred acres each have been surveyed to settlers, and the residue belongs to an individual., There are 1710 tons of shipping owned in Bangor in 1816. The land contiguous to the confluence of the Renduskeag and Penobscot, on which is the principal settlement, is very favora bly situated. The point between the Penobscot and Kenduskeag forms a right angle at the centre harbor, the land rising grad ually to the northward, presenting an elegant elevation for build ing. The prospect of the Kenduskeag and the lower harbor from this eminence is compact, but remarkably neat and pictur esque, presenting a view of all the vessels which pass the river. On the western side of Kenduskeag the land rises gradually to the northwestward about one mile. From this eminence the prospect is admirable, commanding a prospect of all the sur rounding country ; and with a clear horizon, the Kataden moun tain is visible in a northerly direction, 70 miles distant. By a particular comparison on the second and ninth days of July 1816, the tide was found to be 15 minutes longer in rising at Castioe than at Bangor, when it was high water at the same tima at each place ; there was 11 feet tide at Castine on the 2d, and 16 feel tide at Bangor, 10£ feet at Castine on the ninth, and 15| at Bangor at the same time. This is a port of delivery and has a Surveyor's Office. There are a Court House, Registry of Deeds, Printing Office, Athenaeum, and a weekly newspaper published here. Bangor is 200 miles by the road from Calais, at the head of the tide at Passamaquoddy, 180 miles from Lubec, but not more than half these distances by direct lines, 35 miles from Castine, 28 from Belfast, 68 from Augusta, 125 from Portland, and 240 from Boston, It is situated in 44 degrees and 45 minutes, of north latitude and 8 degrees and 10 minutes, of east longitude from Washington, and 68 degrees and 45 minutes west longitude fi?oin London. ST Brewer i« opposite to Bang.»% extending six miles on the southeastern side of the river, including several valuable eddiei for ship building and other business. Hampden it southwesterly of Bangor, and extending 6 miles on the westerly hide of the riv er ; the principal place of business is at the mouth of the Sowa- dabscook, which makes a good harbor,' where there are valuable saw-mills, and an extensive wharf. Opposite to Hampden is Orrinp-ton, extending about five miles on the river to the north line of Buckstown. Southerly of Hampden is Frankfort, ex tending 9 miles on the west side ef the river which is here ex panded, and called Marsh bay. Frankfort is situated at the head of winter navigation, comprizing every local advantage for a great commercial town, and may at some future period be come the great naval emporium of the District of Maine. Pros pect is sou tlierly of Frankfort, extending to Penobscot bay and includes Prospect on Cape Jenison harbor, which is probably the best harbor on the bay for a navy yard, being effectually sheltered from any gale of wind, with excellent holding ground, and a sufficient depth of water for men of war of the first class. Some gentlemen arc at present engaged in promoting the set tlement of this excellent harbor ; ship carpenters, blacksmiths and other mechanics, will probably find superior inducement to settle at this place. Buckstown extends 9 miles on the east ern side of Penobscot river below Orrington; the village is very pleasantly situated opposite the Narrows at the head of Orphan Island ; the appearance of the town presents a very pleasant transition in opening the Narrows. The harbor of Buckstown is capacious, with a sufficient depth of water for the largest ships. Below Buckstown on the eastern side of the river, are the towns of Orland and Penobscot, extending about 15 miles on the rivet to Castine. Penobscot formerly comprehended Cas- tine, and is ou> of the oldest and most populous towns on the bay or river. CaMine is situate*! on the ancient Bagaduce, which with the opposite southern shore, makes one of the finest har bors in the United States. The settlement is elegantly situated, commanding a view of all the bay and islands ; at the height of land is a national garrison, which with the command of the water of the bay might be made impregnable. Castine is a very re- speetabie and wealthy town, commanding the trade of all the islands in and near the bay, with the adjacent country. There Las been a bank of S.100,000 capitri established here the present year 1816, the public buildings are the Court House, Jail and Registry Office. It is the shire town of Hancock county, situated in 44 degrees and 24 minutes of north latitude, and 68 degrees and 46 west long, from Greenwich. Westerly of Brigadier's Island is the town of Belfast, which presents a most admirable appearance in passing through the bay. The settlement rises gradually from the shore, and all the buildings are conspicuous 38 at one view ; Belfast river, which in passable by two bcidgei, makes the harbor; the settlement being on each side; it is one of the most flourishing towns on the Penobscot, being sur rounded by an excellent country, which is rapidly improving, and possessing great maritime advantages, it may ultimately become one of the most important towns in the District of Maine. Passing southerly 18 miles, through Norlhport and Lincolnville is Camden, situated on a snug harbor on the western side of Pe, nobscot hay ; it is a place of considerable business, particularly ship building, and lime burning, and possessing most of the ad vantages of other towns on Penobscot bay. Nine miles souther ly is Owlshead harbor, which is at the western entrance of the bay, and one of the most convenient harbors that can be imag ined. Vessels bound to Penobscot and easterly from Boston and other western towns, in meeting a head wind, make this place a thoroughfare until the wind changes. The common passage from Boston to Owlshead with a good wind is ~i hours, passengers being detained on board only one night, and find good entertainment at Owlshead, thence to the head of the tide, on :he Penobscot, is 5i miles. TOWNS ON THE KENNEBEC. NORRIDGEWOCK is the shire town of Somerset county, and is pleasantly situated on each side of Kennebec river, which passes circuitously through the centre of the town ; there is a CourtHouse, Jail, and IJegistry Office established here. Wa- << rville is very pleasantly situated on the western side of the Kennebec, and opposite the confluence of the Sebasticook in Window, which forms a very handsome basin. There is a Bank established at this place. Vassalborough is below Waterville, and on the eastern side of the Kennebec j this is the most wealthy and populous town east of the Kennebec, hi the District of Maine, and next to Ilallowell in Kennebec county, it extends nine miles on the river, and six miles back. Augusta is the shire town of Kennebec county, and ten miles below Vas salborough, the settlement is very pleasantly situated on each side of the river, and connected by a bridge ; Augusta is one of the most respectable towns in Maine. The public build; ings are a very handsome Meeting House, Court House, Jail, and Registry Office, there are also two Banks established here. Ilallowell is two miles below Augusta, and situated each side of the Kennebec, Ilallowell is the most wealthy, populous, and by far the greatest place of business in the county of Kennebec, b MISCELLANEOUS. BANKS.—There are IS in Maine, Castine with a Capital of 8.100,000, Waterville of 8.100,000, Augusta Bank of 8.100,000, Kennel)-" Bank at Augusta S.l00,000, Hallowell and Augusta Bank at Hallowell of 8.160,000, Gardiner of 8.100,000, Bath of 8.100,000, Lincoln Bank at Bath of 8.100,000, Wiscasact Bank of 8-250,000, Portland Bank of 8.300,000, Cumberland Bank at Portland of 8.300,000, Saco Bank of 8-120,000, and Kennetmnk Bunk, of 8.100,000. NEWSPAPERS.—There are 6 newspapers published in Maine, the Bangor Weekly Register, the Hallowell Gazette, and Amer ican Advocate printed at Hallowell, the Portland Gazette and Eastern Argus, printed at Portland, and the Weekly Visitor, printed at Kennebunk. LITERATURE.—Bowdoin College at Brunswick, was incorpo rated June 24th, 1794. It is handsomely situated on an elevated spacious plain, commanding a view of the Androscoggin and t.ie adjoining country; the legislature have endowed it with fiva townships of land; it is entrusted to a board of 13 trustees ; and another board of 45 overseers. The buildings are two brick Colleges, each 90 feet in length, and a Chapel. The incorporat ed literary and other societies in Maine, are the Bangor Athe- nteum, the Somerset Logical Society, the Kennebec Agricultur al Society at Augusta, the Oxford Agricultural Socioty. The Academies are those of Bluehill, Hampden, Warren, Bristol, Wiscasset, Bloomfield, Farmington, Hallowell, Monmouth, Portland, Bridgtown, Gorham, Fryburgh and Berwick. REPRESENTATIVES.—There are of twenty members of the House of Representatives of the United States from Massachu setts, 7 from Maine; and 9 Senators, and 102 members of the House of Representatives of Massachusetts, in 1815. MILITIA—There are 13 divisions of the Staff, Infantry, Ca valry, and Artillery, in Massachusetts, of which 6 divisions of each are in the District of Maine. RELIGION.—Congregationalists are far the most numerous, the number of their churches is about 100. Next to them are the Baptists; there are some Quakers, many Methodists, some Episcopalians, Catholics, and Universalists. INDIANS.—The Abenaquis, or Tarrenteens, occupied th« whole of this District, before it was settled by the Europeans. The Norridgewocks, were a tribe of the Tarrenteens, situated on the Kennebec, and retired into Canada before its reduction. In 1816 there are 310 of the Penobscot tribe at Old town, on Penobscot river, where there are a number of wigwam*, and a meetinghouse, and a Roman Catholic preacher, who is alter nately at Paskamaquoddy and this place. 41 SETTLERS. • IN a new territory, presenting such superior advantages as the District ojf Maine, it is to be expected that -various descriptions of people will be excited from the adjacent States to seek now settle ments ; and theft there will be a great many, who are either, from misfortune, misconduct, or idleness included ; which circum stance is literally true, as the District of Maine certainly re ceives her full' proportion of this kind of population. For the last ten years, however, such has been {he incentive for emigra tion to the south-western States, that the District of Maine has probably not more than retained her natural population ; and in her turn has been deprived of the advantages of these kind of settlers, who, not finding the bracing north-westerly winds of Maine congenial to their delicate constitutions, have been indu ced to emigrate to the softer regions of the south. Notwith standing the superior advantages of the soil and climate of the western country, we very frequently hear instances of these enterprising birds of passage, having exhausted most of their means of conveyance, expressing the greatest regret that they had left the hard and stubborn climate and soil of New-England. Some, probably, experiencing the comfort of fever and ague. other* wishing to inhale the refreshing sea breezes of the north, with the luxury of sea fish ; and others being severely disap pointed on finding that corporeal .exertions were as necessary in the western, as in the eastern States ; and such has been the influx of these valuable citizens irito the western States of late years, that a Governor of one of those States laconically enquired if the Governor of Massachusetts intended to establish a colony of the poor of that State in the one which he resided. The emigration from different sections of Maine to others, is generally from tl.e western to the eastern sections. The counties of Kennebec, Lin coln, Cumberland and York, sustain as great a population in pro portion to their territory, as most counties in Massachusetts Proper—hence, the greatest emigration is from those counties in to the counties of Penobscot, Somerset and Oxford. The county of Penobscot presents particular incentives for new settlements—comprising an extent of territory equal to Vermont or New-Hampshire, and much more than all Massa chusetts Proper ; with all the variety of soil that is included in the District of Maine; and centrally penetrated by one of the fin est rivers in the Union, and its various extensive branches, with the advantages of convenient markets—it is, therefore, plausi ble that this section may increase in wealth and population in a greater ratio thaH that of any other in the District of Maine. i% SOCIETY AND MANNERS'. THE inhabitants of the District of Maine sustain less peculiar ity of character, than those of most oilier States in the Union/ The habits of the natives are very similar to those of New-Hanjp. shire and Massachusetts Proper—from which territories Maine receives by far the greater proportion of emigration. The peo ple of Maine are generally industrious, enterprising, frugal, and hospitable ; and more remarkable for imitation than invention. The proportion of polished society, atul refinement pf manners, which is fotrad in large, wealthy sea ports in the old States, iv not to be expected in a new country, like the District of Maine. There are, however, many instances, in the principal towns sit uated on the rivers, and sea-eoast, where there are families who live in as good stile as in any part of New-Hampsbirei or the western part of Massachusetts Proper.—There are not any pub lic amusements in the District ; but as establishments of this kind have generally been commensurate with the exigencies of other States in' the Union—there is not any reason to appre hend that Maine will ultimately he deficient in this, department. Before the restrictive' system was pursued by the general gov ernment, in 1807, the inhabitants of this country appeared to possess more characteristic vivacity, than is generally peculiar, to those of similar occupations residing in cold cKarajtes ? but since that time the transition has been great—balls and assem blies which were very frequent in most parts of the country be fore that period1, are hardly thought of at present; even com mon social intercourse appears to have rather degenerated; but as the present appearance of the prosperity of the country is more auspicious, it is to be expected that the demon of despoud- epcy may be annihilated. The females of the District of Maine are generally much more polished than could be expected in a country where the ' fine arts are rarely known.—They dress with much taste and neat ness, and in many instances with elegance ; possessing all the ilomcslic virtues which are peculiar to the New-England States. Their fine, healthy appearance, and easy manners, are probably uot exceeded in any country. S o n/i c; f'/i Air/r L' t f £S 43 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. DIVISIONS AND POPULATION. IN the year 1750 the whole population of the District of Maine was less than 10,000 inhabitants. In 1784, calculating in round numbers by the rateable polls, the census was 57,000 inhabit ants. The following table represents the divisions and progress of the population of Maine from 179p to 1810. i TABLE J. or- 6 o tj Oi 0o0 . ^ -2 *T •*>! <* 3 c a ti t < 3 York<, s 1653 28,82a 1 8,908 37,729 4,14A 8 41,877 22 Cumberland, 1760 25,450 12,471 37,921 4,910 42,831 24 42,992 32 Lincoln, 1760 29,962 24,532 30,100 12,892 Hancock, 1789 9,549 6,767 13,316 22,560 23 Washington, 1789 2,758 1,678 4,436 9,244 7,870 II Kennebec, 1799 24,394 3,444 32,564 32 Oxford, 1805 21,080 17,630 28 Somerset, 1809 17,630 12,910 26 Penobscot, 1816 3,000 7,471 19 Totals j | 96,540 54,356 150,896 77,809 228,705 Iff In the above table the counties of York and Cumberland in cluded the county of Oxford in» the census of 1790 and 1S00 ; and. the'county of Lincoln included the counties of Kennebec and Somerset in 1790 ; and the county of Kenne bec included the county of Somerset in 1800. The county of Penobscot was separated from the county of Hancock in 1816 ; the estimate of (his census for 1800, is in round num bers, probably rather over the exact estimate. This county extends from the southern frontier of Canada to the north line of the county of Hancock, comprising more than one third part of the District of Maine. It is 60 miles in breadth from east to west, deducting 14 townships which are at present include^ Jn Hancock county, and 180 miles in length from north to south. The following is a comparison of this county with other territories. Penobscot County contains 10,250 square miles. Vermont State do. 10,237 New-Hampshire do. 9,591 Massachusetts Proper do. 6,250 45 The following table presents a view of the population of the J)istrict of Maine in three north and south divisions, of three counties each. TABLE II. 1790. increase. 1800.. increase. 1810. first Division. Washington, "J Penobscot, and >• 1 8,445 ;20,752 17,149 37,901 Hancock, J 12,307 Second Division Somerset, Kennebec, and 29,962 24,532 54,494 33,972 88,467 Lincoln, Third Division Oxford, Cumberland, and 54,171 21,379 75,650 26,688 102,338 York, 96,540 | 54,356 j 150,896 J 77,809 | 228,705 The following table exhibits the census of the four sections which are divided by Schoodic or Passamaquoddy, Penobscot, Kennebec, and Androscoggin rivers, in 1810. One third of the population of the towns, which are on each side of the Ken nebec, are allowed for the parts of those towns which are east of the river. TABLE III. First Section, from Schoodic to Penobscot, 23,283 Second Section, from Penobscot to Kennebec, 58,812 Third Section, from Kennebec to Androscoggin, 46,570 Fourth Section, south-west of Androscoggin, 100,040 228,705 *« TABLE IV. Aggregate of different descriptions of persons in Maine. Males under 16 years of age, 59,736 of 16 and under 45, 42,482 of 45 and upwards 13,291 -115,509 Females under 16 years of age, 56,958 of 16 and under 45, 42,754 of 45 and upwards, 12,515 -112,227 Other persons except Indians not taxed, 969 Total, 228,705 TABLE V. Comparative view of the population of Maine with each other State in the Union. 1790. 1800. increase 1810. sq.miles slave*. Maine, 96,540] 150,896 77,809 528,705] 29,080| New-Hampshire,] 141,885 183,858 30,602 214,460 9,491 Vermont, 85,589 154,465 63,430 217.8951 10,237] Massachusetts P.] 378,787 422,845 49,195 472,040] 6,250 Rhode-Island, 68,825 69,122 7,809 76,931 1,580 10» Connecticut, 237,946 251,002 10,940 261,942 4,674 310 New-York, 340,120 586,050 373,099 959,049! 48,000 15,017 New-Jersey, 184,139 211,149 34,413 245,562 8,320 10,851 Pennsylvania, 434,373 602,545 207,546; 810,091 46,800 795 Delaware, 59.094J 64,273 8,401 72,674] 2,120 4,177 Maryland, 319,728, 349,692 31,8541 380,546 13,500111,502 Virginia, 747,610 886,149 «8,473 974,622[ 70,000'392,518 Kentucky, 73,677] 220,959 185,552; 406,511 50,000: 90,561 Ohio, 35,691 42,179 188,581 230,760] 39,000 Tennessee, 105,602 1 56,125 261,72 40,000 44,535 North-Carolina, 393,751 478,105 77,395 555,500] 48,000168,824 South-Carolina, 240,073 345,591 69,524 415,115 24,080]l96,365 Georgia, 82,548] 162,686 89,7471 252,433 62,000107,019 3,920,376 S,287,168|l,7 49,395.7,036,563] Columbia, 24,023 leo] Michigan, 4,76'J 25,0001 Illinois, 12,282 200,000 Indiana, 24,520] 35,000 Mississippi 40,352| 90,000 Orleans, Louisiana, |7,239,903j :n the above aggregate the slaves are included. 47 TABLE VI. .alphabetical list of all the towns in the District of Maine in 1816V The counties are thus designated—W forWashington, P for Penob* scot, H for Hancock, S for Somerset,! K for Kennebec, L for Lincoln, C for Cumberland, O for Oxford, and Y for York. The shire towns are in capitals. •5 o °o o 4§ c 812 . o 1 . 1 Towns. "C •o d O A 3 — in ao 00 fc 1812 . lua/ioi s Us Dollar 1 s c — ^ 2 £ Q2 a A, £ Pay on Addison W !797 399 88 1,695 4C 29 325 Albany O 1803 163 40 859 7? 14 150 Alfred Y 180S 1,106 237 6,559 45 98 88 Alna L 1811 797 188 7,281 90 1 02 192 Anson S 1798 633 143 2,022 45 46 206 Arundel Y 1719 2,371 473 17,647 91 2 48 96 Athens S 1803 374 87 1,678 70 28 200 AUGUSTA K 1797 1,805 443 10,551 51 1 65 175 Avon S 1802 304 65 1,164 55 20 210 Baldwin C 1802 546 1S3 3,158 24 50 150 BANGOR p 1791 850 244 5,660 96 89 240 Bath L 1781 2,491 634 20,099 37 2 92 152 Belfast H 1773 1,274 319 7,493 76 1 17 233 Belgrade K 1796 996 .209 3,447 19 60 172 Belmont H 1814 220 Berwick Y 1713 4,455 937 33,529 62 4 75 86 Bethel O 1796 975 202 4,072 04 66 170 Biddeford Y 1718 1,563 378 13,408 59 1 90 105 Bingham S 1812 35 500 00 9 200 Bloomfield s 1814 205 Bluehill H 1789 658 164 5,668 52 81 268 Boothbajr L 1764 1,582 372 7,401 38 1 21 180 Bowdoinham L 1762 1,412 330 7,647 83 1 20 150 Bowdoin L 1788 1,649 358 6,451 84 1 09 161 Bridgetown C 1794 882 193 5,795 39 86 130 Brewer P 1812 162 3,981 00 61 240 Bristol L 1765 2,753 646 16,932 7l 2 57 180 Brownfield O 1802 388 103 1827 69 32 160 Brunswick C 1738 2,682 472 l5,6yg 47 2 26 145 Buckfield O 179J 1,251 283 7,321 40 1 13 160 Buckstown H 1792 1,403 360 7,661 02 23 250 Buxton Y 1772 2,324 491 16,467 96 2 36 118 Calais W 1809 372 124 2,156 45 47 410 Camden L 1794 1,607 377 8,676 27 1 36 214 Canaan S 1788 1,275 294 7,232 23 1 12 2Q5 Cape Elisabeth C 1765 1,415 •siq 8,412 98 I 31 118 ** Cartnel • / P 1 18)1 123 25 948 50 13 UC CASTINE H 1796 1036 265 11,334 56 1 55! 262 Cherryfield W 181 45 1,089 12 17 318 Chestervillc K 1802 430 103 2,510 21 39 190 Clinton K 1795 1050 231 4,757 78 77 196 Columbia W 1796 518 142 4,002 78 61 327 Corinth P 1811 54 38 1,032 60 16 256 Cornish Y 1794 971 i 212 5,774 77 87 118 Comville S 1798 505 i 109 2,514 59 39 210 Cushing L 1789 532 135 3,284 87 51 200 Dearborn K 1812 481 127 1,248 82 27 190 Deer-Isle H 1789 1507 360 7,792 65 1 25 300 Denmark 0 1807 436 90 1,907 67 • 31 Dexter P 1816 136 331 20 07 266 Dixmont P 1807 337 80 2,551 20 37 220 Dresden L 1794 1096 256 5,998 70 • 94 160 Durham C 1789 1772 363 11,803 07 1 71 140 East-Andover O 1804 261 63 1,278 29 21 Eastport W 1798 1511 285 5,054 04 88 388 Eddington P 1811 205* 65 1,547 18 24 244 Eden H 1796 657 153 3,351 04 53 290 Edgecomb L 1774 1288 281 7,335 15 1 12 170 Elliot Y 1810 1650 372 13,607 04 1 92 130 Ellsworth H 1800 614 163 4,055 42 65 2X2 Emden S 1804 315 77 1,597 72 26 Exeter P 1811 140 55 1,400 12 21 265 Fairfax K 1804 924 218 4,240 57 70 195 Fairfield S 1788 1348 296 6,712 64 1 06 196 Falmouth C 1718 4105 1050 29,532 52 4 41 124 Fayette K 1795 804 173 4,302 84 62 170 Foxcroft P 1812 94 29 448 23 8 270 Frankfort H 1789 1493 360 8,32-1 37 1 31 240 Freedom K 1813 354 83 500 00 14 ISO Freeman S 1808 237 62 1,109 83 19 Freeport C 1789 2184 476 15,759 94 2 27 136 Friendship L 1807 480 109 2,301 22 37 iryeburgh O 1777 1004 245 7,330 11 I 09 120 Gardiner K 1803 1029 237 8,259 96 1 18 170 Garland P 1811 140 63 1,373 32 22 266 Georgetown L 1716 1998 499 12,006 87 1 87 160 Gilead O 1804 215 42 784 67 14 193 Gorham C 1764 2632 601 17,694 06 2 62 130 Goldsborough H 1769 471 121 5,245 86 72 298 Gray C 1778 1310 276 9,500 ti7 1 36 140 Greene K 1788 1277 257 7,236 04 1 08 160 Greenwood O Guilford s 1816 62 14 300 00 05 2SQ Hallowell K 1771 2068 484 14,278 35 2 11 173 Hampden P 1784 1279 288 7,573 59 1 15 234 Marlem K 1796 936 202 4,702 73 74 1 190 Harmony S 1803 351 76 .,-1 220 1,398 73 1 Hai'pswell c 1758 1190 256 sue-,: ji 1 2H\ 150 49 i 1 ii= 8 in . S g •S . *> v 'S 181 2 Towns. 5 2* in 8 ' sl 52 1812 . Dollars. oils § 111 aluation ay on 100 0 ~-—. •- - " " *» i a. fc* a. •5 . 1 ^.i •S 81 2 1 2 M •o d c •2 Towns. £ a - a 09 §=O o2 s *. fee «• 00 o •3 — 8^ Coun =5 2 a, i2 <*< c — Sumner 0 1798 162 3,590 i8 56 Surry H 1803 S60 78 2,365 30 35 Sweden 6 I8U ,611 Sydney K 1792 1556 370 8,995 13 I 39 Temple K 1803 463 114 1,551 2! 29 Thomastown L 1777 2100 495 12,924 09 1 97 Topsham L 1764 1273' 293 8,688 13 1 28 Trenton H 1799 501 106 3,380 82 49 Turner O 1786 1129 279 8,104 79 1 22 Union L 1786 1266 292 6,326 86 1 01 Unity K 1804 793 176 2,978 82 52 Vassalborough K 1771 3063 450 13,392 17 I 97 Vienna K 1802 417 94 2,331 52 36 ' Vinalhaven H 1789 1052 228 4,190 82 70 Waldoborough L 1773 3160 518 13905 76 2 10 Warren L 1776 1443 347 10,388 64 1 53 Waterborougb Y 1787 1395 308 6,292 90 1 02 Witerford O 1797 860 196 5,173 27 80 Waterville K 1*02 1314 293 6,716 16 1 06 Wayne K 1798 819 191 • 3,584 89 60 Weld O 1813 Wells Y 1653 4489 1056 35,429 76 5 08 Westbrook C 1815 Whitefield L 1809 995 217 4,443 50 72 Wilton K 1803 770 153 3,045 05 50 Windham C 1762 1616 365 10,722 83 1 59 Winslow K 1771 658 166 4,946 09 73 Winthrop K 1771 1444 321 10,570 31 1 53 WiSC ASSET L 1760 2083 486 21,609 30 2 95 Woodstock O 1815 Woolwich L 1759 1050 257 9,286 91 I 31 YORK Y 1653 3046 687 26,623 36 3 66 Farmington. K 1794 1639 402 9,741 96 1 52 Dixfield O 1803 403 94 1,429 43 26 Levant P 1812 146 32 825 94 13 Sangerville P 1814 126 > 29 400 00 7 53 TABLE VII. Aggregate valuation, Fay on 1000 Dollars, and Polls of th • different Counties in the District of Maine and Massachusetts proper, as established in 1814; DISTRICT 07 MAINE. Counties. Poll*. Valuation. Pay on g.lOOO 11 ' " "" ' ~< Washington 1,984 247,611 93 7 40 Penobscot 1,593 37,503 86 6 52 Hancock 5,259 131,469 27 19 56 Somerset 2,480 69,181 55 10 49 Kennebec 7,398 174,538 19 27 25 Lincoln 10,093 253,464 81 39 93 Oxford 4,130 102,354 42 15 78 Cumberland 9,577 338,495 07 48 08 York 9,293 288,522 07 42 13 Total, 51,807 1,443,141 17 MASSACHUSETTS PROPER. Suffolk 10,094 g.I,297,132 18 157 67 Essex 17,723 1,058,519 69" 138 16 Middlesex 13,002 633,489 77 85 08 Hampshire S,863 213,608 24 30 16 Hampdtn 6, Xi 3 203,881 92 29 36 Plymouth 8,538 315,864 27 44 48 Bristol 8,286 321,036 24 44 81 Barnstable 5,142 114,821 14 18 21 Dukes 719 24 974 21 3 57 Nantucket 2,043 126,268 48 16 41 Worcester 15,827 701,312 75 95 62 Berkshire 8,385 277,184 26 39 92 Norfolk 7,7 33 373,037 85 50 19 Franklin 6,304 210,239 55 30 23 Total, 115,832 5,671,370 55 1000 00 Aggregates of the } . • Commonwealth, \ i 167,639 | 8.7,314,511 72 1 NOVA SCOT/A TEE HISTORY OF ACADIA AND PENOBSCOT. THE discovery and settlement of this territory was probably as early as that of any pail of North America ; yet there has been a combination of causes to impede the progress of its im provement. ' • The first adventurers to this continent did not place their de pendence in the enterprize, on the profits which might be pro duced by agriculture : and where, in the northern part of tha new world, their hopes of discovering mines of precious metals had been disappointed, they turued their attention to the fur, trade, and to the fishery;> In the more westerly part of the Dis trict of Maine, they gave the lumber business the preference, because it procured for them an immediate supply of provisions. They believed the soil of that part of the country to be unfavor able to agriculture, and incapable of yielding a supply of bread for the inhabitants. This idea, destructive as it was to the en- crease and prosperity of the country, was continued until the American Revolution took place. " Prior to that event, the greater part of the bread, which was consumed in the District, was imported from the middle colo nies of North America. The severity and length of the winters, were very discourag ing; but as the wilderness is opened, these become more mild, and yield much sooner to the influences of the spring than they formerly did. The depredations of the Savages, from the year 1675, to the year 1760, with but little intermissions of their wars, was the greatest injury to the settlement and growth of the country. The settlements, before the reduction of Quebec, were gen erally on the sea coast; where the soil is much more unyield ing to the plough, and much less productive than it is further back in the country. ' The contest between England and France, for territorial possessions, made the country of this District the theatre of savage wars, and for a long time together the princi pal place of those alarms and distresses, which arise. froL: pre datory parties. 54 Newfoundland was the first territory which was discovered or possessed in North America, by either the French, or Eng- ljsh. From the discovery of the shores there, and from a pre. tence of right by prior dominion, the English claimed all North America, and the French a great part of it Under this claim the settlements of the nation last mentioned, were extended, at an«arly period, as far westward as to the river Kennebec,on an idea of a new government by the name of Acadia..,. \ The success of Christopher Columbus in finding another con- tinent, in his attempt to explore a navigable route to the East Indies, called forth the genius of many men of learning and for- tune ; who exerted themselves upon his laudable example, and were inspired by his courage and perseverance. The Venetians about this period, excelled other nations in the business of «Mi- merce, and consequently possessed a superiouri spirit of enter, prize. ' ' . , " . Among the many pf them whp had settled in England, was John Cabot, a man capable of great and- arduous undertaking!. He was weU skilled, for the time in which he livfeft, in naviga tion and seamanship. ' Fired with the success of Columbus, apd highly ambitious'to immortalfte his name by discovering new countries; he, in the year 1495, applied to Henry the$eventa of England, requesting encouragement to throw himself i|*o that business. The King, ambitious to imitate his brothers on the continent, and no doubt, being touched with the spirit of the day,' yielded to the solicitation of the Venetian. A grantlfcas made by the King to John Cabot and bis three sons, LfWrfs, Sebastian, and Sanctius, by letters patent?, authorizing themto discover and claim, in his name, new countries, posaeiedt'by.lp heathen nations pf the world. The commission issued by that Monarch, contained pretended powers to sail to all countries and seas, to the east and west, and to the north, under his royal banners and ensigns : and with five ships, on the proper charge of the adventurers, to seek out, discover, and find, whatsoever isles, countries, regions, or provinces of the heathen and infidels wheresoever they might be, which had before that .time been unknown to all christians: and to set up banners and ensigns in every village, isle, or main land so newly discovered. The adventurers were to give the king one fifth part of all the ore, mines, and other profits of the adventure : in consideration of which, he granted to them, their heirs and assigns all the lands they should chance to find. One fifth part of the ore* was of great consequence, according to the expectations of the adventurers. These letters patent were granted in the year 1495. The assistance given by the merchants and other's, enabled the pa tentees to fit out a fleet ready lo sail in the spring of the year 1496. € J_yC? '//,'//, >• '4 „•/,,// y O-^zy-TW^ iZt/s's ~*&s,'~u, wbs'z/ej L'% JAHF.S C.VKTIEK. 69 river : where they spent a miserable winter, principally on ah island since called Stage Island. Their intention was to begin a colony on the west side of the river, at what is now called Small Point. Sir John QHbort died that winter. The spirit of colonizing became fuint. The encouragement was withdrawn, and the adventurers returned to England the following year. The suffering of this part}', and the disagreeable account which they weiv obliged to give, in order to excuse their own conduct, discouraged any further attempts by the English, un til the year 1619 and the year 1620, when the first settlement wai made at Plymouth : and even that company intended to have gone as far south as to the Hudson, but were deceived by their pilot, and brought to Cape Cod. It may now be necessary to turn onr attention to the claim of the French, tc that part of the District of Maine which lies east of Kennebec river. The English say that the contract made by the kings of Spain and Portugal, to divide the new world between them, was never interrupted or contended against, until Henry the VII. of Eng land, exhibited his claim. The Abbe Raynal, in his philosophical and political history of the East and West Indies, informs us, that Francis, the King of France, in the year 1523, sent Vazzarini, a Florentine, on dis coveries. By him Newfoundland was seen, but he made no stay there. In the year 1531, James Carthier, a Frenchman, and an experienced navigator, revived the project of Vazzarini. The Spaniards and Portuguese, who had a grant from the Pope, considered all attempts of this nature, made by other nations, ai an invasion of their rights, and as a vile oppugnation of ecclesi astical authority. To this, the Abbe says, that Francis pleasantly replied, " The King of Spain, and the King of Portugal, are quietly dividing the whole continent of America between them, without allowing me to come in for a share as a brother ; I should be very glad to see the clause in Adam's Will, which makes that continent their inheritance exclusively." The Abbe says that Carthier went further northward thaiv* Vazzarini had gone and made further discoveries than had been made before. He continued his voyages for many years under the orders of the King of France ; who put in his claim with his brethren, the kings of Europe, and demanded the northern part of the continent as a fief to his crown, by the right of prior discovery, and precedency of occupancy*, under the appellation of New France. Carthier went up the river St. Lawrence, then called Hoch- elaga. He was there received by an Indian King whose name was Donnacana, and his title, Agouliana, with all thatpomp of royalty which is suited tp the state of, a Savage chief, 60 We have BO account? of a further progress being made by th« French in this buisness, until the .year 1863. At that timt Moniieur De Motte was appointed by Henry IV. of France, governor of Canada. There can be no doubt, but that the French nation had in the apparent interim between the voyages of Carthier and De Motte kept up a communication with the northern part of America, had made advantages by the fur trade, and the fishery, and perhaps had insinuated a great num ber of their people as settlers. Governor De Motte coasted along the sea shore ; and having met with many disasters incident to a navigation where there, were no charts to direct; and where the shoals, banks, and har bours, wwe unexplored ; be arrived in the bay, which has since been called Port Royal. From that bay he crossed over to the main land into a great river about twenty-five leagues west from the bay, which they called St. Croix. This name was given to the river, and the country on its banks, because De Motte erected a cross fifty feet high on his landing. Here they set their miners to search for silver and gold ore, according to the hopes they bad entertained in the adventure. When thp spring returned, the General having grown weary of go unpleasant, long, and inactive a season, as he had before passed ; and intending to carry hits discoveries and possessions to a climate more similar to that of his native country, he fitted put a small vessel for that purpose ; and sailing south, found the river Kennebec : from which, as it is said, be proposed, and thought from the accounts he gained from the natives that he bad got a nigher path to Canada, titan he had found by the bay of Chaleur. The Indians, from St. John's to Keunebec, had the general name of the Etechcmins. The next year the Island of St. Croix, which was situated at the mouth of the river of that name, was abandoned by the French, and their capital was removed to the east side of the bay of Fundy, and placed at Port Royal.. When this was done, and the place for tified, De Motte returned to France, taking with him several of the natives. His success had been so great, and was no doubt BO much magnified by himself and his friends, that the public interest required his return without delay, to the land of prom ise : and he accordingly returned in 1604, and went to Kenne bec, Pemaquid, Saco, and Wells, taking possession of those pla ces for, and under the authority, of his master. While De Motte was thus engaged on the shores of the At lantic, the French acquired the possession of the eountry up the St. Lawrence as far as Montreal, where Monsieur Champlain Was placed as governor. The object pursued by the Sovereign, was dominion ; gain fttmulated the subject. The King of Franee made a grant tj SAMUEL CHAMPIAIN. •miftE^P"^ BillH™ - CASS' |j jppi BYWIH 'M^^^pKI teTtSgfly t^mWmii. «Sa::' \\ •^•Pt \iK* '^BMSM^' wj/urapr ^mg lEjUf^ PS^gl "'•• \ a^'JjjM J* 1 ^KM3S&£ LJffir^^7^¥iHI Tjw^-^- * jvj/Sagi *\£5* fc-'i^^rT^ySj Hill gfH^ltjHHP* />4^l [3^. "Ml A ' B' yf iwsH I ^•H S'^'l^Bi W^rJI^US^ • ••^^ii r ^^y%r eg* 'fw^teani- If? ^^V^>.^ ilKijfl i 2v" * » *^9 y^^ • •*r^' • mi^>yj. 4fcS^9C:r B "• '"-N5BH^ ^^^^^T^^^^^^^BB ^ss?\itf*j3f-'^ ff *~ ifcii Pi ^^i^SliWifeK^- Isafli CHAMPLAIN FIGHTING TH F THE INDIANS. 81 fie Motte of all the country from the 40th to the 46th degree of northern latitude. This territory had the general name of New France i but the French were interrupted by the English, who settled New England, and by that were prevented extending their settlements to the west of the river Kennebec : The French, being thus re&tricted in their settlements, the territory which they called New France, or Acadie, withdrew itself to the eastern banks of the Kennebec, and the appellation of New England was established on the western shore of that river. Thus by the extreme points of national strength and exertion, a boundary seemed to he settled, not as the line of peace and concord, but as the place of future controversies. All the lands, lroiu the river Kennebec to the Narragansett country, being granted to the company called the Council for the Affairs of .Veto England, and being reduced to possession under the grants of that company, assumed that nanje by common con sent. The French have preserved in their history of discoveries a great variety of incidents, which took place while they were in ?he progress of the discovery and settlement of Acadia; there are however not any which appear to have happened in the District of Maine, and therefore there will be no propriety in a recital. The patentees of the French King made grants of land to set tlers, and others ; but their records have been carried away, and there has been but one instance of a reclaim to title under those grants, Lewis XIV. issued his grant to M. Cadillac for a large tract of laud lying on Frenchman's Bay in Acadia, with a large island opposite to it within the government of New France. It is not certain, whether this grant was made by the king immediately, or whether it was carved put of the grant to De Motte, by that governor to M. Cadillac. When De Motte first came to America, there came one Nicholas D'Aubri, a French Ecclesiastic of very good family connections. 2s icholas went on shore upon the west side of the bay of Fundy, which at that time had no name appropriated to it, but was considered as belonging to the waters of Acadia. Cu riosity, which had brought him from Europe, led him into the woods; and the boat from which he had landed left him to hi* fate. His account of his sufferings was no doubt very pitiful; for he remained three weeks iu the wilderness, wandering from place to place under the most terrible apprehensions, until the boat of the same vessel, by accident found him on the shore, and restored him to the ship's company. From this accident the waters of the whole hay of Fundywere called Freachman's Bayv 6* The bay has a great many islands, and in order to know which island was granted to Cadillic, it is necessary to asertain) main land which was granted opposite to it; and in order find the main land granted, it is necessary to find the island It is said the heirs of Cadillic, have matte several unsuccessful attempts to reclaim this grant,, against the British government on the east side of the bay, where very probably it was originally intended to be. The inner part of the waters called Frenchman's Bay, finally gained the appellation of the Bay of Fundy, and. the ancient appellation became appropriated to the western side of the waters, and near to Mount Desert. Madame De Gre- goire, who proved herself to be a descendant of Cadillac, ap- peared in Massachusetts, in the year 17S5 ; and exhibited her claim to the Island of Mount Desert, and to a large tract of land over against it, as lying 'in and on the waters of Frenchman's Bay. The feelings of the general assembly of Massachusetts towards the French nation, were such as to prevent a nice scru- tiny ; and in 1786 she was confirmed in a great proportion of her claim. ', * There were, anciently, many French settlements on that part of the bay, which is opposite to the banks of Mount. Desert^|» well as on the island itself. The right, arising fronx discovefljw seemed to have been abandoned very early, and that arisjwj from pre-occupancy was much relied on among the people off both sides. But in subsequent treaties, the right'of prior dife, covery and priority of grants, were contended for between th4? Sovereigns. In the treaty of Ryswick, in 1698, the French aH$g English attempted to settle the controversy, and lo establish $ line between New-England and Acadia. That treaty fixed the" eastern boundary of the British dominions, at the liver Sfas Croix ; but still it remained a question which of two rivers this was. The French contended, that the river now lying on east side of the settlement of St. Andrews, called Hue jMafca dawick, was the boundary; but the English contended fo large and respectable stream, twenty leagues cast of that, which is now ealled the St. John's. The truth was, that when the French landed on the .west 1 of what is now the Bay of Fundy, they erected a cross on the" land, and gave the whole country the name of the Holy Cross, The rivers had no name at that time, but such as were exp * sed in the Indian language, and therefore among the Europ took the general name of the country, and were a^l for that 1 called St. Croix. In 1627, the people of New-Plymouth had set up a trading house at Bagaduce (now Castine) on Penobscot. In 1632, the French sent a ship to Penobscot and plundered rh» trading house during the absence of the master and camel 63 off all the arms and ammunition and goods to the amount of SOQU sterling. The Plymouth people, however, kept possession of the house and traded with the Indians. In 1635, Rossillon. commander of a French fort at La Havej on the Nova-Scotia shore, sent a French man of war to Penob scot and took possession of the house and all the goods. They gave their bills for the goods and sent away all the men. The commander wrote to the governor of Plymouth, that he had or ders to displace all the English as far as Femaquid, but not to the westward. The Plymouth government supposed they had a right to the place, and were not willing to put up with the injury quietly, they hired a large ship, the Hone of Ipswich, in England, Gir ling comman.ier, who was to have 2001. if he displaced the French, a bark Avith 20 men accompanied him as a tender. But the French having notice, fortified the place, and Girling hav ing spent his ammunition sent the bark to Massachusetts for aid ; two persons came from Plymouth also to treat about it. The Court agreed to assist them by a subscription among themselves j but provisions were so scarce thatthere could not be had suffi cient suddenly to fit out an expedition of 100 men only. There fore the matter was deferred and Girling returned, leaving the- French in possession whieh they continued until 1654. 16*3, disturbance was occasioned by the French of Acadia, Nova-Scotia. After Argall dispossessed the French from these, eolonies in 1613, they were neglected by English and French, until the grant to Sir William Alexander, in 1621. That her made attempts and began settlements has always been allowed.— Many French had joined the English or Scotch and adhered to their interest. Among the rest, La Tour was at Port Royal in 1630, where out of 70 Scots 30 had died the winter before from their bad accommodations. In 1630, Sir William Alexander sold Nova-Scotia to the French, and the fort and stores were de-s livered to them, and Cardinal Richlieu ordered some companies there, and more were expected the next year with priests, Jesu its, &c. La Tour willing to be safe, let the title be English or French, procured from the French King a grant of the river St. John, and five leagues above and five leagues below, and ten leagues into the country, this was in 1627. At the same time he was connected with the Scots, and first obtained leave to im prove lands and build within the territory ; and then about the year 1630 purchased Sir William Alexander's title. La Tour's title is said to have been confirmed to him under the great seal of Scotland, and that he obtained also a grant of a Baronetage of Nova-Scotia. However, Charles 1st, in 1625, confirmed Alex ander's title, under whom La Tour settled. Penobscot and all the country westward at this time (1630) was in possession of the English.. Ci, In 16S2, La Tour obtained from the French King a grant at ike bay and river of St. Croix, the islands and lands adjacent 12 leagues upon the sea. and 20 leagues into the land. By the treaty of St. Germain's the same year Acadia was relinquishsd by the English, and La Tour became dependent on the French alone. In 1634 he obtained a grant of the Isle, of Sables, anoth er of 10 leagues upon the sea, and 10 into the land at La Have, another at Port Royal of the same extent* and the same atMe- nis, with all the adjacent Islands included in each grant, fia- zilly had the general command, who appointed Mons D'Aulney de Charnisy hi9 Lieutenant of that part of Acadia west of St. Croix, and La Tour of that east. In consequence of this divi sion, D'Aulney came, as has been related, and dispossessed the English at Penobscot in 16S5. Razilly died soon after, D'Aulney and La Tour both claim ed a general command of Acadia, and mad» war upon each other. D'Aulney by the French King's letter to him in 1638, was ordered to confine himself to the coast of the Etcchemins, which in all his writings he makes a part of Acadia. La Tour's principal fort was at St. Johns.' As their chief views were the trade with the natives, being so near together, there was a con stant clashing of interest. In November, 1641, La Tour sent Rochet, a protestant of Rochcl, to Boston from St. Johns, with proposals for a free trade between the colonies, and desiring his assistance against D'Aulney ; but not having sufficient cre dentials, the Governor and Council declined any treaty, and he returned. The next year, October 6th, there came to Boston a shallop from La Tour, with his Lieutenant and 14 men, with letters full of compliment, desiring aid to remove D'Aulney from Penobscot, and renewing the proposal of a free trade; They returned without any assurance of what was principally desired ; but some merchants of Boston sent a pinnace after them to trade with La Tour at St. John's. They met with good encouragement, and brought letters to the Governor containing a large state of the controversy between D'Aulney and La Tour : but stopping at Pemaquid in their way home, they found D'Aul ney upon a visit there, who wrote to the Governor, and sent him a printed copy of an arret he had obtained from France against La Tour, and threatened if any vessels came to La Tour he would make prize of them. The next summer (June 12) La Tour himself came to Boston4 In a ship with 140 persons aboard, the master and crew being' protestants of Roche]. They took a pilot out of a Boston vessel at sea, and coming into the harbour saw a boat with Mr. Gib bon's lady and family, who were going to his farm. One of the Frenchmen who had been at the house, knew her; and a boat being manned to invite her on board, she fled to Governor's Island and the Frenchmen after her, where they found the 65 Governor and his family, -who were all greatly surprized, as was the whole Colony when they heard the news ; for hail it been an enemy, he might have not only seeured the Governor's person,but have taken possession of the Castle opposite the Island, there not being a man there to defend the plaee. La Tour in formed the Governor that his ship coming from France with supplies for bis fort, found it blocked np by D'Aulney, and he was now eome to Boston for aid to remove him. La Tour had cleared up his conduct so as to obtain a permission under the hands of (be Vice-Admiral and grand Prior, &c. for this ship to bring supplies to him. and in the permission he was styled the King's Lieutenant-General in Acadia. He produced letters al so from the company's agent in France, advising him also to guard against the designs of D'Aulney. The Governor called together such of the Magistrates and Deputies as were near the town and laid before them La Tour's request.. They could not tosi«tent with the articles they had just agreed to with the other governments, grant aid without their advice ; but they did not think it necessary to hinder any who were willing to be hired from aiding him, which he took very thankfully; but some being displeased with these concessions, the Governor called a second meeting, where upon a full debate, the first .opinion was adhered to. La Tour hired four ships of force, and took 70 or 80 volunten-s into pay, with which assistance he was safely land ed at his fort, and D'Aulney fled to Penobscot, where he ran his vessels on shore ; and although the commander of the ships refused to attack him, yet some of the soldiers joined witb La Tour's men in an assault upon some of D'Aulney's m#n, who had entrenched themselves, but were obliged to retreat, having three of their men killed. The ships returned in about two mouths without any loss. The Governor excused the proceeding to D'Aulney as not having interested himself in the quarrel between them, but only permitted La Tour in hh distress, as the laws of Christianity and humanity required, to hire ships and men for his money, without any commission or authority derived from the. govern ment of the colony. D'Aulney went to France, and being ex pected to return the next summer, 1644, with a great force, La Tour came again to Boston, and went from hence to Mr. Endi- eot, who was then Governor and lived in Salem, and who ap pointed a meeting of magistrates and ministers, to consider his request. Most of the magistrates were of opinion that he ought to be relieved as a distressed neighbour, and in point of prudence, to prevent so dangerous an enemy as D'Aulney from strengthening himself in their neighbourhood ; but it was finally agreed that a letter should be sent to D'Aulney, to enquire the reason of his having granted commissions to take their people* and to demand satisfaction for the wrong he had done to them Qii and their confederates in taking Penobscot, and making prize of their men and goods at the Isle of Sables; at the same time intimating, that although, those people who went the last year with La Tour had no commission, yet if D'Aulney could make ft appear they had done him any wrong, satisfaction should be made and they expected he should call in all his commissions. and required his answer by the bearer. They likewise acquainted him, that their merchants had entered into a trade with LaTour, which they were resolved to support them in* La Tour, being able to obtain nothing further, returned to his fort. Some peo- ple from Saco this summer (161*) going to trade withLa Tour, put into Penobscot in their way and were detainedprisoners a few days; but-for the sake of Mr. Shurt of Pemaquiil, one of the company, who was well known to D'Aulney? they- were^re leased. La Tour afterwards prevailed on Mr. Wanner tun, [an other of the company, to attempt with about. 20 of La Tokr's men to take Penobscot, for they heard the fort was weak and in want of provisions. They went first to a farm house of D' Aulney about six miles from the fort. They burned the house and tilled the cattle j but Wanncrton being killed at the attoor the rest of them came to Boston. '*' In September, letters were received from D'Aulney, inform ing that his master the King of France, understanding that $he aid allowed to La Tour the last year by Massachusetts was procured by means of a commission which he shewed from the Vice Admiral of France, had given in charge that they ahoi;ld not be molested, but good correspondence should be kept with them and all the English, and that, as soon as he had set tled some affairs, he intended to let them know what further commission he had, &c. Soon after he sent a commissioner, supposed to be a friar, but dressed in a lay habit, with ten men to attend him, with credentials and a commission under the great seal of France, and a copy of some late proceedings against La Tour, who was proscribed as a rebel and traitor, having fled out of France against special order. The govern or and and magistrates urged much a reconciliation with La Tour, but to no purpose. La Tour pretended to bo a Huguenot, or at least to think favorably of that religion; and this gave him a preference in the esteem of the colony, to D'Aulney ; but as D'Aulney seemed to. be established in his authority, upon proposals being made by him of peace and friendship, the fol lowing articles were concluded upon, viz. The agreement between. John Endicot, Esq. Governor of »Veu'- England, and the rest of the Magistrates there, and Moms. Ma rie, commissioner of Mons. D'Aulney, Knight, Governor and Lieuttnant-General for his Majesty the King of France, in &cudia, a province of New France, made and ratified at Bos ton, in Massachusetts aforesaid, October t>th. 16-ii. "The Gov.rnor and all the rest of the magistrates do prom- c# coJT 67 ise to Mons. Marie that they, aud all the rest of the English within the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, shall observe and keep firm peace with Mons. D'Aulney, &c. and all the French under his command in Acadia. And also the said M. Marie doth promise, in the behalf of Mons. D'Aulney, that he and all hii people shall also keep firm peace with the governor and magis trates aforesaid, and with all the people of the jurisdiction of Massachusetts aforesaid $ and that it shall be lawful for all men both the French and English, to trade with each other, so that if any occasion of offence should happen, neither party shall attempt any thing against the other in any hostile manner, un til the wrong be first declared and complained of and due satis faction not giveu. Provided always, the governor and magis trates aforesaid ':c not bound to restrain their merchants from trading with their ships with any perons, whether French or others, wheresoever they dwell. Provided also, that the full ratification and conclusion of this agreement be referred to-the next meeting of the commissioners of the United Colonies of New-England for the continuation or abrogation, and in (he meantime to remain firm and inviolable," This agreement freed the people from the fears they were un der of raiages upon their small vessels and out plantations. La Tour was suffered to hire a vessel to carry a supply of pro visions to his fort, which vessel he took under his convoy and returned home. lae agreement made with D'Aulney was afterwards ratified by the commissioners of the United Colonies : but he proved a very troublesome neighbour, notwithstanding. In 1645 he made prize of a vessel belonging to the merchants of Boston, going to La Tour with provisions, and sent the men home, after he had stripped them of thair clothes and kept them ten days upon an island in a small open boat, without either compass to steer by or gun to defend themselves. The Governor and Council dis patched a vessel with letters to expostulate with him upon this action, complaining of it as a breach of the articles, and requir ing satisfaction ; but he wrote back in very high and lofty lan guage, and threatened them with his master's displeasure. They replied to D'Aulney that they were not affraid of any thing he could do to them, and as for his master they knew he was a mighty Prince, but they hoped he was just as well as mighty, and that he would not fall upon them without hearing their eause, and if he should do it they had a God in whom to trust when all other help failed. With this ship D'Aulney made an attempt the same year upon La Tour's fort while he was ab sent, having left only SO men j but his lady bravely defended it and D'Aulney returned, disappointed, and charged Massachu setts with a 'breach of covenant in entertaining La Tour and sending home bjs hdy. They excused themselves" in a letter by 6.8 Replying, that La Tour had hired three London ships which lay. in the harbor. To this letter D'Aulney refused at first to return any answer, and refused to suffer the messenger. Capt. Allen, to come within his fort, hut at length wrote in a high strain, de manding satisfaction for his mill which had been burnt, and threatened revenge. When the; commissioners met in September they agreed to send Captain Bridges to him with the articles of peace ratified by them, and demanding a ratification from him finder his own hand. D'Aulney entertained their messenger with courtesy, and all the state he could, but refused to sign the articles until the differences between them were composed ; and wrote back, that he perceived their drift was to gain time, where as, if their messengers had been f urnished with power to treat with him and conclude about their difference -. he doubted not all might have been composed, for he stood more upon his hon or than his interest, and he would sit still until spring, expect ing their answer. The general court in considering this an swer, resolved to send the Deputy Governor, Mr. Dudley, Ma jor Dennison and Capt. Hawthorn, with full power to treat and determine, and wrote to D'Aulney acquainting him with their resolution, and that they had agreed to the place he desired, viz. Penobscot or Pentagoet, and refered the time to him, provided it should be in the month of September. This Mas opposed by some as too great a condescension, and they would have had him come to the English settlement of Pemaquid, but his commis sion as a Lieut. General for the King of France was thought by others to carry so much dignity with it that it would be no dis honor to the colony to go to his own house; but it seems he was too good a husband to put himself to the expense of entertaining the messengers, and wrote in answer that he perceived they were now in earnest and desired peace, as he did also for his part, and that he thought himself highly honored by their vote to send so many of their principal men to. him, but desired he might spare them the labor and he would send two or three of his men to Boston in August following (1646) to hear and deter mine, &c. On the 20th September, Messrs. Marie, Lewis, and D'Aulney's Secretary arrived at Boston in a small pinnace, and it being Lord's day two officers were sent to receive them at the water side and to conduct them to their lodgings without any noise, and after the public worship was over, the Governor sent Major Gibbons with other gentlemen and a guard of mus keteers to attend them to his house, where they were enter tained. The next morning they began upon business, and every day dined in public, and were conducted morning and evening to and from the place of treaty with great ceremony. Great injii.ies were alleged on both sides, and after several days were 6j>eut an amnesty was agreed on. One Capt. Cromwell had {aken in the West-Indies a rich Sedan made for the Vice Hoy «T GOVERNOR JOHN WINTHROP. ' ('/i'lJ'/H,ill ,fa*H'w ADMIRAL BOSCAWE yw«„/,;>„., ,/„ .-/,., ,/,,.,,.,,.,,,„„ ,...,,, 69 Mexico which he gave to Mr. Winthrop : (his was sent as a present to D'Aulney and well accepted by his commissioners, ihe treaty renewed, and all matters amicably settled. In the meantime D'Audney effectually answered his main purpose, for by his high language he kept the Colony from assisting La Tour, took his fort from him with ten thousand pounds sterling, in furs and other merchandise, ordnance stores, plate, jewels, &c, to the great loss of the Massachusetts merchants, to one only of whom (Major Gibbons) La Tour was indebted 25001. which was totally lost. La Tour went to Newfoundland, where he hoped to be aided by Sir David Kirk, but was disappointed and came from thence to Boston, where he prevailed on some mer chants to send him with 4 or 500L sterling in. goods to trade with the Indians in the Bay of Fundy, He dismissed the En- glitb who were sent in the vessel, and never thought proper to. return himself or render any account of his consignments. D'Aulney died before the year 1652 and La Tour married his widow, and repossessed himself in whole or a part of his former estate in Nova-Scotia, and in 1691 a daughter of D'Aulney and a Canoness at St. Omers dying, made her brothers and sisters La Tour's, her general legatees. Under them and by force of other comfirmations of former grants made by Louis 14th, be- ween the peace of Ryswick and that of Utrecht, one D'Entre- mont claimed a great part of Nova-Scotia and Acadia. Of part of those in Nova-Scotia he was possessed, when all the French inhabitants were removed by order of Admiral Boscawcn and General Lawrence. > In 16i£>, March 26, Governor Winthrop (the father of the Colony of Massachusetts) died in the 63d year of his age. In 1653, July 3l;Depufy Governor Dudley died in 77th year of his age, much respected, and a principal founder of Massachu setts. In 165&, an expedition was fitted nut under Major Robert Sedgwick and Capt. John Leverett, from Boston, against Penob scot, and the French were dislodged without resistance. In 1663, March 15, Gov. Endicot died. In 1667, Nova-Seotia and Acadia were ceded to France by the treaty of Breda. In 1676, November 13, Madockawando and Choberiisa, Sa- •chems of Penobscot, entered into a treaty with the Governor of New-England. In 1688, Castine, a Frenchman, who lived at Penobscot an;v-ig the Indians, made professions of friend shut to the E'l^-l: it,it was suspected to be a false friend^ and to stir up t;.o i-ni: • ^a against them. His trading house was plundered this yi-ir jylule he was absent from it, which he rightly charged upon t;(p En glish. The Indians informed some of their captives, that l.s- (iae furnished every Indian who was engaged against i'as ii.i- 70 glish with a pound of powder, two pounds of lead, aud a quanti ty of tobacco. Sir Edmund Andros, Governor of New-England, gave orders to Pipon, commander at Pcmaquid, to range the coast as far as St. Croix, for this reason, " a parcel of French wines had been seized at the eastward ; and, at the instance of the French ambassador, an order had been obtained to restore them, A new line was supposed to be then made to evade the order. This line included Castine's country. He therefore fled, and his arms and goods were brought to Pemaquid : and this brought on a war." In 1689, the war with the Indians, which began before the revolution of government, continued all the year after. Ma? dockawando, Sachem of Penobscot, who came into Pemaquid, was sent to Boston, where he arrived just about the time Sip Edmund Andros, the Governor, wa3 confined. The authority treated him kindly and sent him home j and at the same time wrote to St. Castine, and desired him to use his influence over the Indians ; and offered him safe conduct if he inclined to come to Boston, Madockawando had promised his interest for re demption of the captives which had been taken, and for putting an end to the war ; but both he and Castjne deeeivetf'the govern, ment. Madockawando proved a most virulent enemy. In 1690, Sir William Pliipps, a native of Pemaquid, sailed from Boston April 28—returned the 30th May with- a fleet of 8 small vessels and 7 or 800 men; during which time he took possession of Port Royal, and all the sea-coast to Penobscot. In 1692, Mr. J.ohn Nelson of Boston was a prisoner in Quebec, Madockawando was there ; he presented the Governor of Que bec with five Figligh captives—Nelson proposed to Madocka wando to establish a trading house at Negas, up Penobscot riv er ; it does not appear that this was ever effected. New-England was invaded by the French and Indians from I*enobs«ot, under the command of liabrocrce, a French of ficer, and Madockawando and other chiefs, and 30 or 40 men, they attempted the garrison house at Wells, called Storer's garrison ; but were repulsed, and Labrocree killed. During this year Sir William Phipps completed a strong fort at Pcmaquid ; it was attempted this year by land and water by the French and In dians ; but being too late in the season nothing was effected. While the Governor was building the fort at Pemaquid, he sent Major Church with part of the forces to Penobscot, Church took 0 or i prisoners and some plunder, and discovered a great number of Indians ; Lutfor want of boats could not pursue them, A peace was signed at Pemaquid, August the 11th, 1693, and hostages delivered by the Indians. 16 A, the treaty made last year at Pemaquid had produced near a twelvemonth's quiet to the frontiers. The French djd not,intend it should last so Ionj. They prevented the India** ,y1;, ,^/u Iftjly S A.. u from restoring the prisoners according to their agreement; amf De Villieu. a French officer, and Thurry, a French missionary, recovered Madockawando who had declared for the English, and prevailed on him to raise 250 men and invade Pisoataqua, and on the 18th July, 1694, they fell upon a village at Oyiter river in New-Hampshire * killed and carried away 94 inhabitants. Charlevoix says there were 250 Penobscot and St. John's In dians, besides others, and only one Frenchman. Madockawan do, who headed the party, presented the scalps to Frontenae, the Governor of Canada. After all these outrages Bomazeen, a Norridgewock chief, tvho had signed the treaty at Peroaquid, and was a principal ac tor at Oyster river, came with 10 or 12 others direct to Pema quid with a flag of truce, pretending he came from Canada, and was very sorry for what had happened. The commanding offi cer, Capt. March, considering them as rebels, sent them to' Boston, after an encouragement of safety, where they were im prisoned. Phipps was at Pemaquid in May, 169k, and there ob tained of Madockawando deeds of the land at St. George's river. In 1693, Capt. Eames, in his Majesty's ship Sorlings, was sent from Boston to intercept the stores which were sent every spring from France to Yillehon, commandsr at St. John's; but the French ship happened to be of superior force, and after an en gagement at the mouth of the river, Eames was glad to retreat. In 1696, Captain Paxton in the Newport, with the Sorlings, and a tender in the Province service were ordered to lay off the river St. John, to intercept the store ship—it happened that the French at Quebec at the same time were fitting out two men of war, 2 companies of soldiers and 60 Indians to reduce Pemaquid. These ships were of superior force to the English, and Iberville an experienced officer commanded. When they had put into a port on their passage, Villqbon from St. John's, in formed them of the situation of the English ships. The French went immediately in pursuit ot them, and came up with them un expectedly. The Newport after the loss of one of her topmasts surrendered, the Sorlings and tender escaped and returned to Boston with the news of this second disappointment. The French commander being strengthened with the Newport, went into St. John's and there refitted. From thence he proceeded to Penol;scot, where the Baron de St. Castine was waiting for him with 200 Indians. The whole force arrived before Pema quid on the 14th July. Capt. March, Who was a good officer, had resigned a short time previous, and succeeded by Capt. Chubb. Iberville sent a summons to surrender. Chubb refused and some resistance Was made, but Castine conveyed a letter into the Fort informing Chubb that if he delayed surrendering un- tff an assault was made, they would have to deal with Savages and mast aot expect any quarter, for he had seen the King's Jeticr to Iberville 7.* a security to them in ease any English should again land among them. The condition of these Acadians was truly deplorable, their natural attachment was to the French. For a century they were once in a few years changing their masters, and no sooner had owned themselves subject to one crown, but were left to fall again under the power of the other. It was not reasonable, where protection was refused or neglected, to charge them with being rebels and traitors when under English gov ernment, although allowed the exercise of their religion, yet their priests always suspected of drawing them over to the French, were hated and often molested by the English. Their civil liberty was much the same under either government. They had certain persons annually chosen, whom they called deputies, or selectmen, which they borrowed from the English Colonics of New-England, but they had no other authority than to bring and carry messages from and to their Governor 5 and upon any disr turbanee or afluir of general concerns, the whole village or digj triet was summoned to appear. No people were more confined to their own country than they were, few or none of them on any occasion ever passing so far as New-England. Tlieir fate was hard. Church left Chignocto the 20th September, and stood for the river St. Johns, and landed his men on the east side ; he met with some opposition, but took several prisoners, interrupted the building of a new fort at the mouth of the river and destroyed! the materials for it ; brought away 12 cannon and other plunder. Finding there was not depth of water for his vessels, he made no attempt to go up to Yillebon's fort, but departed for Boston, intending to touch at all the harbours on the eastern coast. Mr. Stoughton wishing very much io remove Villebon from St. Johns, ordered the Arundel, Capt. Kiggins, the Province Gal ley, Capt. Southack, and a transport sloop, Capf. Alden, to meet Church with his forces and attempt to drive Villebon from hi« fort. A reinforcement for the land forces was sent in the trans port, and the command of the whole given to Col. Hawthorn, of Salem, one of the council. Church was hurt at this appointment, and although he submitted, it was with reluctance, and every thing went on heavily. The men also having their faces towards1 home were loth to turn back, but were obliged to da it, being met by the ships not far from the mouth of the river. Villebon had notice of the return and reinforcement, and made prepar ations for defence. Four of the small vessels went up the river and landed their men near the! fort Oct. 7th. They raised a battery for two field pieces and began to fire with them and with their musquetry the same day; and the French made re turn. When night came on, which proved very cold, the En glish lighted their fires to keep them front perishing. This mad* (fawn a mark for the Freneh cannon, which, compelled then* M 74 put out their Are* and to be exposed all night to the weatheK They were soon discouraged, for the next night they re-embark ed ; and having joined those at the mouth of the river made the best of their way to Boston. An expedition against Canada had he*n solicited ever since 1692. This year (1696) there was a more than ordinary depen- dance on it. The bad success of the war in Europe put an end to this dependancc. Intimations were given that a French ar mament from Europe with sea and land forces from Canada, in tended a descent upon the English colonies. Applications had been made to the French King, by the governor of Canada, in the latter part of 1695, for 10 or 12 men of war, to be sent the next spring from several parts of France to encounter an En- 'ish fleet, which it was expected would have been at sea about Sat time ; and having conquered the English ships, then to go and take Boston, which was represented to be a place of great trade ; and if they could get possession of it, they would gain by that means the sole possession of the fishery. Nothing more was intended by the French Court than the possession of New foundland, and the removal of the English from Acadia. Both these were effected : for after Iberville had taken the fort at Pemaquid, he went with the ships to Newfoundland, and took possession of St. Johns and the other harbours there, and made a Very successful expedition. The winter of 1696 was universally cold, loaded sleds and sleighs, passed from Boston to Nantasket a great part of the time. 1697, the last year of the war proved more alarming to Massa chusetts than any of the preceding years. An invasion was every day expected for several weeks together ; and uews was brought to Boston that a formidable French fleet had been seen upon the coast. It was indeed a very critical time, perhaps equal to that when the Duke D'Anville was with a squadron at Chi- buctou. The force under the duke was superior, but the province at that time was in proportion stronger and better able to repel it. France expected that a very 9trong squadron would be sent from England to recover the ports of Newfoundland, which Iberville had taken the last year. Great preparations were therefore made to defeat such squadron, and after that, or in any case it should not proceed, then to lay waste the English Colonies. Fron- tinac the Governor of Canada, upon whom great dependance had always been deservedly placed, had orders to raise 1500 men, prepared to march upon short warning; but at this time, the service for which they were intended was not communicated. He made provision accordingly and they would have been ready upon eight days notice. The remembrance of this danger is lost in New-England. ?* Charlevoix's account will be new to most people. The fa. tended expedition against Boston was very well concerted, and Would not have failed, as all that preceded it had done, if it had been vigorously pursued. The King had entrusted the com mand with the Marquis of Nesmond, an officer of great estima tion, and had appointed for the service ten men of war, a galliot and two frigates. Boston was not the only object. He had or ders to be ready to leave Brest with part of the squadron by th« 53th April, at furthest, in order to join the* other part which lay at Rochelle, under Com. De Maguon ; and, with all pos sible dispatch to proceed to Flacentia Bay in. Newfoundland, that be might be beforehand of the English, who, it was said, were determined to recover all they had lost the year before in that Island, and to clear it entirely of the French. If he found Pla- oentia besieged by the English, he had orders to attack them ; if they should be gone before he arrived he was to follow them and give them battle, whether they had succeeded or not. After their defeat he was to sail for Penobscot ; dispatching at the same time a packet boat to Quebec, to infor m Count Frontenac of his route, and for that General to meet hi.m at Penobscot with 150Q men, which he was to have in rcadine&s. As soon as the junc tion was made, and the troops embarked, the fleet without loss of time, to proceed to Boston, and, tha.1 town being taken, it was then to range the coast to Piscataquu; destroying the settlements as far into the country as they could, and so effectually as that it might take the English a long tjme to re-establish themselves. If there should be time left for further acquisitions, the fleet was to go to New-York; and having reduced that city, the French American troops were to nvarch.through that colony to Canada, laying the country waste as they went along. The King had this expedition so much at hea.rt that he had given permission to De Nesmoadto strengthen hip fleet with the addition of certain •hips, destined for another expedition in Hudson Bay, if he should happen to meet them atPlacentia, and think them neces sary. We shall next see, from the same author, how this enterprise happened to fail of success.. As the French court h;td not received the news of the siege of Naxoat (St. John's river\ when the instructions were prepared ; but it happened to be brought a short time after—upon De Nes- mond's anchoring in Rochei road, he found orders had been sent from Court to meet him there, requiring him to give the Chev alier de Villebon all that aid both of men and stores which should be necessary to maintain him in, or restore him to his post. "When De Nesmond came to Placentia he found there a letter waiting for him from the Count de Pontchartrain, giving him intelligence of 18 English ships, laden witli salt, and ready te sail from Lisboiy ander convoy of a man of war: which, ship; K6 prere to be employed in the cod fishery at Newfoundland ; and ha was required to do every thing in his power to prevent their es cape. The Count added further, that if he should be so fortu nate as to beat the English fleet, which was expected to be or have been at Newfoundland ; then it was the King's pleasure jthat he should range the eastern coast of Newfoundland, and take or burn all the English shipping he could meet with. But De Nesmond was too |ate to carry so many and so great designs in to execution. Besides meeting with contrary winds he ha£f above two months passage, not arriving at Flacentia until (he 24th July. There he heard no news of the English fleet. He held a grand council of war in order to determine whether to proceed immediately to Boston or not. All voices were in the negative, and for these reasons—there was no assurance that it could be a prudent measure, whilst they were wholly ignorant of the situations and circumstances of the enemy ; moreover, let there be ever so great dispatch in giving notice toFrontenac, the Canada forces could not be at Penobscot before the 10th Sep tember ; and by that time the fleet would not have above 50 days provision left, and would be in no capacity of undertaking any thing. It was known in New-England that a formidable French fleet was at ne great distance, and the approach of it was every day expected : there was no great hopes of an English fleet to encounter it—the inhabitants were in great consternation. The Lieutenant-Governor of Massachusetts made the best pre paration he could. The militia for several weeks were held in readiness to nrfircli to the sea-ports. The castlo at Boston was then but an. inconsiderable fortress—such additions were made as the time would admit of ; a:; Noil-..—Tin- ground plan of this fort was FOUNDl in the office of Public Records London, by James. P Baxter in 1886. itt ihe^anoe the Major TfKs in overset, and one of the Indian guided wa^Slrowned. Soon after the water beginning to freeze, the ice1 so shattered their tender vessels and made the passing so diffi cult, that they were obliged to take to the land and to travel by their compass through a country so thick with spruce, cedar and pine wood and underwood as to be scarcely passible, and the greatest part of the way broken and mountainous land—they were above a fortnight without the sight of the sun, the weath" •r being stormy or foggy the whole time. They spent their provisions six days before they came to any French settlement* and lived wholly upon moss, leaves and dried berries. At length on the 16th of December they arrived at Quebec. In 1721, during the session of the Legislature in Boston, an affair happened which shewed the uncertainty of the relation the Indians stood in to the English—Castine had appeared among the Indians who were in arras at Arowsick. By an order of tho Court he had been afterwards seized in the eastern country, and brought to Boston and put under elose confinement. The House ordered that he should be brought to trial in the county of Suf folk, before the Supreme Court, and that the witness who saw him in arms should be summoned to attend. This no doubt would be trying in one county a fact committed in another. The Coun cil nonconcurred, and voted to send for witnesses that the Court might judge in what manner to proceed against him ; but this was not agreed to in the House. Sonic time after a committee was appointed to examine him. Castine was a very subtle fel low and made all fair with the committee. He professed the highest friendship for the English, and affirmed that he came to Penobscot to prevent the Indians from doing mischief, and prom ised to endeavor to influence all that tribe to keep peace. The committee therefore reported, and the two Houses accepted the report, that he should be set at large. The Governor approved of this proceeding. He had hopes of preserving peace ; to have punished him as a traitor would have destroyed all hopes of an accommodation. It might also be very well questioned whether it would have been justifiable. The tribe or nations with which he was mixed has repeatedly, in words of which they had no adequate ideas, acknowledged themselves subjects ; but in fact in concomitant as well as precedent atid subsequent transactions with them had always been considered as free and independent, and, although they lived within the limits of the charter, the. government never made any attempt to exercise any civil author ity or jurisdiction over them, except when any of them came within the English settlements, and disputes had arisen between them and the English subjects. In 1723, Col. Wcstbrook, with 230 men left Kennebec, Febru ary 11th, with small vessels and whale boats, and ranged the cvast »s far east as Mount Dtscrt. Upon faia rctnrn he went »o tap Penobseot rivet, where about 3*2 miles from the anchoring place of the transports, he discovered the Indian castle or for tress, walled with stockades about 70 feet in length and SO in breadth, which enclosed 23 well finished wigwams, without was a church 60 feet long and 30 broad, very decently finished with in and without, also a very commodious house in which the Priest dwelt. All was deserted, and all the success attending this expedition was the burning the village. The foice returned to St. Georges the 20th of March; In 1724, Col. "Westbrook, with 300 men, marched across from the Kennebec to Peuobscot, with no other advantages than exploring the country, which was very little known before. 1725, Capt. Heath marched from Kennebec to Penobscot and burned a deserted Indian vil lage of 50 houses; This year a general treaty of peace with the Indians was signed at Falmouth, in Casco-bay, by the Lieu tenant Governors of Massachusetts and New-Hampshire and sev eral members of the Court. This treaty has been applauded as the most judicious which has ever been made with the In dians. A long peace succeeded it. In 1759, during the war of that year, Penobscot river 6ffer- ing an important passage into the Atlantic ocean which might be seized by the French, and becoming also a natural route for the Indians into the Province, since the fortifying the river St. John, Governor Powna'l, thought it a fortunate occasion to take posses sion of that country, and to secure it by erecting a fort; In ex ecuting this service he happily availed himself of the aid of the Crown and the Province of Massachusetts, and notwithstanding the pressure of the public burden and the great complaints that existed in Massachusetts, relative to the erecting and maintain ing of forts, he received thanks of the General Court for the manner in which he economized the public money. He first procured the consent of General Amherst to reimburse the ex pense of erecting this fortress, and that the men to be employ ed in the work should be a part of the number voted to be rais ed for the army. The General Court then granted 400 troops to take possession of the country, ordering at the same time, that the forts at St. George and Pemaquid should be dismantled at the peace. With this force the Governor repaired in person to Penobscot, and completed his work without opposition. He sent to the tribe of Indians to inform them of his purpose, and invite them to defend their land if they intended it. He told them that should they kill an Englishman in future, they should be forced to fly from the country, which he would sweep from one end to the other, and hun^them all out. That he sought not their fa vor, but pitied their distress, and if they would become English, and live near the fort, he would protect them, assign them plant ing ground, and permit them to hunt as usual. After this h« returned without any remarkable event taking place, excepting GOVERNOR POWNALL. 1 [This cut follows a likeness owned by the the one which bears this inscription : "Cotes, Historical Society. It is stated in Mass. Hist. pinxit: Earlom fecit. Thomas Pownall, Esq., Soc. Proc, Nov. 1875, that the original portrait member of Parliament, late Governor, Captain- of Pownall is at Earl Orford's, in Xorfolk, and General, and Commander-in-Chief and Vice- that the Historical Society's picture, presented Admiral of His Majesty's Provinces, Massachu by the late Lucius Manlius Sargent, is said to setts Bay and South Carolina, and Lieut.-Gov have been painted from an engraving, perhaps ernor of New Jersey, June 5, 1777." — ED.] LORD AMHERST. FORT POWNALL. SI the death of Brig.Gen. Samuel Waldo, who died very suddenly orti the S. side of Penobscot river, three miles above the confluence of the Kenduskeag stream, while in the act of depositing a piece of lead, which designated his having taken possession of the country for the British government—his body was carried to Fort Pownal. The cost of Fort Pownal amounted to £.4969 7 2. The Governor shewed that the same men who were employed in it, had they joined the army in general would have cost £. 1802 10 4 more.. Upon which the house voted him their thanks for his wise measures, in securing the country of Penobscot; and justly pronounced Fort Pownal to be, as he had.called it, the best and least expensive fortress qf any that had been erected in the Province. The troops at Brunswick and Pemaquid, and the scouting parties at the lodgments on the western frontiers were now dismissed, and a garrison of 100 men voted for Fort Pow nal. .During this year Lieut. Joshua Treat arrived at this fort in a ship from Boston loaded with government stores for the fort, where he remained, and was the first actual settler on the Penobscot river. •. In 1760, thePeqobscot Indians, who were situated within the bounds of Massachusetts, experienced the final decline of their power as a warlike tribe. The effects of war upon their popu lation bad been so great as to reduce them to f> sachems and 7S warriors ; and they now felt an irresistible check upon them, by. the erection of the fort at the mouth of their river. Under these depressed circumstances they seuj^ deputies to settle a peace at Boston... The terms • were such as their condition invited. : Ac knowledging themselves to be subjects, of the King of Great-' Britain, they confessed their rebellion, and the forfeiture of their lands in consequence of it. They received as a favor the privilege of hunting upon them, and otherwise using such, parts as should be assigned for. that purpose. They promised to dwell near Fort Pownal, and relinquished all alliance with the French, and engaged t» deliver up future offenders, to be tried by the laws of the Province* . , In 1763, there were three families settled on the southern part of Orphan Island, and not any other settler above them on the river, at that time.. . In 1764, the first settler (Jonathan Buck) arrived above Or phan Island at the present situation of Buckstown village. „ At the commencement of 1770, there was not any settler with in the present limits, nor above,Bangor,' on Penobscot river ; but during this year there were two families, Jacob and Stephen Bussel, settled on the easterly side of Kenduskeag; and in 1771 several other families settled on each side of the Kenduskeag,' which was the commencement of the present settle went. L i>-2 2'hefollowing is a brief account of Colonel Armdd's expedition against Qusbte by the way of Kennebec river. DURING the American revolution, in 1775, General Wash ington, foreseeing that the whole force of Canada wo'i'J be con centrated about Montreal, had projected an expedition against Quebec, .by a detachment from his camp before Boston, which was to march by the way of Kennebec river, and passing through the dreary wilderricss lying between the settled parts of Maine, and the St. Lawrence, and crossing the rugged mountains, and deep morasses, which abound in that country, to penetrate into Canada about ninety miles below Montreal. The object proposed by this hardy enterprise was, either to compel Carleton, whose force would not admit of a division, to draw his troops from the upper country, anil thereby open an ea sy passage to the army invading the Province by the way of the river Sorel; or, if lie should maintain that position, to take pos session of Quebec ; which, all his accounts assured him, was absolutely unable to hold out against the force which would ap pear before it ; and if attacked by an American army before the return of Carleton, would surrender without firing a shot. This arduous enterprise was committed to Colonel Arnold. About a thousand riien, consisting of New-England infantry, some volunteers,* a company of artillery under a Captain Lamb, and three companies of riflemen, were selected for the service. Notwithstanding the unremitting exertions of the General, the delays in expediting them, occasioned by the derangements of the army, were such, that they could not commence their inarch nntil about the middle of September. The success of this expedition very much depended on the friendly temper of the Province, and the instructions given to Arnold inculcated, with great care, the cultivalion of a good un derstanding with the Canadians. They even enjoined him to abandon the enterprise, if this sudden invasion of their country should threaten to irritate them, and induce them to take up arms against the United Colonies. He was also particularly di rected to use the utmost possible expedition ; to keep up a cor respondence with the upper army, which it was hoped might be effected by means of the St. Francois Iudians ; and to keep the General himself regularly informed of every event of importance, which should occur. He was turnished with about one thou sand pounds in specie to defray contingent expenses, and with a cargo of manifestos to be dispersed through Canada. - Colonel Burr, since Vice-President of the United States, was of this number. JT' ^^L/' *; fl • U^BI gpip?K§fpk- 9 BffiP^?^'" • • s sy^Ztyy f3y-r~u^ &T-^l_ y J K^ bb •Vlie letter accompanying these orders is strongly indicative of (he impressions which had been received of the dispositions of the Canadians, as well as of the importance attributed to that Province in the existing war. •' Tou are." said the General," intrusted with a command of the utmost consequence to the interests and liberties of Ameri ca : lipon your conduct and courage, and that of the officers and soldiers detached on this expedition, not only the success of the present enterprise, and your own honor, but the safety and wel fare of the whole continent, may deperd. I charge you, there fore, and the officers and soldiers under your command, as you value your own safety and honour, and the fuvor1 and esteem of your country, that you consider yourselves as marching not through an enemy's country, but that of your friends and breth ren : for such the inhabitants of Canada, and the Indian nations have approved themselves, in this unhappy contest between Great-Briiain and America. That you eheck by every motive of duty and fear of punishment, every attempt to plunder and iusuli the inhabitants of Canada. Should any American soldier be so base and infamous, as to injure any Canadian or Indian, in his person or property, I do most carnesily enjoin you to bring him to such severe and exemplary punishment, as the enormity of the crime may require ; should it extend to death itself, it will not be disproportionate to its guilt, at such a time, and iq such a cause. But I hope and trust that the brave men who have voluntarily engaged in this expedition will be governed by far different Tiews : that their order, discipline, and regularity of behaviour v. ill be as conspicuous as their valor : I also give it in charge to you, to avpid all disrespect to and contempt of the religion of the country, and iis ceremonies. Prudence, policy, and a trlie christian spirit, will lead us to look with compassion on their errors, without insulting them. While we are contend ing for our own liberty, we should be very cautious of violating the rights of conscience in others, and should ever consider that God alone is the judge qf the hearts of men, and to him only, iq this case, they are answerable. " Upon the whole, sir, I beg you to inculcate on the officers and soldiers, the necessity of preserving the strictest order dur ing their march through Canada. To represent to them the shame, disgrace, and ruin to themselves and country, if they . should by their conduct turn the hearts of our brethren in Cana da against us. And on the other hand, the honor and rewards which await them, if by their prudence and good behaviour, they conciliate the affections of the Canadians and Indians to the great interests of America, and convert those favorable disposi tions they have shown, into a lasting union." The opinion which had been formed of the favorable disposi tions of the Canadians, was not disappointed by the event. They 84 gave essentia] aid to the Americans, and very much facilitated their march through that Province. But the previous difficulties to be surmounted were much greater than had been apprehended: The country had never been well explored, and it opposed obsta cles to the march, which only perseverance like that of Arnold, and his brave and hardy followers could have conquered. Colo nel Enos who commanded the rear division, consisting of one third of the detachment, returned from the Dead river, a branch of Kennebec, with his men ; and, though his appearance exci ted, at first, the utmost indignation in the array ; yet, on being arrested, he was acquitted by a court martial, on the principle, that it was absolutely impracticable to obtain provisions on the route sufficient to preserve the troops from perishing with fam ine. Arnold who at the head of the two first divisions still prosecu ted his march, was thirty-two days traversing a hideous wilder ness, without seeing a houv or any thing human. The troops were under the necessity of hauling their batteaux up rapid streams, of taking them upon their shoulders, with all their pro visions, across carrying places ; and of traversing, and frequent ly repassing, for*he purpose of bringing their baggage, deep morasses, thick woods, and high mountains. These impedi ments, notwithstanding the zealous and wonderfully persevering exertions of hjs men, so protracted his march, that, though he had expected certainly to enter Canada about the middle of Oc tober, he did not reach the first settlements on the Chaudiere, which empties itself into the St. Lawrence near Quebec, until the third day of November. ' On the high grounds which separate the waters of the Ken nebec from those of the St. Lawrence, the scanty remnant of provisions was divided among the companies* each of which was directed, without attempting to preserve any connexion with another, to march with the utmost possible celerity into the in habited country. ' Whilst those who gained the front, were yet thirty miles from the first poor and scattered habitations which composed that frontier of Canada, their last morscl'of food was consumed. But preceded by Arnold, who went forward for the purpose of procuring for them something which might satisfy the first demands of nature, the troops still persevered'in their labours, with a vigour unimpaired by the hardships they had en countered, until they once more found themselves in regions frequented by human beings. After a march of sr.eh unexampled fatigue, no further time was allowed for repose, than was barely sufficient to collect the rear, which was greatly scattered, and to refresh the men $ during which time the address signed by General Washington was published, and every assurance given to the people, that they eame to protect, and not to plunder them. The line of t ii/Jlfiwd from/faudnrtrButt P.PrimBv&r /?>/• > it red by Lmai YyA^IKLTGT'^A GE^E^U H^HPV DEtAPBOpri. ^ ss march was resumed, and on the ninth of November, this gallant corps reached point Levi, opposite Quebec. The town was almost entirely without a garrison ; and noth ing could exceed the astonishment of the inhabitants. They would almost as soon have expected to see an army descending from the clouds, as amerging from the hideous wilderness thro* which this hardy detachment had made its way. Could Arnold have immediately crossed the St. Lawrence, and availed himself of their, first consternation, it is believed to be certain that he might have entered the place without opposition ; but a very high wind, and the want of boats, rendered the passage of the river impossible. For a particular account of the siege of Quebec, the reader may refer to a History of the American Revolution, as this deta il would not properly apply to the limits of this work. Among the officers engaged in this expedition was Captain Dearborn, late senior Major-General in the United States' service. the following is an account of the Penobscot expedition which sailed from Boston in 1779. Lv 1779, early in June, General Francis Maclean, who com manded the King's troops in Nova-Scotia, with a detachment of feaO men embarked in transports, escorted by three sloops of war, arrived in Penobscot Bay to form a settlement and es tablish a post, which might not only check the incursions of the Americans into Nova-Scotiaj but promote a constant supply of ship timber for the King's yard at Halifax and other places. Maclean took possession of the peninsula, called by the Ind ians Majabiguaduce, now called Bagaduce, or Castine. The land was first cleared of the wood, which was attended with great difficulty and labor. After this was effected, the outlines of a fort were marked Out, which was intended to be of a square form with a bastian at each angle, enclosing a space of ground to admit of a cavalier or block house in the centre, with bar racks for the men, and apartments for the officers : and every exertion was made to promote this work, which was to serve for their future defence. Alarmed at an invasion which threatened a serious diminution of its territory, Massachusetts determined to dislodge him. An embargo was immediately laid on all the shipping in Boston harbor, and bounties were offered to such persons as would en- 88 transports could be conveyed some distance up the river, to a place where they might safely disembark on the western shore. But the British Admiral was too confident in his strength to per mit this stratagem to succeed; and as he approached, the Amer-. icans sought for safety in flight. A general chase, and unresist ed destruction took place. Two of the American armed ships endeavored to get to sea by passing round Long-Island, which lies in the middle of the bay ; but they were soon intercepted, the first being taken, and the other run ashore and blown up by her crew. The rest of their fleet, with the transports, fledi n the utmost confusion to the head of the bay, and entered the mouth of I'cnobscot river. They were pursued by the British squad ron, and after destroying the fleet at the head, of navigation, landed in a wild, uncultivated country, on the western side of Penobscot river; without provisions or other necessaries, and had to explore their way through a pathless desert, for near a hundred miles, before they cotfld reach a place where supplies were to be obtained. They travelled in detached par ties, with Indian guides, and suffered every privation incident to a wilderness ; their best provision was an occasional. supply of the flesh of the Moose, roasted on the coals without any append age. Exhausted with famine and fatigue, they at length gained the settled parts of the Kerinebec river after having kst sev eral men, who perished in the woods. . • The conduct of the Commodore was severely reprobated. Though unequal to the enemy in force, it was supposed that re sistance ought to have been made ; and although the loss might have been inevitable, some alleviation would have been found in the reflection, that it was sustained without disgrace. . Gen. Lovell and Commodore Saltonstall were afterwards tried by a Committee appointed by the government of Massachusetts for that purpose—Lovell was honorably acquitted, and Salton stall was rendered incompetent ever after to hold a commission in the service of the Province. The loss of the British in this expedition amounted to 70 kill ed, wounded, and missing of the garrison ; and i5 killed and wounded on board the fleet. 89 List of the American Fleet which xoas destroyed oV taken on the Penobscot Expedition. The Warren of 32 guns, 18 and 12 pounders. Monmouth: and Vengeance 24 each. Putnam and Sally 22 each. Hampden and Hector 20 each. Hunter and Black Prince 18 each. And Sky Rocket 16. Brigs—Active, Defence, Hazard and Naney, 16 guns each. Diligence, Tyrannieide and Providence sloop, 14 each. Spring Bird 12. Rover 10. Together with 24 sail of vessels as trans-' ports. The Warren, a fine new frigate, commanded by Commodore Richard Saltonstall, was burnt at Oak Point Cove, at the head of Marsh Bay, opposite Frankfort. • The Putnam and Vengeance were burnt opposite Hampden. The Hunter and Hampden were taken. The Sky Rocket was blown up near Fort Point ledge. The Spring Bird burnt. The Nancy and Rover were taken. One brig was burnt near Brigadiers Island. The following vessels were destroyed at the head of navigation* opposite Bangor. Ships—Monmonthy Sally, Hector and Black Prince, were burnt and blown up. Brigs—Hazard, Tyrannicide and Diligence, were burnt. Thei Providence sloop blown up. And three transports burnt. Total destroyed at Bangor—i ships, 3 brigs, 1 sloop, and S transports—Total 11 vessels. f* Of the whole fleet taken and destroyed there were 10 ships, 10 brigs, 1 sloop, and 24 transports and store ships-fTotal 46 vessels. The squadron commanded by Sir George Collier, was com posed of the Raisonable, of 64 guns, the Greyhound, Blonde, Virginia, Camilla and Galatea frigates, and thti Otter, sloop of war. M Hi After the general peace of 1783, nothing of sufficient inipdrfc once happened in tlie District of Maine to record in this work, •until after the declaration of war by the United States against Great-Britain, in June, 1812. In July, 1814, after the downfal of Napole'on Bonaparte, the1 British government was enabled to effect more vigorous mea* sures against the United States. Until this time the British cruisers had rather injured the coasting trade of the District; but, in most instances, were much more lenient titan could have been expected under existing circumstances. Immediately sub sequent to the success of the Allies in Europe, they were much more rigorous in intercepting the coasters than before that time. On the fith July* a small British expedition was fitted out with great. dispatch and secrecy, from Halifax, which was soon after joined by a considerable fleet six days from Bermuda. On the 11th July, appeared off East port a British squadron', consisting of the liamilies, 74, Sir Thomas Hardy Commander in Chief1; Martin, sloop of war, of 20 guns ; Terror, a bomb «hip, of 20, mortars &c. j Borer, brig of 16 ; Bream of 8;, Salonej a transport, of 20 ; and several other transports full of men, under the command of Col. Thomas Pickington, all stand ing in under a full press of sail, with a fresh breeze. In a short time they came to off the town, and sent in a white flag, with a demand to the officer of the fort to surrender ; and gave him five minutes to reply. The officer, Major Putnam, answer ed, that "the fort should be defended against any force what ever." However, after consulting with the inhabitants, and as certaining their indecision to contend, he ordered his flag struck tvithont arty resistance. Shortly after, 15 barges full of men were sent from the shipping to the shore—possession was takert of the^fort, together with four eighteeu-pounders artd two sixes, •jid the other United States property ; and the British flag was hoisted. The garrison, consisting of 70 men, were carried OH board the prison ship, and the officers, 5 in number, were admit ted to their parole', and private property was respected. The 102il regiment of infantry, a battalion of artillery, and about 66 cannon were soon lartdeTl-^the whole number of men about 1500. On the 20th August, the United States Corvette Adams, of 2i guns, commanded by Capt. Charles Morris, arrived at Hamp den, on Penobscot river, from a cruize, in distress-^she had left Savannah in May preceding;, and after making several captures, she arrived at Penobscot. In entering the bay in thick weath er, she struck on a rock ; and with much exertions arrived at Hampden, with several of her crew disabled by the scurvy, and several feet of water in her hold. On the 25th of August, an expedition sailed from Halifax* composed of the first company of royal artillery, twu rifls com- ( i XAROLEOK r />.'/>,'.<;•,/ /,i Pirecfon J,- l2hiJmmcrie> /'/ Zi&rairit ADIYHJRAI. HAEDT s J'U/I llshr/i n.rt/it./.* Mirrf.r Mu/ i-lfioo.. ftl panics of the 7th battalion, of the 60th regiments, detachments from the 29th, 62d and 98th regiments, the whole divided into two brigades, consisting of bet wee ;s Sand 4,000 men, command* ed by Major-General Gosselin. and Col. Douglas, and all under the immediate command of Lieutenant-General Sir John Coape Sherbrooke, Governor of Nova-Scotia. The fleet consisted of' the Bulwark. Dragon and Spencer, of 74 guns ; the frigates Buchanto and Tenedos ; the ship Sylph and Peruvian brig, of 18 guns e^-h ; and the schooner Pieton, and 10 transports, all under the command of Rear Admiral Ed ward Griffith. On the SO ih of August, the fleet fell in nrith the Rifleman brig, and were informed of the arrival of the United States Corvette Adams in the Penobscot river. It was the original intention of the British commanders to have taken possession of Machias, on their way to Penobscot; but on receiving this information, they proceeded with all possible dispatch, and arrived at Castine ear ly on the morning of the 1st September. There was a small fort In Castine harbor, commanded by Lieutenant Lewis of the Unit ted States army, with about 40 men. Soon after sunrise the American officer was summoned to surrender, but refused,'and immediately opened afire from four 24 pounders, upon a small schooner that had been sent with Lt. Co). Nichols, commanding royal engineers, to reconnoitre the works. Before the British landed Lieutenant Lewis blew up the fort and made his escape in boats, carrying off two field pieces. The British forces, con sisting of a detachment of the royal artillery, with two rifle companies, of the 60th and 9Sth regiments, under Colonel Doug* las, took possession of Castine, withont any further resistance. The British commanders made immediate arrangements to se cure or destroy the Adams. The expedition for this purpose consisted of the Sylph and Peruvian ; a small schooner as a ten* der ; a brig transport; and 9 launches. The land forces were a detachment of artillery, flank companies of the 29th, 6 2d, and 98th regiments, and one rifle company of the 7th battalion of the 60th regiment—-the whole land force consisted of about POO men, commanded by Lieut. Col. Henry John, of the 60th. The naval force was commanded by Capt. Robert Barrie, of the Drag on 74, who aeted as Commodore, Proclamation by Lieutenant-General Sir John Coape Sherbrooke, K. B. commanding a body of his Britannic Majesty's land forces, and Edward Griffith, Esquire, Bear-Admiral of tho White, commanding a squadron of His Majesty's ships, now arrived ih the Penobscot. "WHEREAS it is the intention of the British commanders to take possession of the country lying between the Penobscot river and Passamaquoddy Bay, the peaceable inhabitants of that dis 43 jtriet are hereby notified, that if thej remain quietly at their re spective homes, and carry on their useful occupations, every pro tection will be afforded them so long as they shall comply with such regulatiops as may be established for their conduct and guidance, by the authority of the British commanders. All per sons taken in arms, or employed in conveying intelligence to the enemy, or in assisting him in any way shall be treated accord ingly. Such of the inhabitants as may wish to avail them selves of the terms offered in the preceding part of this Procla mation, will be required to give up their arms and demean themselves in a quiet and peaceable manner; and those who may be willing to supply the British forces with provisions, &c. will be regularly paid for the articles furnished, and will receive every encouragement and protection in so doing." T. F. ADDISON, Military Secretary." By Command, CHARLES MARTYR, Naval Sec'y. Given at Castine, Sept, 1, J814." On the 1st of September, Brig. GeneralJohn BJake, of the J.OtbTdivision of the Massachusetts militia, on being informed of the progress of the British up the Penobscot river, arrived.at Bangor, and sent despatches in different directions to collect the militia j he then repaired to Hampden, to consult Captain MorT ris on means of defence. At this time the Adams had been dismantled at a wharf, pro jecting from the Sowadabscook stream to the Penobscot. The guns were landed, and Morris had commenced establishing a bat tery, on an elevation of the bank of the Penobscot, about 50 rods from the wharf, to defend the Adams. On the 2d Sept. Gen, Sherbrooke dispatched a flag to Belfast, informing the inhabitants that he intended to occupy the place; and if there was not any resistance made, that their property should be exempt from injury. Belfast was then immediately occupied by 600 men, under the command of Major-GeneraJ Gerard Gosselin. On the morning of the 2d, Gen. Blake consulted Capt. Mor ris, with some.of his officers, and other gentlemen of Bangor and Hampden, on the method of defence—there were various opinions given, and Capt. Morris not appearing to have much confidence in the militia, declined any immediate co-operation ; but ratlier approved of opposing the British on their first landing, and mentioned his determination to destroy the Adams on the first appearance of the retreat of the militia. In the course of the day the British force passed Frankfort, and landed a detachment of the 60th and 93th regts. under a Major and Lieut, at Oi-rington, to intercept some militia whom 93 they supposed were going to. Hampden—this was effected; and one mau was killed in Orringlon, by a cannon shot from the fleet. At five o'clock in the evening the British arrived at Bald Hill Cove, where the troops were landed, including 80 marines, and bivouacked for the night* during which it rained incessantly. Blake had chosen a most admirable elevation on the county road, parallel with the river, and about half a mile from Morris' battery ; and during the «iay the militia continued to assemble— he was joined by Lieutenant Lewis, two other Lieutenants, and 30 regulars of the United States army that had retreat ed from Casline—he had mounted one of the 18-pouuders of the Adams, and had two brass 5 pounders of the artillery coi:i;>?.iiy of his brigade. Many of the militia being without arms or ammim-tiou, Morris supplied them from the Adams. Kai-ly on the murning of the 3d, Captain Morris bad mount ed^ short eightecn-pounders from the Adams, on the battery, with a temporary platform of plank. The battery was com manded by Lieutenant Wadsworth, first of the Adams, assist* ed by Lieutenant Madison and the Purser. With the re mainder of,the guns of the Adams, Capt. Morris was station ed on the wltarf—He there had about 200 seamen and ma*, rines capable of duty, and about 20 invalids. The militia amounted to about 600 ; very few of whom had ever seen any kind of military service. At 5 o'clock, the British troops at Baldhill Cove were under arms, and commenced marching, a rifle company forming the advance—a light company of the 62d formed the rear—the detachment of marines on the flanks, with One 6 pound cannon, and one 6^ inch howitzer, and rocket appar atus, and a detachment of sailors, commanded by several Lieu tenants of the navy. The British naval force at the same time proceeded up the river parallel with the land force j while Lieutenant Watson of the marines, with 20 men, took a posi tion to watch their movement. The morning was very thick and foggy—Blake had dispatch ed two flanking companies to annoy the British as they ascended the heights—between 7 and 8 o'clock the advanced guard of the British were to be discerned. The 18 pounder and the artillery pieces were several times discharged with some effect. Blake gave orders to his men not to fire without the command of the officers, intending to reserve his fire for more effect; but the British advanced with frequent discharges of musketry, and the Americans being undisciplined, retreated without order, and fled in every direction ; notwithstanding some of the officers made exertions to prevent them. Lieutenant Wadsworth, ob serving the flight of the miiitia, communicated the intelligence to Capt. Morris on the wharf. At this time the British naval force had a position beyond Mqrrig'-fire, to improve any advan- »i tag* their troops might obtain. Morris finding no alternative but a precipitate retreat ot captivity, his rear and flanks being entirely exposed, without any other means of defence on the land •ide, than pikes and cutlasses. The only bridge across the Sow. adabscook, was nearer to the enemy than to him—the stream was only fordable at low water, and the tide was then rising ; he, therefore, ordered Wadsworth to spike his guns and retreat across the bridge, which was done in parfect order ; the marines under Lieut, Watson, covering their rear. Orders were then given, at the same time, to fire the ship, spike the guns of the lower battery, and retreat across the stream. Before these or ders were fully executed, the British appeared on the hill from which Morris' men had just retreated, and who were exposed to their fire. Morris retreated in front of the British, and on finding it impossible to gain the bridge, he forded the stream, un der their fire, and joined his men on the other side. Blake and his officers being left by their men, retreated with Morris towards Bangor. The British took possession of Hampden without further resistance, and a, part of their forces pursued the Americans. Blake and Morris, with their men, arrived at Bangor about 9 o/clock, and the British troops and fleet immediately after. Morris and his men proceeded immediately to Kennebec river. A flag of truce had been dispatched from Bangor, which met the British 1 mile below the settlement; but no other terms than a promise of respect to private property could be obtained. The naval force ascended the river parallel with the land force. The launches were commanded by Lieut. Pedlar, first of the Dragon, who delivered orders that no property of any description should be removed without orders. The land force, consisting of about 500 men, arrived at Bangor about 10 o'clock. Commodore Barrie observed, that if such supplies as were re quired for the forces were immediately brought forward, the, inhabitants should not have any reason to regret their exertions. Barracks, provisions, liquors and other articles were required. All the fire arms and shipping were also demanded. During this day much confusion existed in Bangor and Hamp den. Barrie threatened to burn the buildings in Bangor if the, fire arms of the militia were not surrendered within 20 minutes —all that could be procured, were immediately mustered. The court-house and other buildings were prepared for the soldiers, and the officers were quartered on the inhabitants. In most instances the British officers which were quartered in private houses, conducted with the most perfect decorum ; in other instances several of them disgraced themselves, their pro fession and country, by petty depredations on the property of the inhabitants. All the stores on the western side of the Ken- d^keag stream, were rifled of most of their contents. The a tasks containing spirituous liquors were generally store by tbi officers, to prevent the soldiers and sailors from intoxication.—" The officers appeared tacitly to acquiesce in the depredations of their men, although they pretended to disapprove of those mea sures, and frequently sent guards to prevent them, and in soma instances punished the offenders. Barrie's arrogant abuse wan unjustifiable ; Col. John on the contrary, was very courteous. After the first requisitions were fulfilled, and the men sup plied with barracks, provision and liquors, the inhabitants were required to bring forward and surrender all their arms, mili tary stores, and all public property ; and to report themselves prisoners of war. Consequently, a quantity of goods and mer chandise, which had been seized by the Custom-House Officers* the town's stock of powder and munitions of war; many muskets 3 the two brass three-pounders, which had been secreted in the woods, the Post-Office papers with fifty-one dollars in specie, were all delivered up ; also individuals to the number of one hundred and ninety-one, reported themselves prisoners of war, and were liberated on condition that they would not take up arms against the British till regularly exchanged. The British commanders demanded that General Blake should be sent for, he accordingly arrived and was paroled. On the morning of the 4th, General Sherbrooke not receiving* any information from the British force which had ascended the Penobscot, marched with 700 men, and two light field pieces, upon Buckstown, accompanied by Admiral Griffith, for the pur pose of ascertaining what progress the forces had made, and of affording assistance if required. Sherbrookc believing that the light guns which were taken from Castiue, had been secreted in the neighborhood of Buckstown, threatened to destroy the town unless they were delivered up : and the two brass three-pounders, on travelling carriages, were in conse quence, brought in the course of the day and delivered to the British. On ascertaining the success of the' expedition, General Sherbrooke with the troops returned to Castine the proceeding day. On the same day the compromise between the inhabitants of Bangor and the British, was completed and signed, viz. by two of the selectmen on one part, and by Com. Barrie and Colonel John on the other. The terms of the stipulation were of the following tenor. " The undersigned guarantee to all persons, inhabitants of the townships of Bangor and Orono, who bring in their arms, and have signed, or shall within thirty days next coming, sign a pa-* role of honor not to serve against His Britannic Majesty, or his allies, during the present war, unless regularly exchanged as* prisoners of war, their personal safety, with that also of their ftsniljut, not s» old *s eighteen years «f the male sex, and all fo 96 males. The undersigned have also received from the Selectmen of Bangor, a bdhd in the penal snm of thirty thousand dollars in behalf of said town, conditioned principally for the faithful per formance of the conditions of the proposition, viz. « The subscribers principal inhabitants of Bangor, promise to the Commodore of the British naval force in Penobscot river^ and commander of land foi*ces, to deliver up the vessels now on the stocks in Bangor, to the said Commodore and land comman- fler/at Caitine, by the last day of October next." Signed by the Selectmen. Bangor, September 4, 1814. '«Which propositi©;, is by us, on behalf of his Britannic Ma jesty, accepted, arid in consideration of having received said bond, we pledge ourselves that no private property except ves sels, shall be in any way molested or injured ; but if others of his said Majesty's troops' by land or sea, should hereafter, be fore said last day of October next, arrive at Bangor, they are to Aspect all private property, and' especially all unfinished vessels within the above-named townships of Bangor and Orono, wheth er deficient in hull or rigging, the bond aforesaid .being by us considered as adequate security, and we accordingly pledge our honor that said vessels and private property shall be respected by his Britannic Majesty's subjects. " ROBERT BARRIE, Senior Officer in command of H. M. advanced naval force in the Penobscot. " HENRY JOHN, lAMtniint-Col. of light British) 60th Begt. commanding the advance of British light troops. " GEORGE PEDLAR, Senior Lieut. H. M. Ship Dragom " Battgor, September 4,1814." After committing various depredations, and burning one ship, one brig, 4 schooners and a sloop, the British forces evacuated Bangor about 4 o'clock P. M. and proceeded to Hampden. The British soldiers who were quartered at Bangor, were generally very orderly.—Most of the depredations were committed by the German or Yauger detachment of the 60th regiment, and the Sailors. The total loss sustained by the town of Bangor, was estimated at S.23,000 exclusive of the bond. The unlaunched vessels at Bangor were, two ships of 840 tons each, two brigs of about 140 tons each, and two small schooners. 97 The vessels of the naval force, owing to a calm, was towed 'from Bangor to Hampden during the afternoon. About 200 men of the British force had been left at Hampden to preserve the plundered goods. Immediately after the arrival of the re maining force from Bangor, one of the seamen of the Adams, who had been secreted in the woods, shot one of the picket guard of the British through the hand—lie was immediately made prisoner. The British commanders were much exasperated; and after being severely beaten by the Commodore, he was confined 011 board a prison ship. Prior to the affair of the third, Hampden had been made a temporary port of entry, and the Collector had removed there from Castine—On the arrival of the British he had retired ; and the British commanders had made his house their head-quar ters. It had been reported by a deserter or an American pris., oner, that the commanders of the British forces had promised them that if any opposition was made at Hampden, they should be allowed a certain time to plunder th« inhabitants.—If such a promise had been made it was most faithfully observed. Monday, the 5th, both soldiers and sailors appeared to rival each other in their depredations on the property of the inhabit ants of Hampden. One petty officer who was a sportsman, mounted his horse with his gun, and accompanied by several privates to start the game, shot all the pigs, sheep, geese and fowls which he found within two or three miles above the town; and after having loaded his men he returned in triumph to Hampden. Lawyers' offices were stripped of their libraries, and some of the inhabitants were left without a change of clothes. The sailors amused themselves with ripping open beds and turn ing the feathers on to the mill while in motion. Much house hold furniture and many papers were wantonly destroyed. The cargo of the schooner Commodore Decatur, consisting of brandy, wine and silks, was shipped on board the fleet, with some of the guns of the Adams—the others were dismantled and the trunnions broken. , The elegant cabin of a British prize ship was demolished. The Selectmen gave a bond for g,*2,000 for- the vessels be longing to Hampden. The total amount of property taken and destroyed, belonging to the citizens of Hampden, was estimated at g.44,000, exclu sive of the Decatur's cargo and the bond given for the shipping. N 9& Proclamation by Lieutenant-General Sir John C. Sherbrooke, K. B. aommaudhi^ a body of His Britannic Majesty's land forces, and Edward Griffith, Esq; Reur-Jldmiral of the White, com manding a squadron of His Majesty's ships, now arrived in the Penobscot.' " THIS is to notify unto all whom it may concern, that the municipal laws as established by the American government for the maintenance of peace and tranquillity in that part of the District of Maine lying between the Penobscot river and Passa- m&quoddy Bay, will continue in foree until further orders ; and the civil magistrates are permitted to execute the laws as here tofore, and shall be supported in so doing. " By command, «T. F. ADDISON, Military Secretary. « CHARLES MARTYR, JYVoaf Secretary.'* « 6th September, 1814." On Tuesday, the 6th, the British forces evacuated Hampden, carrying off several of the inhabitants as prisoners, and about 40 horses. As they proceeded to Frankfort they sent a requisition on shore for 40 bullocks, 100 sheep, and a fresh supply of small stock, with the arms and ammunition of the inhabitants.—Some part of the requisition was executed. The grounding of the Sylph retained the forees at Frankfort during one tide. On Tuesday afternoon, the whole force proceeded to Castine. The loss of the British in the skirmish at Hampden, by their official report, was one rank and file killed, one captain and 7 rank and file wounded, and one rank and file missing. The Americans had two or three slightly wounded. On the 6th, General Sherbrooke not finding it necessary to continue the occupations of Belfast, ordered Gen. Gosselin to embark the troops and return to Castine. Gosselin had assured the inhabitants of the most perfect security with respect to their persons and property, should they remain peaceable. This promise was most faithfully observed by tho British commander. An adequate price was paid for every article of supplies whieh were purchased for the troops. It may1 be no more than equitable to observe, that Lieutenant- Colonel John was prompt in granting every assistance to the in habitants of Bangor, when required, to prevcut the depredations of the soldiers and sailors. Capt. Dickens of the Sylph, who was afterwards lost, with all his crew, and Lieut. Pedlar of the Dragon, were conspicuous in their correct deportment while at Bangor; Lieut. Grant, of the navy, distinguished hiinsejf by his gentlemanly and cjbar^able conduct to several females. 99 On the 11th September, Gen. Shcrbrooke and Admiral Hiti- fith, with most of the troops, and a great part of the fleet, left Castine for Halifax. Major-General Gojselin, witli about 1500 men, was left in the command. After the capture of Castine, the mail wai not permitted to pass the Penobscot. The following order was issued from the General Post-Office. " General Post-Office, September 26,181*. « SUNDRY Post-Offices in the District of Maine, being pos sessed by, or under the control of the public enemy, and it being possible that others may be in the same situation, it is hereby ordered, that the Post-Master (at the nearest safe Post-Office to those Offices so possessed or controlled by (he enemy) detain, op* en and account for the mails addressed to them in the same man ner as ifaddressedtohisown Office. Whenever it shall become safe to forward mails to such Post-Offices, the letters and papers remaining undelivered, are to be re-mailed and forwarded jmmep diately to their place of destination, either by special express at the expense of this Office, or by the regular carrier. R. J. MEIGS, JR.-Port-Master-General." A part of the expedition whieh left Castine on the 11th Sep. tember, proceeded against Machias. At this period the fori there contained 50 United Srfctes troops and 10 militia ; the whole under the command of Capt. Leonard and Lieutenants Morse and Manning, who had retreated there from Robbinstown. On Saturday night seven sail of British men of war were seen steer ing np the river for Machias. At ten o'clock in the forenoon of Sunday, the British landed at Buck's harbor, 4 miles below Ma chias ; they marched up, and a firing was continued , for several hours. Preparation had been previously made to blow up the fort; and when it was found that it could not withstand the siege, the explosion took place, the barracks were burnt, and the garrison retreated with safety. Lieutenant Morse had previ ously destroyed some of the guns, on Sunday morning, being in formed by express, that the British, with a force of 1200, were on their way from Castine to demand a surrender of the fort be commanded. The only defence which they were capable of making was from the block house ; and it was preserved for that purpose, until the near approach of the enemy prevented the possibility of destroying it. Three or four mounted cannon in the fort, fell into the hands of the cantors. The precipitate re treat of the garrison is accounted for, by their having awaited the near approach of the enemy, in order to ascertain their numr ber, and thereby decide upon the propriety of making defence, Some blame was attached to Lieut. Morse who h,ad commanjLflf 1*0 the fort because he did not bury the guns; but he seems to be ex: operated, as it was believed the near approach of the enemy would have prevented his. saving them. Frodamation ly Major-General Gosselin, commanding his Brir ' tannic Majesty's force* between the river Penobscot, and the former boundary at New-Brunswick, &c. Gfc. &c. " To all to whom these presents shall come, GBEETLNG. « WHEREAS his Britannic Majesty's forces have taken pos session in full the territory lying between the same river and the boundary lino of the Province of New-Brunswick, including Long-Island and the other Islands near, and contiguous to the shores thereof: And whereas, it has been deemed expedient to require from the male inhabitants above sixteen years of age, residing within the said District, to take an oath of allegiance to bis said Majesty, or on oath ' that they will peaceably and quietly demean and conduct themselves while inhabiting and re siding w,Hhin the territory" lying on the eastern .side of the river Penobscot, or any part thereof 5 and they will not carry arms, harbor British deserters, nor carry intelligence to the King'g enemies, or in any respect act in any hostile manner to his Bri tannic Majesty, or any of his subjects, during the present war between Great-Britain and the United States of America.' " Know yt, therefore, that I have constituted, deputed, and by these presents do constitute, depute and appoint the selectmen of Sullivan, commissioners to administer the oaths of allegiance, or the oath of neutrality herein before mentioned, to all such male persons inhabiting within the said district, above the age of sixteen years aforesaid, and the said commissioners are hereby enjoined and required to keep regular rolls or records of all the taames of such persons as shall take either of the said oaths aforesaid, to which rolls, the persons taking the said oaths are to be required to subscribe their names ; giving and hereby granting to the said commissioners full power and authority to perform the matters and things herein before mentioned, ratify ing and confirming all and whatsoever the said commissioners shall lawfully do by virtue hereof. " Given under my hand and seal at arms, at Casline, the 31st day of October, in the 54th year of his Majesty's reign], 4nno Domini, 1814." "GERARD GOSSELIN, Major-Gsneral Commandant." 101 Accompapjing, the foregoing Proclamation is the following CIRCULAR " Castine, ist November, 1814. " GEN IXEMEJT, "IT being, deemed, expedient to require the male inhabit ants above sixteen yeais of age, residing within.tbe territory, lying to the eastward of the Periobseot river, and the boundary of New-Brunswick, to take the oath of allegiance to his majesty, or an oath of neutrality, 1 herewith enclose an authority to ad minister such oaths to the inhabitants of your township, with the form of the oath of neutrality, and have to acquaint, that you will carry these instructions into effect as soon as possible, and report to me within one month from the date hereof, a list of such persons with their places of residence, as refuse to take the oath of neutrality, that in case they do not immediately leave Jhe country, measures may be taken to apprehend them as pris oners of war. " I am gentlemen, Your humble servant, " G. GOSSELIN, Major-General Commandant." f* To the Selectmen of the 1 town of Sulli FIJVI& ERRATA, Page 38, 13th line from bottom, after the word Kenneiec, read upccftt Wiscasset and Waldoborough. Page 48, for Elliot 130 miles, read 60. e 365 102 1,904 94 0 32 130 Lubec 1798 144 2,655 51 45 390 Lyman Yw 1773 1248 286 6,798 70 I 06 88 MACHTAS W 1784 1570 426 11,354 74 I 73 354 Madison 1804 686 159 3,512 90 56 230 Malta . Ks 1809 486 130 1,69896 32 180 Mercer S 1804 562 116 2,063 65 35 220 Minot 1802 2020 48° 10,463 28 1 68 150 Monmouth cK. 1792 1262 288 6,410 16 1 02 156 Montville L 1807 S<54 235 3,557 94 64 180 Moscow S 1816 15 200 00 04 2 SO Mount-Desert H m° 1047 247 4,207 22 72 300 Mount-Vernon K 179a 1098 240 5,565 68 87 180 New-Castle L 1753- 1232 275 S,140 76 1 32 163 New-Charleston' P 1811 210 61 1,363 38 22 265 Newfield Y 1794 815 180 3,412 98 57 103 New-Gloucester C 1774 1649 359 15,217 35 2 10 136 Newport P 1814 44 544 00 06 230 New-Portland S 1808 421 86 1,827 20 29 215 Newry 1805 202 47 1,042 72 0 17 193 New-Sharon £o. 1794 994 197 4,554. 43 72 199, G 50 e 4.8 K .g N 8jj towns. §2 1 •£ hi a O g.q <3 S ft, a, ftew-Vineyatd s 1803 484 2,268 97 37 205 L 1788 110 6,469 45 1 03 1 Nobleborough 1206 285 175 Northport 11 ' 1796 780 165 4,270 84 65 222 NOR RIDGEWOCK S- 1788 880 190 4/63 80 74 215 1713 29,481 82 North-Yarmouth c 3394 831 4 19 130 1797 1010 257 . 5,720" 33 92 152 Norway o 1800 480 111 3,291 30 49 240 Orland H P 1806 351 70 ,1,373 70 22 247 Orono -P 1789 1341 162 3,368 51 55 j 250 Orrington c 1798 912 289 5,060 63 77 1 140 Otisfield L 1804 761 178 2,977 19 52 190 Palermo S 1807 188 42 1,213 78 >8 216 Palmyra o 1793 1320 312 7,421 17 1 15 160 PARIS Y 1787 1763 385 10,819 79 1 62 118 Parsonsfield C 1802 805 165 3,273 98 54 140 Pejepscot H 1787 1302 303 7,186 32 1 12 260 Penobscot S 1812 12 200 00 4 230 160 Phillips L 1779 213 163 Phipsburg K 1018 6,457 34 95 1795 186 140 Pittston C 850 4,286 35 68 1807 292 64 1,244 67 21 Poland O C 1786 7169 1406 91,295 24 11 79 118 Porter C 1808 872 168 4,001 98 63 155 PORTLAND H 1794 1300 283 5,587 34 92 234 Pownal L 1811 79 1,662 79 27 190 1803 Prospect C 826 182 3t603 51 59 140 Putnam K 1791. 1396 326 8,918 12 1 34 170 Raymond W 1811 365 75 1,555 52 26 400 Readfield K 1804 585 131 781 01 22 Robinstown O 1800 629 156 3,482 36 56 215 Rome Y 1762 3492 635 24,180 27 3 38 100 Rumford S> 1813 117 640 00 7 220 1803 205 Saco L 1168 249* 3,669 64 67 1768 366 98 Saint-Albans Y 1492 6,913 44 1 15 1658 2094 499 22,018 74 3 01 104 Saint-George C H 1814 702 163 1,294 72 31 228' Sanford P 1812 157 42 506 32 10 280 Scarboro H 1789 1352 294 7,994 55 1 20 270 Searsmont Y 1785 2S62- 511 12,990 53 2 06 108 Sebec ^S 1809 312 66 1,750 18 26 240 Sedgewick Y 1814 80 Shapleigh C 1785 1378 335 9,599 65 1 43 120 Solon S 1795 828 189 S,741 39 61 215 South-Berwick s 1801 424 108 5,050 26 34 220- Standish 1795 552 125 2,588 20 42 »30& Starks Hw 1789 711 175 3,8 3* 03 62 29* Strong Steuben Sullivan bi