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Guidelines on Mangrove Ecosystem Restoration for the Western Indian Ocean Region

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Guidelines on Mangrove Ecosystem Restoration for the Western Indian Ocean Region Western Indian Ocean Ecosystem Guidelines and Toolkits Guidelines on Mangrove Ecosystem Restoration for the Western Indian Ocean Region Guidelines on Mangrove Ecosystem Restauration for the WIO Region Ecosystem Guidelines on Mangrove Mangroves_Cover.indd 3 10/07/20 23:38 Western Indian Ocean Ecosystem Guidelines and Toolkits Guidelines on Mangrove Ecosystem Restoration for the Western Indian Ocean Region MangroveGuideline.indd 1 10/07/20 23:45 James G. Kairo Mwita M. Mangora With contributions from Lilian Mwihaki, Robert M. Runya, Abel Kiprono, Elinasi Monga, Célia Macamo, Henriques Balidy, Zafyson H. Randrianasolo, Sachooda Ragoonaden Mohammed Ahmed, Elvina Henriette Published by the United Nations Environment Programme/Nairobi Convention Secretariat. Copyright © Nairobi Convention 2020. All rights reserved Rights and Permissions: This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit services without special permis- sion from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. However, the Nairobi Convention encourages dissemination and use of the materials in this report. The Nairobi Convention would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatso- ever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme-Nairobi Convention. Series Editor: Matthew D. Richmond Disclaimer: This publication has been produced by the United Nations Environ- Designed by: ment Programme-Nairobi Convention and WIOMSA with the kind Marco Nunes Correia assistance of various regional governments, Non-Governmental Organizations, Civil Society Organizations, as well as of individuals Coordinated by: through the Global Environment Facility (GEF) funded WIOSAP Jared Bosire, Julius Francis and Timothy Andrew project and SIDA funded MASMA project executed by the Conven- tion and WIOMSA respectively. The report is copyrighted entirely to Drawings: the Nairobi Convention and WIOMSA. All sketches and drawings courtesy of Hafidh O. Salim Compiled and prepared by: Citation: James G. Kairo and Mwita M. Mangora of the Western Indian UNEP-Nairobi Convention/USAID/WIOMSA (2020). Guidelines Ocean (WIO) Mangrove Network under the auspices of the on Mangrove Ecosystem Restoration for the Western Indian WIOSAP Project, with contributions from Lilian Mwihaki, Robert Ocean Region. UNEP, Nairobi, 71 pp. A digital copy of this report is M. Runya, Abel Kiprono, Elinasi Monga, Célia Macamo, Henriques available at: www.nairobiconvention.org/; www.wiomn.org; www. Balidy, Zafyson H. Randrianasolo, Sachooda Ragoonaden, Moham- wiomsa.org med Ahmed and Elvina Henriette, and expert support and guidance provided by Carl C. Trettin of US Forest Service, and Jared O. Western Indian Ocean Ecosystem Guidelines and Toolkits Bosire of UNEP-Nairobi Convention. ISSN: 2714-1942 MangroveGuideline.indd 2 10/07/20 23:45 Table of Contents 1. Mangrove Ecosystems _________________________________________________________________ 1 1.1 Global Mangrove Extent and Distribution ________________________________________________________ 1 1.2 WIO Mangrove Extent and Distribution __________________________________________________________ 1 1.3 Mangrove Forest Structure and Geomorphology ________________________________________________ 3 1.3.1 Mangrove forest types _____________________________________________________________________ 3 1.3.2 Mangrove zonation _________________________________________________________________________ 4 1.4 Mangrove goods and services __________________________________________________________________ 4 1.4.1 Habitat and nursery functions ______________________________________________________________ 4 1.4.2 Coastal protection and erosion control _____________________________________________________ 4 1.4.3 Nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration __________________________________________________ 5 1.5 Threats to Mangroves ___________________________________________________________________________ 5 1.5.1 Human pressures on mangroves ____________________________________________________________5 1.5.2 Mangroves and climate change _____________________________________________________________8 2. Concept and Principles of Mangrove Restoration ______________________________________ 11 2.1 Mangrove Restoration: When it is necessary? ___________________________________________________11 2.2 Typology of Mangrove Restoration ______________________________________________________________11 2.2.1 Natural regeneration _______________________________________________________________________11 2.2.2 Artificial regeneration ______________________________________________________________________12 2.2.3 Integrating mangrove restoration with alternative livelihoods _______________________________14 3. Step by Step Procedures for Mangrove Restoration ____________________________________ 17 3.1 Project Planning Phase _________________________________________________________________________17 3.2 Project Implementation Phase __________________________________________________________________19 3.3 Project Monitoring and Evaluation Phase ______________________________________________________ 23 4. Implementing a Mangrove Restoration Plan ___________________________________________ 31 4.1 Vegetation Assessment _________________________________________________________________________31 4.2 Secondary Succession _________________________________________________________________________31 4.2.1 Faunal re-colonization protocol ____________________________________________________________ 32 4.2.2 Sampling of fish community in mangroves ________________________________________________ 34 5. Case Studies on how it has Worked and Lessons Learnt _______________________________ 39 5.1 Government Driven Initiatives: a case of Mauritius _____________________________________________ 39 5.2 NGOs Driven Initiatives: a case of Madagascar _________________________________________________ 39 5.3 Community Driven Initiatives: a case of Mozambique ___________________________________________41 5.4 Mixed approach: a case of Kenya, Tanzania and Seychelles _____________________________________42 6. But still, to plant or not to plant? _______________________________________________________ 47 7. References ____________________________________________________________________________ 51 Guidelines on Mangrove Ecosystem Restoration for the Western Indian Ocean iii MangroveGuideline.indd 3 10/07/20 23:45 iv Guidelines on Mangrove Ecosystem Restoration for the Western Indian Ocean MangroveGuideline.indd 4 10/07/20 23:45 List of Plates Plate 1. Charcoal production from clear felled mangroves in Ruvu Estuary, Tanzania. ________________ 7 Plate 2. Peri-urban mangroves pressed with a combination of property development and salt pans at Ununio, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. _____________________________ 7 Plate 3. Mangrove dieback due to increased sedimentation caused by shoreline change at Gazi Bay, Kenya. __________________________________________________________________ 8 Plate 4. Caring of planted S. alba in Gazi Bay, Kenya. ________________________________________________ 12 Plate 5. An example of a wasted effort from direct planting of propagules on a sand flat in Vanga, Kenya. Here is a case of poor site matching. __________________________________ 13 Plate 6. Traditional beekeeping in the mangrove forest in Makoba Bay, Zanzibar inspires communities to restore and protect mangroves. ___________________________________ 14 Plate 7. Gazi Women Mangrove Boardwalk in Kenya. ________________________________________________ 15 Plate 8. A local community mangrove nursery with A. marina and C. tagal at Kilimani, Zanzibar. _____ 22 Plate 9. A six years old stand of replanted mangroves, R. mucronata by HonkoReef Doctor Project, Madagascar. ________________________________________________ 26 Plate 10. Petroleum contaminated soils and landfarming. ____________________________________________ 28 Plate 11. Planted mangroves at Le Morne, Mauritius. Top: before planting May 2011 and Bottom: after planting September 2011. ________________________________________________ 40 Plate 12. NGO sponsored mangrove planting at Ambanja, Madagascar. ______________________________ 41 Plate 13. Effective community participation is key to success in mangrove restoration at Limpopo Estuary, Mozambique. ______________________________________________ 42 Plate 14. Contract mangrove planting with rice farming has been tried in Rufiji Delta, but effectiveness and sustainability is not guaranteed. _______________________ 44 Plate 15. Income through sale of carbon credits by Mikoko Pamoja is used to support local development projects such as education in Gazi bay, Kenya. _______________ 45 Plate 16. Use of school children in the Seychelles to plant mangroves ensures long term community commitment, while building a community of mangrove practitioners. __________ 46 Plate 17. Government support. Mangrove planting in Kenya involving key government agencies. _____ 47 Guidelines on Mangrove Ecosystem Restoration for the Western Indian Ocean v MangroveGuideline.indd 5 10/07/20 23:45 List of Tables Table 1. Mangrove coverage and species assemblages in WIO. (Source: Bosire et al., 2016). __________ 2 Table 2. Valuing mangrove goods and services. _____________________________________________________ 5 Table 3. Advantages and disadvantages of natural mangrove
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