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Working Paper Series No ` Social Protection Roles in Reducing Risk and Building Resilience to Communities in Indonesia Saut Sagala Alpian A. Pratama Institute of Technology Bandung, Resilience Development Initiative, Indonesia Bandung, Indonesia Dodon Yamin Elisabeth Rianawati Resilience Development Initiative, Resilience Development Initiative, Bandung, Indonesia Bandung, Indonesia Working Paper Series No. 11 | August 2014 1 © Resilience Development Initiative ` WP No : 11 Date : August, 2014 ISSN : 2406 - 7865 Social Protection Roles in Reducing Risk and Building Resilience to Communities in Indonesia Saut Sagala1, Dodon Yamin2, Alpian A. Pratama2, and Elisabeth Rianawati2 1 School of Architecture, Planning, and Policy Development, Institute of Technology Bandung. 2 Resilience Development Initiative, Bandung, Indonesia. Resilience Development Initiative (RDI) is a think tank initiative based in Bandung, Indonesia that focuses on environmental change and sustainable development. RDI contributes to the body of knowledge on development and disaster research studies in Indonesia and South East Asian Region. RDI Working Paper Series is published electronically by RDI. The views expressed in each working paper are those of the author or authors of the paper. They do not necessarily represent the views of RDI or its editorial committee. Citation of this electronic publication should be made in Harvard System of Referencing. Reviewers: Fernando Situngkir Mangapul Nababan Saut Sagala Jonatan Lassa Editorial Team: Ramanditya Wimbardana M Wahyu A Lubis Contact: Address: Jalan Imperial II No. 52, Bandung 40135 Jawa Barat – INDONESIA Phone: +62 22 2536574 Email: [email protected] Website: www.rdi.or.id 2 ` Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 5 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 5 2. Literature ......................................................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Basic Definition ...................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Social Protection in Disaster Risk Management ..................................................................... 7 2.3 From Disaster Risk Management to Sustainable Community Resilience............................... 9 3. Methodology and Study Areas ...................................................................................................... 11 3.1 Rural Indramayu ................................................................................................................... 12 3.2 Rural Sleman District ............................................................................................................ 14 4. Social Protection in Rural Indonesia ............................................................................................. 15 4.1 4Risk Reduction and Social Protection Indramayu .............................................................. 15 4.2 4.2. Risk Reduction and Social Protection in Sleman ........................................................... 19 5. Disaster Risk Reduction, Social Protection and Community Resilience ...................................... 22 6. Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 23 3 ` Disclaimer: This article presents the draft of original article entitled “Social Protection, Disaster Risk Reduction and Sustainable Community Resilience: Evidences from Rural Areas in Indonesia” that was submitted by the authors to be a chapter in a book edited by Drolet, J. © Resilience Development Initiative 2014 All right reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. 4 ` Social Protection Roles in Reducing Risk and Building Resilience to Communities in Indonesia Saut Sagala1, Dodon Yamin2, Alpian A. Pratama2, Elisabeth Rianawati2 1 School of Architecture, Planning, and Policy Development, Institute of Technology Bandung 2 Resilience Development Initiative, Bandung, Indonesia Email: [email protected] Abstract Many rural areas in Indonesia are prone to disaster risks that pose threats to human lives and livelihoods. Social protection has been introduced at some disaster prone area to reduce the vulnerability of the people. Social protection and disaster risk reduction have overlapping targets, among others, to reduce the risks faced by vulnerable group, to tackle the impact of disaster, and seek to build resilience against shocks and stresses on livelihoods. While both social protection and disaster risk reduction are commonly designed for short term program, they have potentials to sustain long term community resilience. This paper seeks to answer the following questions: (1). What roles do social protection initiatives support disaster risk reduction? (2). What prerequisite conditions are needed to extent the role of social protection in achieving sustainable community resilience? This research is based on qualitative analysis in two rural districts in Indonesia prone to floods and droughts and volcano eruptions. The social protection measure selected in this study is the national program on community empowerment (PNPM). This study identifies that at some disaster prone areas, the community proposes the use the community empowerment funds as physical infrastructures to increase community preparedness and to mitigate risks. While the program is initially a short term basis, the impacts of the physical infrastructure development is also able to protect livelihoods and thus increases community resilience. This paper suggests that sustainable community resilience from social protection programs relies on high involvement of community in the design program. Furthermore, this paper explains some strategies in the implementation of social protection to support community resilience. Keywords: disaster risk; Indonesia; resilience; social protection; 1. Introduction Social protection (SP) has various means and functions. One of the important functions that still needs to be explored is on its disaster risk reduction (DRR) purposes. Davies et al (2009) admit that there is a high relevance of social protection for reducing the vulnerability in the society. The similar characteristics among the goals, target groups and tools of SP and DRR make it promising for sharing opportunity (Davies et al, 2009; Heltberg et al, 2008). A remain valid question is on its role on achieving long-term community resilience. Social protection is common measures in developing countries to alleviate the burden faced by the poor in the society. In some Asian and African countries social protection has been used to provide helps for the poor by providing food and nutrition programmes, housing programmes, self- employment programmes and wage employment programmes (Raihan, 2013; Sharma and Arora, 2002; Shrivasta, 2013). For instance, the Kenya government disbursed cash transfers to the chronic poor of the society who exposed to stresses from climate change (Davies et al, 2009). Similarly, the Reducing Vulnerability to Climate Change (RVCC) project in Bangladesh distributed assets such as duck-rearing to provide alternative livelihoods to the local community that had been impacted by climate change (Mallik, 2006 in Davies et al., 2009). Another form of social protection was employment guarantee scheme that was applied in India. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) of India guaranteed 100 days of employment a year to the rural poor in 200 of the poorest rural districts. The projects offered were public works programmes, such as de-silting irrigation and strengthening embankments (Davies et al., 2009). 5 ` This paper focuses on Indonesian social protection schemes in reducing community risks to disasters. In 2015, Indonesian population is expected to reach at least 250 million (BPS, 2014) and about less than half of the population are living in rural areas. A large number of rural areas in Indonesia are prone to disaster risks due to its location or increasing vulnerability of the population. Within the last one decade (2004-2014), a large number of rural areas in Indonesia were hit by catastrophic natural hazards, such as tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoes claiming lives of nearly 200,000 people and affecting about 10 million injured and lost their belongings. In other parts of Indonesia, such as Nusa Tenggara Timur, equally damaging is some slow onset disasters, such as sea level rise, and drought that deteriorate the sources of livelihood in the long run, such as agriculture and fishery production. This has forced some people to be temporarily or permanently displaced. Indonesian government uses social protection instruments to reduce the burden faced by the community. In general, Indonesian social protection services cover several aspects, such as health, economy, etc. These services are based on two national laws that administer social protection in Indonesia: National Law 40/2004 on national social protection system and National Law 24/2011 on national protection administered body. Under law no 40/2004, Indonesia
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