DOCSLIB.ORG

The Future Is Heterogeneous Computing

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Future Is Heterogeneous Computing Valencia, Spain September 7, 2010 The Future Is Heterogeneous Computing Mike Houston Principal Architect, Accelerated Parallel Processing Advanced Micro Devices October 27th, 2010 Page 1 | The Future Is Heterogeneous Computing | Oct 27, 2010 Workload Example: Changing Consumer Behavior Approximately 20 hours 9 billion of video video files owned are uploaded to YouTube high-definition every minute 50 million + digital media files 1000 added to personal content libraries images every day are uploaded to Facebook every second Page 2 | The Future Is Heterogeneous Computing | Oct 27, 2010 2 Challenges for Next Generation Systems • The Power Wall . Even more broadly constraining in the future! • Complexity Management – HW and SW . Principles for managing exponential growth • Parallelism, Programmability and Efficiency . Optimized SW for System-level Solutions • System balance . Memory Technologies and System Design . Interconnect Design Page 3 | The Future Is Heterogeneous Computing | Oct 27, 2010 The Power Wall • Easy prediction: Power will continue to be the #1 design constraint for Computer Systems design. • Why? . Vmin will not continue tracking Moore’s Law . Integration of system-level components consume chip power – A well utilized 100GB/sec DDR memory interface consumes ~15W for the I/O alone! . 2nd Order Effects of Power – Thermal, packaging & cooling (node-level & datacenter-level) – Electrical stability in the face of rising variablity . Thermal Design Points (TDPs) in all market segments continue to drop . Lightly loaded and idle power characteristics are key parameters in the Operational Expense (OpEx) equation . Percent of total world energy consumed by computing devices continues to grow year-on-year Page 4 | The Future Is Heterogeneous Computing | Oct 27, 2010 Optimized SW for System-level Solutions . Long history of SW optimizations for HW “characteristics” • Optimizing compilers • Cache / TLB blocking • Multi-processor coordination: communication & synchronization • Non-uniform memory characteristics: Process and memory affinity . Scarcity/Abundance principle favors increased use of Abstractions • Abstraction leads to Increased productivity but costs performance • Still allow experts burrow down into lower level “on the metal” details . System-level Integration Era will demand even more • Many Core: user mode and/or managed runtime scheduling? • Heterogeneous Many Core: capability aware scheduling? . SW productivity versus optimization dichotomy • Exposed HW leads to better performance but requires a “platform characteristics aware programming model” Page 5 | The Future Is Heterogeneous Computing | Oct 27, 2010 The Memory Wall – getting thicker There has always been a Critical Balance between Data Availability and Processing Situation When? Implication Industry Solutions Non-blocking Early Memory wait time DRAM vs CPU Cycle Time Gap caches 1990s dominates computing O-o-O Machines SW Productivity Crisis Larger Caches Mid Larger working sets Cache Hierarchies Object oriented languages; 1990s More diverse data types Managed runtime environments Elaborate prefetch Huge Caches Multiple working sets! 2005 and Multiple Memory Single Thread CMP Focus Virtual Machines! beyond Controllers More memory accesses Extreme PHYs New & Emerging Abstractions Accelerated Parallel 2009 and Even larger working sets Browser-based Runtimes Processing TBD beyond Larger data types Image/Video as basic data types Chip Stacking Throughput-based designs Page 6 | The Future Is Heterogeneous Computing | Oct 27, 2010 Interconnect Challenges • Coherence domain – knowing when to stop . Interesting implications for on-chip interconnect networks • Industry Mantra: “Never bet against Ethernet” . But, current Ethernet not well suited for lossless transmission . Troublesome for storage, messaging and more • The more subtle and trickier problems . Adaptive routing, congestion management, QOS, End-to-end characteristics, and more • Data centers of tomorrow are going to take great interest in this area Page 7 | The Future Is Heterogeneous Computing | Oct 27, 2010 Single-thread Performance Moore’s Law The Power Wall The Frequency Wall ! Server: power=$$ DT: eliminate fans Mobile: battery o - DFM o o we are - Variability here we are - Reliability Frequency we are - Wire delay here here (TDP) Budget Power Integration (log scale) Time Time Time The IPC Complexity Wall Locality Single thread Perf (!) o o o ? IPC we are thread Perf we are we are - here here here Performance Single Issue Width Cache Size Time Page 8 | The Future Is Heterogeneous Computing | Oct 27, 2010 Parallel Programs and Amdahl’s Law 1 Speed-up = SW: % Serial Work SW + (1 – SW) / N N: Number of processors 140 120 Assume 100W TDP Socket 100 10W for global clocking 20W for on-chip network/caches 80 up 15W for I/O (memory, PCIe, etc) - 0% Serial 0%10% Serial Serial 60 This leaves 55W for all the cores Speed 850mW per Core ! 100%35% Serial Serial 40 100% Serial 20 0 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 Number of CPU Cores Page 9 | The Future Is Heterogeneous Computing | Oct 27, 2010 35 Years of Microprocessor Trend Data Transistors (thousands) Single-thread Performance (SpecINT) Frequency (MHz ) Typical Power (Watts) Number of Cores Original data collected and plotted by M. Horowitz, F. Labonte, O. Shacham, K. Olukotun, L. Hammond and C. Batten Dotted line extrapolations by C. Moore Page 10 | The Future Is Heterogeneous Computing | Oct 27, 2010 The Power Wall – Again! • Escalating multi-core designs will crash into the power wall just like single cores did due to escalating frequency • Why? . In order to maintain a reasonable balance, core additions must be accompanied by increases in other resources that consume power (on-chip network, caches, memory and I/O BW, …) – Spiral upwards effect on power . The use of multiple cores forces each core to actually slow down – At some point, the power limits will not even allow you to activate all of the cores at the same time . Small, low-power cores tend to be very weak on single-threaded general purpose workloads – Customer value proposition will continue to demand excellent performance on general purpose workloads – The transition to compelling general purpose parallel workloads will not be a fast one Page 11 | The Future Is Heterogeneous Computing | Oct 27, 2010 What about Throughput Computing? • Works around Amdahl’s law by focusing on throughput of multiple independent tasks . Servers: Transaction Processing; Web Clicks; Search Queries . Clients: Graphics; Multimedia; Sensory Inputs (future) . HPC: Data-level parallelism • New bottlenecks start to appear . As some point, the OS itself becomes the “serial component” User mode scheduling and task-stealing runtimes . Memory BW – Goal is to saturate the pipeline to memory Large number of outstanding references Large number of active and/or standby threads . Power – Overall utilization goes up, so does power consumption Still the #1 constraint in modern computer design Page 12 | The Future Is Heterogeneous Computing | Oct 27, 2010 Three Eras of Processor Performance Single-Core Multi-Core Heterogeneous Era Era Systems Era Enabled by: Enabled by: Enabled by: Moore’s Law Moore’s Law Moore’s Law Voltage Scaling Desire for Throughput Abundant data parallelism MicroArchitecture 20 years of SMP arch Power efficient GPUs Constrained by: Constrained by: Currently constrained by: Power Power Programming models Complexity Parallel SW availability Communication overheads Scalability o o ? we are here we are o here we are Performance thread thread Performance here - Targeted Application Application Targeted Throughput Performance Time Time Time Single (# of Processors) (Data-parallel exploitation) Page 13 | The Future Is Heterogeneous Computing | Oct 27, 2010 AMD x86 64-bit CMP Evolution 2003 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 45nm Quad- Dual-Core Quad-Core Six-Core AMD Opteron AMD Opteron™ Core AMD Opteron AMD Opteron AMD Opteron 6100 Series AMD Opteron Mfg. 90nm SOI 90nm SOI 65nm SOI 45nm SOI 45nm SOI 45nm SOI Process K8 K8 Greyhound Greyhound+ Greyhound+ Greyhound+ CPU Core L2/L3 1MB/0 1MB/0 512kB/2MB 512kB/6MB 512kB/6MB 512kB/12MB Hyper Transport™ 3x 1.6GT/.s 3x 1.6GT/.s 3x 2GT/s 3x 4.0GT/s 3x 4.8GT/s 4x 6.4GT/s Technology Memory 2x DDR1 300 2x DDR1 400 2x DDR2 667 2x DDR2 800 2x DDR2 1066 4x DDR3 1333 Max Power Budget Remains Consistent Page 14 | The Future Is Heterogeneous Computing | Oct 27, 2010 AMD Opteron™ 6100 Series Silicon and Package L3 CACHE Core 1 Core 2 Core 3 Core 4 Core 5 Core 6 L3 CACHE 12 AMD64 x86 Cores 18 MB on-chip cache 4 Memory Channels @ 1333 MHz 4 HT Links @ 6.4 GT/sec Page 15 | The Future Is Heterogeneous Computing | Oct 27, 2010 AMD Radeon HD5870 GPU Architecture Page 16 | The Future Is Heterogeneous Computing | Oct 27, 2010 GPU Processing Performance Trend 3000 GigaFLOPS * Cypress ATI RADEON™ HD 5870 2500 * Peak single-precision performance; For RV670, RV770 & Cypress divide by 5 for peak double-precision performance RV770 ATI RADEON™ HD 4800 RV670 ATI FirePro™ 2000 ATI RADEON™ V8700 OpenCL 1.1+ R600 HD 3800 AM D FireStream™ DirectX 11 ATI RADEON™ ATI FireGL™ 9250 2.25x Perf. HD 2900 V7700 9270 R580(+) ATI FireGL™ AM D FireStream™ 1500 ATI RADEON™ 9170 X19xx V7600 R520 ATI FireStream™ V8600 ATI RADEON™ V8650 2.5x ALU X1800 1000 ATI FireGL™ increase V7200 V7300 Stream SDK V7350 CAL+IL/Brook+ 500 Double-precision GPGPU Unified floating point via CTM 0 Shaders Jul-09 Sep-05 Mar-06 Oct-06 Apr-07 Nov-07 Jun-08 Dec-08 17 GPU Efficiency 16 14 14.47 GFLOPS/W 12 GFLOPS/W GFLOPS/mm2 10 7.50 8
Load more

Recommended publications
  • On Heterogeneous Compute and Memory Systems
    ON HETEROGENEOUS COMPUTE AND MEMORY SYSTEMS by Jason Lowe-Power A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Computer Sciences) at the UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN–MADISON 2017 Date of final oral examination: 05/31/2017 The dissertation is approved by the following members of the Final Oral Committee: Mark D. Hill, Professor, Computer Sciences Dan Negrut, Professor, Mechanical Engineering Jignesh M. Patel, Professor, Computer Sciences Karthikeyan Sankaralingam, Associate Professor, Computer Sciences David A. Wood, Professor, Computer Sciences © Copyright by Jason Lowe-Power 2017 All Rights Reserved i Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge all of the people who helped me along the way to completing this dissertation. First, I would like to thank my advisors, Mark Hill and David Wood. Often, when students have multiple advisors they find there is high “synchronization overhead” between the advisors. However, Mark and David complement each other well. Mark is a high-level thinker, focusing on the structure of the argument and distilling ideas to their essentials; David loves diving into the details of microarchitectural mechanisms. Although ever busy, at least one of Mark or David were available to meet with me, and they always took the time to help when I needed it. Together, Mark and David taught me how to be a researcher, and they have given me a great foundation to build my career. I thank my committee members. Jignesh Patel for his collaborations, and for the fact that each time I walked out of his office after talking to him, I felt a unique excitement about my research.
    [Show full text]
  • Heterogeneous Cpu+Gpu Computing
    HETEROGENEOUS CPU+GPU COMPUTING Ana Lucia Varbanescu – University of Amsterdam [email protected] Significant contributions by: Stijn Heldens (U Twente), Jie Shen (NUDT, China), Heterogeneous platforms • Systems combining main processors and accelerators • e.g., CPU + GPU, CPU + Intel MIC, AMD APU, ARM SoC • Everywhere from supercomputers to mobile devices Heterogeneous platforms • Host-accelerator hardware model Accelerator FPGAs Accelerator PCIe / Shared memory ... Host MICs Accelerator GPUs Accelerator CPUs Our focus today … • A heterogeneous platform = CPU + GPU • Most solutions work for other/multiple accelerators • An application workload = an application + its input dataset • Workload partitioning = workload distribution among the processing units of a heterogeneous system Few cores Thousands of Cores 5 Generic multi-core CPU 6 Programming models • Pthreads + intrinsics • TBB – Thread building blocks • Threading library • OpenCL • To be discussed … • OpenMP • Traditional parallel library • High-level, pragma-based • Cilk • Simple divide-and-conquer model abstractionincreasesLevel of 7 A GPU Architecture Offloading model Kernel Host code 9 Programming models • CUDA • NVIDIA proprietary • OpenCL • Open standard, functionally portable across multi-cores • OpenACC • High-level, pragma-based • Different libraries, programming models, and DSLs for different domains Level of abstractionincreasesLevel of CPU vs. GPU 10 ALU ALU CPU Control Low latency, high Throughput: ~ALU 500 GFLOPsALU flexibility. Bandwidth: ~ 60 GB/s Excellent for
    [Show full text]
  • State-Of-The-Art in Heterogeneous Computing
    Scientific Programming 18 (2010) 1–33 1 DOI 10.3233/SPR-2009-0296 IOS Press State-of-the-art in heterogeneous computing Andre R. Brodtkorb a,∗, Christopher Dyken a, Trond R. Hagen a, Jon M. Hjelmervik a and Olaf O. Storaasli b a SINTEF ICT, Department of Applied Mathematics, Blindern, Oslo, Norway E-mails: {Andre.Brodtkorb, Christopher.Dyken, Trond.R.Hagen, Jon.M.Hjelmervik}@sintef.no b Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Future Technologies Group, Oak Ridge, TN, USA E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. Node level heterogeneous architectures have become attractive during the last decade for several reasons: compared to traditional symmetric CPUs, they offer high peak performance and are energy and/or cost efficient. With the increase of fine-grained parallelism in high-performance computing, as well as the introduction of parallelism in workstations, there is an acute need for a good overview and understanding of these architectures. We give an overview of the state-of-the-art in heterogeneous computing, focusing on three commonly found architectures: the Cell Broadband Engine Architecture, graphics processing units (GPUs), and field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). We present a review of hardware, available software tools, and an overview of state-of-the-art techniques and algorithms. Furthermore, we present a qualitative and quantitative comparison of the architectures, and give our view on the future of heterogeneous computing. Keywords: Power-efficient architectures, parallel computer architecture, stream or vector architectures, energy and power consumption, microprocessor performance 1. Introduction the speed of logic gates, making computers smaller and more power efficient. Noyce and Kilby indepen- The goal of this article is to provide an overview of dently invented the integrated circuit in 1958, leading node-level heterogeneous computing, including hard- to further reductions in power and space required for ware, software tools and state-of-the-art algorithms.
    [Show full text]
  • Summarizing CPU and GPU Design Trends with Product Data
    Summarizing CPU and GPU Design Trends with Product Data Yifan Sun, Nicolas Bohm Agostini, Shi Dong, and David Kaeli Northeastern University Email: fyifansun, agostini, shidong, [email protected] Abstract—Moore’s Law and Dennard Scaling have guided the products. Equipped with this data, we answer the following semiconductor industry for the past few decades. Recently, both questions: laws have faced validity challenges as transistor sizes approach • Are Moore’s Law and Dennard Scaling still valid? If so, the practical limits of physics. We are interested in testing the validity of these laws and reflect on the reasons responsible. In what are the factors that keep the laws valid? this work, we collect data of more than 4000 publicly-available • Do GPUs still have computing power advantages over CPU and GPU products. We find that transistor scaling remains CPUs? Is the computing capability gap between CPUs critical in keeping the laws valid. However, architectural solutions and GPUs getting larger? have become increasingly important and will play a larger role • What factors drive performance improvements in GPUs? in the future. We observe that GPUs consistently deliver higher performance than CPUs. GPU performance continues to rise II. METHODOLOGY because of increases in GPU frequency, improvements in the thermal design power (TDP), and growth in die size. But we We have collected data for all CPU and GPU products (to also see the ratio of GPU to CPU performance moving closer to our best knowledge) that have been released by Intel, AMD parity, thanks to new SIMD extensions on CPUs and increased (including the former ATI GPUs)1, and NVIDIA since January CPU core counts.
    [Show full text]
  • Heterogeneous Computing in the Edge
    Heterogeneous Computing in the Edge Authors: Charles Byers Associate Chief Technical Officer Industrial Internet Consortium [email protected] IIC Journal of Innovation - 1 - Heterogeneous Computing in the Edge INTRODUCTION Heterogeneous computing is the technique where different types of processors with different data path architectures are applied together to optimize the execution of specific computational workloads. Traditional CPUs are often inefficient for the types of computational workloads we will run on edge computing nodes. By adding additional types of processing resources like GPUs, TPUs, and FPGAs, system operation can be optimized. This technique is growing in popularity in cloud data centers, but is nascent in edge computing nodes. This paper will discuss some of the types of processors used in heterogenous computing, leading suppliers of these technologies, example edge use cases that benefit from each type, partitioning techniques to optimize its application, and hardware / software architectures to implement it in edge nodes. Edge computing is a technique through which the computational, storage, and networking functions of an IoT network are distributed to a layer or layers of edge nodes arranged between the bottom of the cloud and the top of IoT devices1. There are many tradeoffs to consider when deciding how to partition workloads between cloud data centers and edge computing nodes, and which processor data path architecture(s) are optimum at each layer for different applications. Figure 1 is an abstracted view of a cloud-edge network that employs heterogenous computing. A cloud data center hosts a number of types of computing resources, with a central interconnect. These computing resources consist of traditional Complex Instruction Set Computing / Reduced Instruction Set Computing (CISC/RISC) servers, but also include Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) accelerators, Tensor Processing Units (TPUs), and Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) farms and a few other processor types to help accelerate certain types of workloads.
    [Show full text]
  • Enginecl: Usability and Performance in Heterogeneous Computing
    Accepted in Future Generation Computer Systems: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2020.02.016 EngineCL: Usability and Performance in Heterogeneous Computing Ra´ulNozala,∗, Jose Luis Bosquea, Ramon Beividea aComputer Science and Electronics Department, Universidad de Cantabria, Spain Abstract Heterogeneous systems have become one of the most common architectures today, thanks to their excellent performance and energy consumption. However, due to their heterogeneity they are very complex to program and even more to achieve performance portability on different devices. This paper presents EngineCL, a new OpenCL-based runtime system that outstandingly simplifies the co-execution of a single massive data-parallel kernel on all the devices of a heterogeneous system. It performs a set of low level tasks regarding the management of devices, their disjoint memory spaces and scheduling the workload between the system devices while providing a layered API. EngineCL has been validated in two compute nodes (HPC and commodity system), that combine six devices with different architectures. Experimental results show that it has excellent usability compared with OpenCL; a maximum 2.8% of overhead compared to the native version under loads of less than a second of execution and a tendency towards zero for longer execution times; and it can reach an average efficiency of 0.89 when balancing the load. Keywords: Heterogeneous Computing, Usability, Performance portability, OpenCL, Parallel Programming, Scheduling, Load balancing, Productivity, API 1. Introduction On the other hand, OpenCL follows the Host-Device programming model. Usually the host (CPU) offloads a The emergence of heterogeneous systems is one of the very time-consuming function (kernel) to execute in one most important milestones in parallel computing in recent of the devices.
    [Show full text]
  • A Survey on Hardware-Aware and Heterogeneous Computing on Multicore Processors and Accelerators
    A Survey on Hardware-aware and Heterogeneous Computing on Multicore Processors and Accelerators Rainer Buchty Vincent Heuveline Wolfgang Karl Jan-Philipp Weiß No. 2009-02 Preprint Series of the Engineering Mathematics and Computing Lab (EMCL) KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Research Center of the Helmholtz Association www.emcl.kit.edu Preprint Series of the Engineering Mathematics and Computing Lab (EMCL) ISSN 2191–0693 No. 2009-02 Impressum Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engineering Mathematics and Computing Lab (EMCL) Fritz-Erler-Str. 23, building 01.86 76133 Karlsruhe Germany KIT – University of the State of Baden Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association Published on the Internet under the following Creative Commons License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/de . www.emcl.kit.edu A Survey on Hardware-aware and Heterogeneous Computing on Multicore Processors and Accelerators Rainer Buchty 1, Vincent Heuveline 2, Wolfgang Karl 1 and Jan-Philipp Weiss 2,3 1 Chair for Computer Architecture, Institute of Computer Science and Engineering 2 Engineering Mathematics Computing Lab 3 Shared Research Group New Frontiers in High Performance Computing Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstr. 12, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany Abstract. The paradigm shift towards multicore technologies is offer- ing a great potential of computational power for scientific and industrial applications. It is, however, posing considerable challenges to software de- velopment. This problem is impaired by increasing heterogeneity of hard- ware platforms on both, processor level, and by adding dedicated accel- erators. Performance gains for data- and compute-intensive applications can currently only be achieved by exploiting coarse- and fine-grained parallelism on all system levels, and improved scalability with respect to constantly increasing core counts.
    [Show full text]
  • Take GPU Processing Power Beyond Graphics with GPU Computing on Mali
    Take GPU Processing Power Beyond Graphics with Mali GPU Computing Roberto Mijat Visual Computing Marketing Manager August 2012 Introduction Modern processor and SoC architectures endorse parallelism as a pathway to get more performance more efficiently. GPUs deliver superior computational power for massive data-parallel workloads. Modern GPUs are becoming increasingly programmable and can be used for general purpose processing. Frameworks such as OpenCL™ and Android™ Renderscript enable this. In order to achieve uncompromised features support and performance you need a processor specifically designed for general purpose computation. After an introduction to the technology and how it is enabled, this presentation will explore design considerations of the ARM Mali-T600 series of GPUs that make them the perfect fit for GPU Computing. Copyright © 2012 ARM Limited. All rights reserved. The ARM logo is a registered trademark of ARM Ltd. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners and are acknowledged Page 1 of 6 The rise of parallel computation Parallelism is at the core of modern processor architecture design: it enables increased processing performance and efficiency. Superscalar CPUs implement instruction level parallelism (ILP). Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) architectures enable faster computation of vector data. Simultaneous multithreading (SMT) is used to mitigate memory latency overheads. Multi-core SMP can provide significant performance uplift and energy savings by executing multiple threads/programs in parallel. SoC designers combine diverse accelerators together on the same die sharing a unified bus matrix. All these technologies enable increased performance and more efficient computation, by doing things in parallel. They are all well established techniques in modern computing.
    [Show full text]
  • Everything You Always Wanted to Know About HSA*
    Everything You Always Wanted to Know About HSA* Explained by Nathan Brookwood Research Fellow, Insight 64 October, 2013 * But Were Afraid To Ask Abstract For several years, AMD and its technology partners have tossed around terms like HSA, FSA, APU, heterogeneous computing, GP/GPU computing and the like, leaving many innocent observers confused and bewildered. In this white paper, sponsored by AMD, Insight 64 lifts the veil on this important technology, and explains why, even if HSA doesn’t entirely change your life, it will change the way you use your desktop, laptop, tablet, smartphone and the cloud. Table of Contents 1. What is Heterogeneous Computing? .................................................................................................... 3 2. Why does Heterogeneous Computing matter? .................................................................................... 3 3. What is Heterogeneous Systems Architecture (HSA)? ......................................................................... 3 4. How can end-users take advantage of HSA? ........................................................................................ 4 5. How does HSA affect system power consumption? ............................................................................. 4 6. Will HSA make the smartphone, tablet or laptop I just bought run better? ........................................ 5 7. What workloads benefit the most from HSA? ...................................................................................... 5 8. How does HSA
    [Show full text]
  • Exploiting Heterogeneous Cpus/Gpus
    Exploiting Heterogeneous CPUs/GPUs David Kaeli Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Northeastern University Boston, MA General Purpose Computing . With the introduction of multi-core CPUs, there has been a renewed interest in parallel computing paradigms and languages . Existing multi-/many-core architectures are being considered for general-purpose platforms (e.g., Cell, GPUs, DSPs) . Heterogeneous systems are becoming a common theme . Are we returning to the days of the X87 co-processor? . How should we combine multi-core and many-core systems into a single design? Heterogeneous Computing “….electronic systems that use a variety of different types of computational units…..” Wikipedia The elements could have different instruction set architectures The elements could have different memory byte orderings (i.e., endianness) The elements may have different memory coherency and consistency models The elements may only work with specific operating systems and application programming interfaces (APIs) The elements could be integrated on the same or different chips/boards/system Trends in Heterogeneous Computing: X86 Microprocessors . 1978 – Intel 8086 . Designed to run integer-based CPU-bound programs (e.g., Dhrystone) efficiently . No explicit floating point support . 1980 – Intel 8087 . 50 KFLOPS!!!!! . IEEE 754 definition . 1982 – Intel 80286/287 . 1985 – Intel 80386/387 and AMD AM386 w/387 . 1989 – Intel 80486DX . First integrated on-chip X87 Trends in Heterogeneous Computing: X86 Microprocessors . 1996 – Intel Pentium . MMX multimedia extensions . 1997 – AMD K6 . MMX and FP support . 1998 – AMD K6-2 . Extends MMX with 3DNow . SIMD vector instructions for graphics processing . 1999 – Intel Pentium III . Introduces SSE to X86 . 2001-2005 – Intel Pentium IV/Prescott and AMD Opteron/Athalon .
    [Show full text]
  • Heterogeneous Many-Core Computing Trends: Past, Present and Future
    Heterogeneous Many-core Computing Trends: Past, Present and Future Simon McIntosh-Smith University of Bristol, UK 1 ! "Agenda •" Important technology trends •" Heterogeneous Computing •" The Seven Dwarfs •" Important implications •" Conclusions 2 ! "The real Moore’s Law 45 years ago, Gordon Moore observed that the number of transistors on a single chip was doubling rapidly http://www.intel.com/technology/mooreslaw/ 3 ! "Important technology trends The real Moore’s Law The clock speed plateau The power ceiling Instruction level parallelism limit Herb Sutter, “The free lunch is over”, Dr. Dobb's Journal, 30(3), March 2005. On-line version, August 2009. 4 http://www.gotw.ca/publications/concurrency-ddj.htm ! "Moore’s Law today http://www.itrs.net/Links/2009ITRS/2009Chapters_2009Tables/2009_ExecSum.pdf 5 ! "Moore’s Law today Average Moore’s Law = 2x/2yrs 2x/2yrs High-performance MPU, e.g. Intel Nehalem Cost-performance MPU, e.g. Nvidia Tegra http://www.itrs.net/Links/2009ITRS/2009Chapters_2009Tables/2009_ExecSum.pdf 6 ! "Moore’s Law today Average Moore’s Law = 2x/2yrs 2x/2yrs 2-3B transistors High-performance MPU, e.g. Intel Nehalem Cost-performance MPU, e.g. Nvidia Tegra http://www.itrs.net/Links/2009ITRS/2009Chapters_2009Tables/2009_ExecSum.pdf 7 ! "Moore’s Law today Average Moore’s Law = 2x/2yrs 2x/2yrs ~1BHigh-performance transistors MPU, e.g. Intel Nehalem Cost-performance MPU, e.g. Nvidia Tegra http://www.itrs.net/Links/2009ITRS/2009Chapters_2009Tables/2009_ExecSum.pdf 8 ! "Moore’s Law today Average Moore’s Law = 2x/2yrs 2x/3yrs 2x/2yrs High-performance MPU, e.g. Intel Nehalem Cost-performance MPU, e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract (Pdf)
    A Manycore Coprocessor Architecture for Heterogeneous Computing Andreas Olofsson Adapteva Inc Over the last two decades we have seen amazing strides in raw computing performance in stationary as well as portable systems. Unfortunately, advancements in processing efficiency have come at a slower pace. Without significant improvements in energy efficiency, advances in high performance computing systems will soon stall. As an industry we are now faced with a tough choice. Do we continue using general purpose processors for high performance computing and accept the fact that year over year performance improvement will slow down and or do we look for a new approach with significantly better energy efficiency but which may be harder to use? In this talk, I will present some possible paths forward and propose a heterogeneous computing architecture with an order of magnitude improvement in power efficiency. The proposed architecture leverages the strengths of FPGA, microprocessor, and coprocessor technology to simultaneously offer great processing efficiency and a familiar programming model. Biography: Andreas Olofsson has over ten years of experience in the specification and design of Digital Signal Processors, microcontrollers,and mixed signal chips at Analog Devices and Texas Instruments and has completed over twenty tapeouts in process technologies from 0.35um to 65nm. From 1998-2006, Andreas was a design leader in the development of the TigerSHARC DSP family, a revolutionary new computer architecture which at the time of release was the world leader in floating point energy performance with an efficiency of 0.75GFLOPS/Watt in a 0.13um process. He is currently the president of Adapteva Inc, a fabless semiconductor company with a mission to drastically improve power efficiency in high performance computing applications.
    [Show full text]