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Contributions the Ballcourt at El Palmillo: Implications for Late Independencia en El Salvador y otras gestas emancipadoras El Comité Académico Organizador consiste de los siguien- en Centroamérica. Este congreso tiene como objetivo dar tes institutciones: Secretaría de Cultura de la Presidencia-SEC continuidad a las presentaciones llevadas a cabo en los Universidad Tecnológica de El Salvador-Utec Universidad de encuentros previos. Se trata de colocar en la palestra el El Salvador-UES Fundación Nacional de Arqueología-Fundar producto de las diversas investigaciones arqueológicas Asociación Salvadoreña de Antropología-Asoan. Sede del IV realizadas en la región. Al redimensionar que la Arqueología Congreso Centroamericano de Arqueología será el Museo es una ciencia social, se busca reafirmar el vínculo entre lo Nacional de Antropología. “Dr. David J. Guzmán”. Dirección: material y la construcción de las identidades locales, nacionales Avenida La Revolución, Colonia San Benito, (Frente al Centro y regionales. El IV Congreso Centroamericano de Arqueología Internacional de Ferias y Convenciones CIFCO), San Salva- motiva la participación de profesionales nacionales y extranjer- dor. Para mayor Información: www.cultura.gob.sv; Teléfonos os, en el esfuerzo de fomentar y difundir la producción científica y Fax: (503) 2 243-3750, -3827, -3927 y -3928; Correo electrónico: en la disciplina arqueológica. [email protected] Contributions The Ballcourt at El Palmillo: Implications for Late Classic Oaxaca, Mexico Gary M. Feinman and Linda M. Nicholas In this paper we document, describe, and define the history of would have been the center of the court was defined on the a small, previously unreported ballcourt at the site of El Palmillo west by a low linear mound and on the east by a much higher in the eastern arm of the Valley of Oaxaca. Of the more than 45 and larger platform built on what appeared to be a natural rise. known ballcourts in the Valley of Oaxaca, few have been There were no end mounds, and through the dense thorny excavated (Fig. 1). The ballcourt at El Palmillo was discovered vegetation the flat space between the two side mounds ap- during broad horizontal excavations in a high-status precinct peared to be narrower than the equivalent space for the main at the apex of the site. When placed in the context of the ballcourt at Monte Albán. We discussed the evidence and ballgame’s association with boundaries, factions, political ultimately decided it was too equivocal to define this area as competition, and the acquisition of power (Fox 1996; Gillespie a ballcourt. Given the significance of ballcourts and their 1991; Kowalewski et al. 1991; Montmollin 1997; Santley et al. presence in only a small percentage of sites in the valley, we 1991), the placement of the ballcourt at El Palmillo and its preferred to be conservative in our assessment. We called it history of use allows us to reflect on the declining fortunes of a small plaza instead. Monte Albán and the political fragmentation of the Valley of In 1999 we began excavations in several residential terraces Oaxaca during the last centuries of the Classic period. near the base of the hill (Feinman et al. 2002). Because our main goal was to explore households and their associated economic History of work at El Palmillo activities, access to goods, and variation in residential and El Palmillo is a large, hilltop terraced site located near the mortuary architecture, we eventually excavated a series of modern community of Santiago Matatlán in the dry eastern, or residential spaces dispersed across the main western face of Tlacolula, arm of the Valley of Oaxaca (see Fig. 1). The site was the hill, working our way up to the highest residential precinct first recorded during the regional survey of the Valley of at the site, where we spent six field seasons (2003–2008) Oaxaca in 1980 (Kowalewski et al. 1989). In spite of dense, spiny excavating three elite residences (see Fig. 2). vegetation that limited access in many parts of the site, the We began excavations in this high-status precinct on survey crew mapped hundreds of residential terraces on the Terrace 335 and then moved to the adjacent residence on slopes of the steep rocky hill and identified a series of public Structure 35 (Fig. 3). These elite residences were larger and buildings and plazas on the site’s highest ridge. El Palmillo much more elaborate than the lower-status houses on the clearly was the largest Classic period site in the eastern part of slopes below. These elaborate residences, or palaces, also the Tlacolula arm of the valley. contained features not found in lower-status contexts, such as We returned to El Palmillo in 1997 to complete a more subfloor masonry tombs, sweatbaths, multiple patios, and L- intensive mapping and surface study of the site. This was the shaped corner rooms (Feinman and Nicholas 2007; Feinman et first stage of what we intended to be a long-term project of al. 2008; Haller et al. 2006). Structure 35 also was adjacent to the household excavations at the site. With a crew that included feature that we had earlier thought might be a ballcourt, so in several local workmen wielding machetes to clear some of the 2007, before we began excavations in the third elite residence vegetation, we were able to see and record twice as many (the large Platform 11 on the east side of the possible ballcourt), terraces as the regional survey crew, over 1400 terraces, most we tested the area between these two raised areas (Feinman of which were densely arranged on the top and western face and Nicholas 2009). of the hill (Fig. 2; Feinman and Nicholas 2004). Not far from the After clearing the brush we exposed the top of a cut-stone principal mound group at the apex of the hill was a feature that wall that was constructed less than a meter to the east of 98 we suspected might be a ballcourt. A small, flattened area that Structure 35. This wall forms the western base of the low rocky mexicon Vol. XXXIII August 2011 mound that we called Structure 33 in 1997. We followed out the top of this wall and discov- ered that it ran for more than 30 m before turning and continuing to the east on both its northern and southern ends. We next placed several 2 m by 2 m units in the flat space immediately east of this north- south wall, and below a thick layer of dis- turbed fill we came down on a poorly pre- served plaster floor. We followed this plaster floor into a few adjacent units and ascertained that the plaster surface was not the floor of a room but rather the corner of an I-shaped ballcourt. Once we were reasonably certain that Structure 33 was part of a small ballcourt, we adjusted our field methodology accordingly. We set out to determine the dimensions, size, and shape of the court and to learn about its dating and history of use. We chose not to completely expose the western mound nor the entire plaster floor of the court. In general, the floor of the court was not well preserved and the fill level above the floor was thick and largely composed of dark brown colluvial fill. To define the ballcourt we followed its exterior walls and exposed the corners to ensure accurate measurement and mapping of the court dimensions. Once we had those dimensions, we projected the exact center of the court, where we located the stone marker. We also excavated one 2 m by 2 m unit in the north edge of the west mound to check its construction and to determine what this mound might overlay. We also defined sev- Fig. 1. Map of Oaxaca, showing the location of known ballcourts. Named sites have eral access routes to and from the court from ballcourts that have been excavated. adjacent structures. In addition to document- ing the ballcourt, these field strategies were geared to provide information on the court’s relationship to adjacent features in this upper sector of El Palmillo. Those data, in turn, provide the opportunity to compare the El Palmillo ballcourt to others in the Valley of Oaxaca. The El Palmillo ballcourt Once we defined the ballcourt at El Palmillo (see Fig. 3), we considered the factors, in addition to the obscuring vegetation, that had kept us from identifying this space as a ballcourt in 1997 (Feinman and Nicholas 2004). During the excavations, we discovered that the surface configuration of this space was altered after its use as a ballcourt and prior to site abandonment. Stones were piled on the west mound of the ballcourt, after its use as a court, turning this mound into a prehispanic wall (likely for defense) at the end of El Palmillo’s occupation. The slightly raised south room of Terrace 335 also was turned Fig. 2. Map of El Palmillo, showing the location of excavated contexts. into a wall late in the site’s occupation and 99 mexicon Vol. XXXIII August 2011 walls of the court were made with cut stones; in the north- east corner, the stones were placed right on top of bedrock (Fig. 4). The marker stone in the center of the court was a round, thick slab of cut and faced slate, 75 x 70 cm, which was embedded in the court’s plas- ter floor. The white plaster around the marker was painted red (Fig. 5). In the southeast corner were stairs made of cut stone that led to a plaza on the south end of Platform 11 (Fig. 6). There was another set of stairs on the side of Platform 11 so the residents of the palace could directly enter the ball- court.
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