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New Pheromone Traps Lure Asian Longhorned Beetles out of Hiding

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New Pheromone Traps Lure Asian Longhorned Beetles out of Hiding US FOREST SERVICE NORTHERN RESEARCH STATION REFERENCES AND RESOURCES Websites: U.S. Forest Service, Northern Research Station: www.nrs.fs.fed.us/disturbance/invasive_species/alb Research ReviewNO. 15 | WINTER 2012 USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service www.beetlebusters.info www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/2012/01/alb_ohio.shtml Ohio: www.dnr.state.oh.us/DNN/health/asianlonghorned/tabid/5197/Default.aspx Massachusetts: www.massnrc.org/pests/alb Invasive pests of the Northeast: www.ecolandscaping.org/05/trees/invasive-pests-coming-soon-to-a-tree-near-you Identification of the ALB: www.uvm.edu/albeetle/index.html New Pheromone Traps Lure References: Asian Longhorned Beetles Dodds, K.J.; Orwig, D.A. 2011. An invasive urban forest pest invades natural environments: Asian longhorned beetle in northeastern US hardwood forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 41(9): 1729-1742. Out of Hiding Haack, R.A.; Herard, F.; Sun, J.; Turgeon, J.J. 2010. Managing invasive populations of Asian The Asian longhorned beetle (ALB) is one infamous insect these days. When it shows up, the media go longhorned beetle and citrus longhorned beetle: A worldwide perspective. Annual Review crazy, wanted posters go up on busses and billboards, and many people get very, very worried. For this of Entomology. 55: 521-546. beetle is capable of killing healthy trees and has the potential to cause major ecosystem changes—if Haack, R.A.; Petrice, T.R. 2009. Bark- and wood-borer colonization of logs and lumber after allowed to get out of control in the forests of North America. Maples, iconic trees for fall color in the heat treatment to ISPM 15 specifications: The role of residual bark. Journal of Economic Entomology. 102: 1075-1985. Northeast, Midwest, and Canada, are its preferred larval host, but the ALB is known to develop in and destroy as many as 23 species of deciduous trees. In our cities, 35 percent of urban trees are at risk. Haack, R.A.; Petrice, T.R.; Wiedenhoeft, A.C. 2010. Incidence of bark- and wood-boring insects in firewood: a survey at Michigan’s Mackinac Bridge. Journal of Economic Entomology. ALB has no known natural enemies and the only registered pesticide treatment (soil drench or injection 103: 1682-1692. of imidacloprid) must be done by a registered pesticide applicator under supervision of the eradication Nehme, M.E.; Keena, M.A.; Zhang, A.; Baker, T.C.; Xu, Z.; Hoover, K. 2010. Evaluating the use of program. The only effective way to kill the larvae is to chip infested material into tiny pieces. So, urban male-produced pheromone components and plant volatiles in two trap designs to monitor foresters, entomologists, natural resources managers, and homeowners’ associations are all part of a Anoplophora glabripennis. Environmental Entomology. 39(1): 169-176. campaign to eradicate the ALB in North America. Indeed, many who work professionally on the ALB problem Nehme, M.E.; Keena, M.A.; Zhang, A.; Baker, T.C.; Hoover, K. 2009. Attraction of Anoplophora call themselves “Beetlebusters”! glabripennis to male-produced phermone and plant volatiles. Environmental Entomology. 38(6): 1745-1755. Where did this beetle come from? The ALB was originally a very ordinary resident of the forests of China and Korea. But when susceptible poplars and willows were planted in fields and along canals, roads, and city streets in China, the beetles left their forest homes and started breeding in these plantations and windbreaks. Outbreaks were first noticed in China in the 1980s. Because the larvae chew big tunnels in wood, the trees were no longer useful for building or for making furniture, and so the lumber was often made into pallets and crates for shipping goods around the world. In this manner, ALB larvae were likely shipped around the world, with many arriving in factories and warehouses in North America and Europe. They emerged and some were able to establish in nearby trees and often live unnoticed near ports and industrial areas, sometimes for many years. ALB INFESTATIONS IN NORTH AMERICA Then, in 1996, the first North American infestation (an ALB population living and reproducing outdoors) was discovered in the Greenpoint section of Brooklyn and another in Amityville on Long Island. Since then infestations have been found in the Islip area of Long Island, in Queens, and in Manhattan, including Central Park. Two years later, the ALB was discovered in Chicago, IL. In 2002, an ALB infestation was detected in Hudson County, NJ, and in central New Jersey (Middlesex and Union counties). continued on page two Installing an ALB trap in a neighborhood cleared of ALB trees Photo by Melody Keena, U.S. Forest Service 5 1 continued from page one Melody Keena, U.S. Forest Service If the Asian longhorned beetle continues to spread outside Worcester, the abundance of maples could provide a pathway for its dispersal throughout New England and other parts of eastern North America. David A. Orwig, ecologist Harvard University/Harvard Forest Introduction site in Worchester, MA. In 2008, a serious infestation was discovered in Worcester, MA. By late The first responders to a reported ALB sighting are state authorities and the 2011, more than 30,000 trees were removed and chipped. Evidence USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). They identify indicates that the infestation may date back as far as 1997. Inspection the beetle, survey the neighborhood, and begin cutting down infested trees; of host trees within the 110-mi2 quarantine area has revealed about they also impose a state and federal quarantine on moving potentially 20,000 infested trees so far and that the ALBs are capable of moving into infested host materials. Specially trained tree climbers and ground crews forest blocks. In 2010, six infested trees were found in the Jamaica Plain with binoculars then spread out, looking for trees with exit holes, oviposition neighborhood of Boston, MA, right across the street from the Arnold sites, or the beetles themselves. But finding trees infested with ALBs out Arboretum, the oldest arboretum in America. In 2011, another infestation there in streets, yards, parks, and woodlots is a little like finding the needle of ALB was found in the southwestern Ohio village of Bethel. In addition, in the haystack. It takes considerable time and money and can still miss ALB has been discovered in southern Ontario, Canada, and in France, some of the infested trees. For many years, Beetlebusters have been heard to Austria, Switzerland, Italy, and Germany. Alert workers have uncovered mutter something to the effect of “If only we had a trap!” Well, now they do. and reported ALBs in warehouses in 15 states and several provinces of Canada. Melody Keena, U.S. Forest Service BEETLES FIRST REPORTED BY ALERT PUBLIC Adult ALBs can be seen from late spring to fall, depending on the climate. They are hard to detect because they spend most of the year as larvae inside the tree, and as adults they often feed on the foliage of their “natal” Other NRS scientists have been involved in other aspects Nationwide, a major publicity campaign urges people: tree or nearby host trees. They like to re-infest these natal trees until the of the ALB campaign. Robert A. Haack has examined DON’T MOVE FIREWOOD. Firewood could be a factor trees die, after which they fly out to seek new homes. The ALB adults international transport of ALB in wood pallets and crating. in movement of the ALB and has proven to be a major are big (1 to 1.5 inches long); have long, striped antennae as His work has been used by the United Nations Food and vector in the movement of the emerald ash borer (EAB). long as (females) or longer than (males) their bodies; and Agriculture Organization’s Commission on Phytosanitary This other beetle, the EAB, is the focus of research by are black with white spots and may appear Measures to refine mandatory standards for treatment NRS entomologists Therese Poland and Leah Bauer, who to have bluish feet. In all situations, of solid wood packing material used in international are working on methods to detect the EAB. These include the beetles have been reported by trade. These treatment standards were first adopted in the purple “Barney” trap (seen along roadways and in members of the public who notice 2002, and have been revised in 2006 and 2009. Haack parks in many eastern states this past summer); studying the adults or their almost-dime-sized notes that the incidence of live insects in these materials the use of the pesticide imidacloprid and others to protect round exit holes in their trees. Installed trap. has been lowered by compliance with regulations, but trees from both beetles; and releasing natural enemies of occasional live insects are still found. EAB from China to reduce EAB numbers. 2 3 4 Melody Keena, U.S. Forest Service Melody Keena, U.S. Forest Service Maple trunk covered with oviposition pits. Melody Keena, U.S. Forest Service Maya Nehme, Penn State University, checking a trap. NORTHERN RESEARCH STATION AND PENN STATE SCIENTISTS DEVELOP TRAP Entomologists from the U.S. Forest Service’s Northern Research Station (NRS) and Pennsylvania State University have developed a pheromone trap that lures those ALBs out of hiding. Although it is not a treatment that can kill lots of beetles, this new trap is a major step forward in being able to detect the beetle. It may be used for finding outliers and hidden infestations in quarantine zones and standing sentry in high-risk areas. These traps, developed through a collaborative effort between NRS entomologist Quarantine test showing ALB female “sniffing” out male Melody Keena and Kelli Hoover and Maya Nehme from Penn State, are now being pheromone; note that each antenna is in a different tube.
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