PRG. 174.25 (4) 750
CENSUS OF INDIA 1961
VOLUME XI
MYSORE
PART VI
V1LLAGE SURVEY MONOGRAPHS
·No. 25 GOVINAKOVI HOX:-.fALI TALlIK, SHIMOGA DISTRICT 7 • 7
MAP OF I • MYSORE
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ARABIAN SEA
i4trict a/uk a_. 75" !'r{,Jlared by. K.V.LAxMINARASIMHA
FOREWORD
Apart from laying the foundations of demography in this subcontinent, a hundred years of the Indian Census has also produced 'elaborate and scholarly accounts of the variegated phenomena of Indian life-sometimes with no statistics attached, but usually with just enough statistics to give empirical under-pinning to their conculsions'. In a country, largely illiterate, where statistical or numerical comprehension of even such a simple thing as age was liable to be inaccurate, an understanding of the social structure was essential. It was more necessary to attain a broad understanding of what was happening around oneself than to wrap oneself up in 'statistical ingenuity' or 'mathematical manipulation'. This explains why the Indian Census came to be interested in 'many by-paths' and 'nearly every branch of scholarship from anthropology and sociology to geography 'lnd religion'. In the last few decades the CenSJS has increasingly turned its efforts. to the presen tation of village statistics. This suits the temper of the times as well as our political and economic structure. For even as we have a great deal of centralisation on the one hand and decentralisation on the other, my Colleagues thought it would be a welcome continuation of the Census tradition to try to invest the dry bones of village statistics with flesh-and-blood accounts of social structure and social change. It was accordingly decided to select a few villages in every State for special study, where personal obser vation would be brought to bear on the interpretation of statistics to find out how much of a village was static and yet changing and how fast the winds of change were blowing and from where.
Randomness of selection was, therefore, eschewed. There was no intention to build up a picture for the whole State in quantitative terms on the basis of villages selected statistically at random. The selection was avowedly purposive: the object being as much to find out what was happening and how fast to those villages which had fewer reasons to choose change and more to remain lodged in the past as to discover how the more ~normal' types of villages were changing. They were to be primarily type studies which, by virtue of their number and distribution, would also give the reader a 'feel' of what was going on and some kind of a map of the country.
A brief account of the tests of selection will help to explain. A minimum of thirty five villages was to be chosen with great care to represent adequately geographical, occupational and even ethnic diversity. Of this minimum of thirty-five, the distribution was to be as follows:
(a) At least eight villages were to be so selected that each of them would contain one dominant community with one predominating occupation, e.g., fishermen, forest workers, jhum cultivators, potters, weavers, salt-makers, quarry workers, etc. A village should have a minimum population of 400, the optimum being between 500 and 700.
(b) At least seven villages were to be of numerically prominent Scheduled Tribes of the State. Each village could represent a particular tribe. The minimum population should be 400. The optimum being between 500 and 700. IV (c) The third group of villages should each be of fair size, of an old and settled character and contain variegated occupations and be, if possible, multi-ethnic in composition. By fair size was meant a population of 500-700 persons or more. The village should mainly depend on agriculture and be sufficiently away from the major sources of modern communication such as the district administrative headquarters and business centres. It should be roughly a day's journey from the above places. The villages were to be selected with an eye to variation in terms of size, proximity to city and other means of modern communication, nearness to hills, jungles and major rivers. Thus there was to be a' regional distribution throughout the State of this category of villages. If, however, a particular district conta ined significant ecological variations within its area, more than one village in the district might be selected to study the special adjustments to them. It is a' unique feature of these village surveys that they rapidly outgrew their original terms of reference, as my colleagues warmed up to their work. This proved for them an absorbing voyage of discovery and their infections enthusiasm compelled me to enlarge the inquiry's scope again and again. It was just as well cautiously to feel one's way about at first and' then venture further afield, and although it accounts to some extent for a certain unevenness in the quality and coverage of the monographs, it served to compensate the purely honorary and extramural rigours of the task. For, the Survey, along with its many ancillaries like the survey of fairs and festivals, of small and rural industry and others, was an 'extra' over and above the crushing load of the 1961 Census.
It might be of interest to recount briefly the stage by which the Survey enlarged its scope. At the first Census Conference in September 1959 the Survey set itself the task of what might be called a record in situ of material traits, like settlement patterns of the village; house types; diet; dress; ornaments and foot-wear; furniture and storing vessels; common means of transport of goods and passengers; domestication of animals and birds; markets attended; worship of deities, festivals and fairs. There were to be recordings, of course, of cultural and social traits and occupational mobility. This was followed up in March 1960 by two specimen schedules, one for each household, the other for the village as a whole, which, apart from spel1ing out the mode of inquiry suggested in the September 1959 conference, introduced groups of questions aimed- at sensing changes in attitude and behaviour in such fields as marriage, inheritance, moveable and immoveable property, industry, indebtedness, education, community life and collective activity, social disabilities forums of appeal over disputes, village leadership, and organisation of cultural life. It was now plainly the intention to provide adequate statistical support to empirical 'feci', to approach qualitative charge through statistical quantities. It had been difficult to give thought to the importance, of 'just enough statistics to give empirical under pinning to conclusion', at a time when my colleagues were straining themselves to the atmost for the success of the main Census operatioris, but once the census count itself was left behind in March, 1961, a series of three regional seminars in Trivandrum (May 1961), Darjeeling and Srinagar (June 1961) restored their attention to this field and the importance of tracing social change through a number of well-devised statistical tables was once again recognised. This itself presuppossed a fresh survey of villages already done; but it was worth the trouble in view of the possibilities that a close analysis of statistics offered, and also because the 'consanguinity' schedule remained to be canvassed. By November 1961, however, more was expected of these surveys than ever before. There was dissatisfaction on the one hand with too many general statements and a growing desire on the other to draw conclusions from statistics, to regard· social and economic data, as interrelated processes, and finally to examine the social and economic processes (v) set in motion through land reforms and other laws, legislative and adininistrative measures, technological and cultural change. Finally, a study camp was organised in the last week of December, 1961 when the whole field was carefully gone through over again and a programme worked out closely knitting the various aims of the Survey together. The Social Studies Section of the Census Commission rendered assistance to State Superintendents by way of scrutiny and technical comment on the frame of Survey and presentation of results. This gradual unfolding of the aims of the Survey prevented my colleagues from adopting as many vi11ages as they had originally intended to. But I believe that what may have been lost in quantity has been more than made up for in quality. This is, perhaps, for the first time that such a survey has been conducted in any country, and that purely as a labour of love. It has succeeded in attaining what it set out to achieve; to construct a map of village India's Social structure. One hopes that the volumes of this Survey will help to retain for the India Census its title to 'the most fruitful single source of information about the country'. Apart from other features, it will perhaps be conceded that the Survey has set up a new Census standard in pictorial and graphic documentation. The schedules finally adopted for this monograph have been printed in an appendix.
NEW DELHI ASOK MITRA, July 30, 1964 REGIS'TRAH, GENERAl" INDIA
PREFACE
An interesting feature of the 1961 Oensus IS the preparation "()f monographs on selected villages. Registrar General, India, has in his foreword very clearly explained the aims and objectives of the village surveys and has also pointed out the basis for selection -of villages. In Mysore State 51 villages have been so selected as to give adequate representation to all the districts and also to the twenty~five sub-regions into which the State has been divided by Dr. Learmonth of Liverpool University on a consideration of rainfall, physical features, cropping pattern etc.
Govinakovi, a small roadside village in Shimoga District, has been chosen to represent the semi ma.lnad region. Irrigation was unknown till very recently but since 1957-58 canal irrigation has been provided by the Tunga Anicut Channel. There has been a change in the cropping pattern. The survey has brought to light the various problems which the village had to face when irrigation facilities became available. Alkalinity of the soil, paucity of fertilizers, the heavy outlay on levelling of lands etc., are some of these problems.
The field work was done by Sri B. S. Shankaranarayana, Investigator with zeal and sincerity during November and Decem ber 1962 supervised by Sri K. L. Suryanarayanan, Deputy Superintendent of Census Operations (Special Surveys). The final .report is the outcome of the sincere and painstaking efforts of Sri O. M. Ohandawarkar, Deputy Superintendent of Census Opera. tions who has prepared it. The photographs included in the monograph were taken by Sri Dasappa, Photographer of the Sta.te _Department of Information and Publicity.
K. BALASUBRAMANYAM, Superintendent of Census Operations in Mysore
CONTENTS
PAd. II
CHAPTER I-THE VILLAGE
Introducing the village-Location-Physical aspects-Climate and rainfall-Rivers-Flora and Faun& Residential Pattern-Transport and Communications-Important Public Places-Burial ground- Water supply-Market-Legends and history-History of settlement 1-8
CHAPTER II-THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL CULTURE
Ethnic composition, (A) Lingayats Birth practices-Marriage customs-Death practices, (B) HaJumata or Kuruba-Birth cu~toms-I\rIarriage customs·-Death practices, (C) Adikarnataka-Birth practicf!s Marriage customs-Death practices, (D) Muslims-Houses and house types-Dress and ornaments Household goods-Food and drinks-Inter and intra caste relationships 9-22
CHAPTER HI--ECONOMY OF THE VILLAGE
Economic resources: (A) Land, (B) Livestock, (C) Other resources-Factors influencing the economic life in the village-(A) Land tenures and land reforms, (B) Land improvement, (C) Industrialisation, (D) Expansion of sources of finance, (£) Expaw;;ion of "larketillg F.!('ilities, (F) Infiltration of urban influences-Economic activities and nature of changes: (.4) Livelihood dasse8, (B) Workers, (C) Non workers, (D) Ownership of economic resources, (£) Primary and Secondary Occupatioll, (F) Changes from traditional occupation-Description of different occupations: (A) Praeti(3eS connected with agriculture-Utilisation of produce (B) Practices connected with animal husbandry, (C) Practices connected with other occupations-Indebtedness-Co-operative Society-Income--Expenditure 23-48
CHAPTER IV-SOCIAL AND CUL1TRAL LIFE
Population trends-Population by age and sex-Births and Deaths-Marital status-Public Health an Medical facilities-Veterinary aid-Literacy and education-Migration-Types of family-Composition of hOll~"holds-Intra family aJld inter-caste relationships-Inheritance of property-Leisure and rec c~,jun-Religious institutions-Festivals-Fairs-Informal Panchayat-The Statutory Panchayat The National Extension Service-Social Reforms 49-59
CIIAPTEI~ V-CONCLUSION
ConcluBion 60-61
TABLES 65--102 LIST OF TABLES
SI. Table D,.~cri)!lion of Tables No. N'umber PAGES
1. I Area, Houses and Population oj ~. H .Population b\· _lge-gl'onp~ 65 3. HI ,Size and Compositioll of Households 65 t. II' Hou~eh(jlcls classified b,' religions, caste and I
II SET T A(~LES
1. 1 Ca~te,'Tribe or Community and nature of famil.v 88 !l. ~ _lwarelless of Gntouehability Offences Act 88 3. t Contravention of marriage rules 89 •• 4-A Permissibility of inter-caste marriage fl9 5. 5 A wareness of changes in Hindu Laws of SuccC;"iOll and Adoption. !:IO 5. 5-A Inheritance. of property as in practice . 90 7. 5-B Share of property for different categories of relatives---8ons 91 8. 6 Reciprocal aid in agricultural practices 91 g. 7 Livestock statistics including fishery 92-95 10. S Village industries . 96 (xi)
PAGES II, 10 Co-operative Society 96 1 12. 11- '" Ib );: (If Llking tea as correlated to ll1come \)6 13. 12 Ma terial culture-Possession of furniture I 97 14, 12-A ~raterial culture-Possession of consumer goods 97 L). 12-B Material culture-Habits 98-100 16. 13 House Type-Roof 101 17. 13-A House Type-Wall 102
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
PAGE 1. Riv!'r Tungahhllclra., l\ major source of water for the village (i) 2. _l birds' c,ve view of the village (i) 3. Allot ber part of the village marked b,v a. narrow lane (i) 4, Bullock cart is a popular mode of transport (ii) fJ. The bullock,.; of Hallikar breed (ii) 6. Bust of a Lingayat , ( ii) 7. 'Bllril)Urlike' sootllliayers in their gorgeous costume starting on their profel!sional round. (iii) S. A group of Harijan women (iii) 9. 'Sandige' being spread out in the sun for dr,villg (iii) 10. Cobblers at work (iv) 11. Cleaning the fields of weeds (iv) 12. Towering haystacks are a source of strength anil delight to the villagers (iv)
LIST OF MAPS AND CHARTS
Facing page
TITLE PAGE 1. State map of M,vwre showing the villages selecteel for Socio-Econolllic' Surver 1 2. District map of Shimoga showing the location of Govinakovi village . , 1 3. Physical features around village Govinakovi 3 4. X otional m"p of Govinakovi 5 5. Chart showing workers and non-workers by sex and broad age-groups 33 6. Chart showing PopUlation bv flex, age aurl marital status . 49 7, Chart showing Population and literacy by sex and age-groups 50
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CHAPTER I THE VILLAGE Introducing the Village Chikamagalur District. The greater part of the District towards the west of a line drawn < Govinakovi is a small village with a from Shikaripur to Gajanur falls in the malnad population of 1,319 in the Honnali Taluk of area with its' rich growth of tropical forests the Shimoga District. It is predominantly an where birds of rare plumage and wild animals agricultural village growing jowar, ragi and abound. The eastern portion called M aidan paddy situated in the semi malnad region of or Bailusime looks more or less same as com the State. With the introduction of irrigation pared to the thickly wooded west. The by the left bank channels running from the highest point in the District is the Kodachadri Tunga Anicut, there has been a change in the Parvata, about 10 miles to the northwest of cropping pattern of the village. It is with a Nagar. Its elevation is about 4,411 feet above view to study the impact of irrigation on the the mean sea level. The interior of the economic and social organisations of the village District is crossed by a chain of hills. On that the present survey is undertaken. the east there are two rows of low stony hills.
Location 4. The District can well be proud of 2. This village in Shimoga District, is several historical monuments, several spots of situated on the Shimoga-Harihar Road at a scenic beauty and many industrial enterprises. distance of about 4! miles from Honnali, the Within a radius of five miles from Sagar about Taluk Headquarters and about 19~ miles from 45 miles to the northwest of Shimoga, are Shimoga, the District Headquarters. It is the temples of Ikkeri, Keladi and Kalasi whose bounded by the Tungabhadra river on the architecture is comparable to that of Belur and east, Harlahally village on the north, the Halebidu. The Ikkeri and Keladi temples are villages of Salagondanahally and Hirehally on reminiscent of the glory of Keladi Kings who the west and the village of J ogatta on the later ruled from Ikkeri and BidaBur (or Bednur) south. The residential area of the village or till 1763, when Haidar Ali annexed this region the Gaothana extending over 20 acres and 29 to Mysore. Belgavi or Belgami, a village in gunthas, was till recently bounded on the west Shikaripur Taluk is noted for its antiquities. by the Shimoga-Harihar Road. But now Even as far back as in the 12th century it with the construction of some· office and resi was styled as the 'Mother of the cities' and dential buildings of the P. W. D., staff engaged , Capital of ancient cities' . It has also gained in irrigation work towards the west of this fame as the Dakshina Kedar. The ruined road, the residential area of the village has temples of Kedareshwara, Panchalinga, Kaita extended beyond the road. These Government beshwara, Someshwara etc., are quite famous buildings are now followed by the construction for their carvings. Belgutti in Honnali Taluk of some other private buildings also. The was the residence of a line of chiefs called Tungabhadra river towards the east flows' Sindas. Humcha in the Nagar TaJuk was from south to north at a distance of about a the capital of a Jain principality founded by furlong and a half from the village. Jinadatta. Ikkeri in Sagar Taluk was the capit N ayak the most illustrious ruler among them, nagar Taluk, Ikkeri and Keladi in Sagar is well known for the introduction of his Taluk and several other places in the District standards and fixation of assessment known are famous for ancient temples of exquisite as the Shisthu. These are a few among the architecture and attract tourists from distant several places of historical importance in the places. Kodachadri is a conspicuous land District whose epigraphical wealth is indeed mark in the west of Hosanagar Taluk. It is great. Several of the inscriptions found in a lofty mountain running to a height of about the District have c(')nstituted the most impor 4,411 feet above the sea level and rises more tant source for reconstituting its past history. than 2,000 feet above the level of the villages below. It is clothed in splendid forests. The 5. Considering the spots of scenic beauty first portion of the hill is very steep and in the District, the Jog falls which has stunned difficult to ascend. The hill commands an all its visitors should get the place of pride. extensive md splendid view over the Western Sharavati, as though tired of the monotony Ghats and South Kanara Dist.rict. of the flow behind, gives birth to four jewels the Raja, the Roarer, the Rocket and the 7. From the industrial point of view, Lady at the point of the great falls. If the the District can boast of several big enter Raja falls is one uniform and majestic fall of prises both in the public and private sectors. water, the Roarer roars down .the rocky slopes. At a distance of about thirty miles from The Rocket in its turn flows down presenting Govinkovi stands the famous industrial town a string of rockets along its path. And lastly of Bhadravati. The Mysor~ Iron and Steel the Lady resembling a tall and slim lady in Works at Bhadravati was the first major and white flowing skirts dances down the rocky key industry started in the State as early as heights exceeding 900 feet. The beauty and in 1918 by the Government of Mysore. After glamour. of the falls is very much enhanced the second world war, the Iron and Steel by the flying pigeons and the rainbow bridging Works have taken up several schemes for ex heaven and earth. The importance of the pending the existing manufacturing capacities Jog falls has today been further enhanced by of pig iron, steel, ferro silicon and cement. the Mahatma Gandhi Hydel Project and the One of the major items of the expansion Sharavati Hydel Project. The Sharavati Hydel programme is the introduction of electric Project is India's biggest and cheapest power smelting in place of charcoal and coke smelting project and is considered to be the harbinger of iron ore, which is a novel process in the of economic prosperity of the country. This country. Another major industry in Bhadra project is entirely a power project and con vati is the Mysore Paper Mills. This is a templates generation of electric power of 1.2 public limited company working from 1938. million K.Ws. in the final stage. The distinct feature of this project is that the entire waters of Shanl.vati are harnessed and utilised for 8. At Shimoga, about 19 miles away generation of power. from the village, are located the Government Sandlewood Oil Factory, Mysore Match 6. Agumbe in Tirthahalli Taluk is a Company and the Tungabhadra Sugar Works. richly wooded highland offering a beautiful The Sandalwood Oil Factory is a Mysore view of the sunset when the sky is clear. Government concern which was started in This receives an annual rainfall ranging 1944. Initially this factory was producing between 250 and 300 inches, the heaviest in only crude oil which was being exported to the State and is considered as second only to the Mysore Factory for purification and Cherapunji in India. Basavapatna in Channa marketing. But now expansion schemes are giri Taluk is famous as the place where undertaken to produce purified oil at this Shahaji, father or the celebrated Shivaji, died factory. The Mysore Match Company at due to JaIl from the horseback when hunting Shimoga is a public Fmited company. The in the forests. Belgavi in Shikaripura Taluk, sugar factory is a private limited concern Belgutti in Honnali Taluk, Humcha in Hosa- which started crushing cane from 1958. > 0 ~ « ..... z u > a: 0 t- (.!) V) UJ 0- ~ « « "15 ..J ._so:: ..J 0'" - ~ s:: > co 0 :r: 0 z en ~ ::> ~ .-~ « J:: ..q. en UJ ~ ~ eo 0: t..I :::> :::> ...... J til « «..... UJ LL. ....J« ..J« z u z -V) 0 >- :z: :t Q. THE VILLAGE 3 9. Besides these large scale industries village by a good all weather black topped the District is famous for several small scale road. Shimoga stands on the left bank of industries, handicrafts etc. In fact the story Tunga on the Bangalore-Honnavar Road of the District would be incomplete without about 171 miles north-west of Bangalore and the mention of the sandalwood carving for is also on the railway line running from Birur which it is famous. S;mdalwood carving is to Talguppa. It derives its name either from pursued in numerous places in the District Shiva Mukha (face of Shiva) or from Shimoga particularly in Sagar, Sorab, Jade, Biligode, (sweet pot) an appellation given to it by a Tainadi, Jamballi, Herur, Talguppa etc. The Rishi (sage) who is said to have found here forests in the District produce large quantities some savoury herbs which he consumed with of sandalwood. The carvers are called his daily meal. Besides the several industries Gudigars in whom the artisti'2 talent is handed already mentioned, it has also got several down from generation to generation. These educational institutions including a Polytechnic Gudigars also do ivory carving besides pre and a First Grade College. All the admini paring garlands and flowers in sandalwood strative offices at the district level are situated shaving and pith. The sandalwood caskets, here. The town is noted for trade in arecanut idols, fans, figures and a host of other articles and paddy. prepared in the District have found their way to all the corners of the world. Sagar is 11. Honnali, at a distance of 4l miles particularly noted for this craft, so much so, from the village is the Taluk Headquarters. that a celebrated' Kannada poet has called it It is situated on the left bank of the Tunga Gandhada Gudi meaning 'the temple of bhadra river. In the Puranic age, the place sandalwood' . The famous carved sandalwood is said to have been known as Bhaskar Kshetra doors of the Vidhana Soudha at Bangalore are and later M ahommedan rulers are said to have the works of the sandalwood carvers of Sorab named it as Bidiri. An inscription gives its and Sagar. It may be of interest to note the name as Suvarnnali. I t is a historical place following lines from the Gazetteer in regard and was one of the chief centres of insurrection to the standard of workmanship exhibited by in 1830. It is said to be the residence of a the artisans in those days. Nawab of Afghan descent. Mr. Leorin Bowring writes: " The articles of their manufacture chiefly in demand are boxes, caskets, and cabinets. " The founder of the family was a J amand These are completely covered with minute Afghan, named Abdul Nabi Khan, an officer of and complicated designs of vegetation and the court of Delhi, who received an estate from scroll work, interspersed with figures from the the emperor in Dharwar along with the N awab Hindu Pantheon; the general effect of the of Savanur. Since the death of Nawab Kutb profuse detail being extremely rich. The UI-Mulk, during the seige of Seringapatam, carving of Sorab is considered superior to the Honnali chiefs have possessed little but a that of Bombay or Canton and being a very barren title". At present all the taluk level tedious process, requiring great care is ex offices including the offices under the National pansive. The Gudigars will imitate admirably Extension Scheme are located here. any designs that may be furnished to them. Boards for album covers, the plates from Jorrock's Hung and cabihets surrounded with Physical aspects figures in high relief of knights in mediaeval 12. The village lies on the left bank of armour, have thus been produced for European the Tungabhadra river which flows at a dis gentlemen with great success". tance of about 1 t furlongs away from the village site, on the east. The village is situated 10. From the administrative point of on a surface slightly sloping down towards the view Shimoga happens to be the District east. The Tunga left bank canal passes Headquarters and Honnali the Taluk Head through the village limits at its 57th mile and quarters. Both are well connected with the irrigates about 370 acres of land from 1957-58. 4 OOVINAKOVI The soil is partly redloam and partly black October, as the south-west monsoons recede clay. It is said that the soil in about 140 acres and the north-east monsoons set in, the inten of land has become highly alkaline after the sity increases. Then also the showers are starting of the irrigation and has thus become usually accompained by heavy thunderstorms unfit for cultivation. The villagers also com and lightening and in November the rains start plain that many houses in the low lying areas finally subsiding. of the Gaothana have been damaged due to the seepage of irrigation waters. The village 15. Climatologically, the village has got extends to 1,915 acres and 34 gunthas distri three seasons. The hot weather from March to buted as follows: May, which is a period of rising temperature Acres Guntas and falling baromertic pressure, with at times a (a) Cultivable area 1,419 39 few off season showers in April and May; the (b) Gaothana 20 29 south-west monsoons from June to October, (c) Roads 27 00 bringing in the major precipitation in July and (d) Nala (stream) 40 09 October; and then the cold and dry season from (e) River 100 02 November to the end of February. In Decem (f) Gomal or Gairan- 240 30 ber, the cold season perceptibly sets in, the (g) Potkharab 67 00 evening air at times gets chilly, and mists (h) lchangimath 0 05 gather after sunset and early in the dawn. (occupied by a temple) ---- Towards the end of December and in January 1,915 34 the night temperature is at its minimum. In February, the day and night temperatures Climate and rainfall ---- begin to rise till it becomes hottest in May. 13. The nearest rain guage is located at Honnali, about 4i miles away. The average Rivers annual rainfall is about 28 inches. Considering the averages of the monthwise precipitation at 16. As already stated the river Tunga Honnali between 1953 and 1962, the records bhadra flows through the village limits. The show the following figures, in inches: twin streams of Tunga and Bhadra both rise January February March April at Gangamula in the Varaha peak of the Western 0.01 0.09 2.53 Ghats in the Chikmagalur District. The Tunga May June July August takes a north-easternly course and at Baggunji 4.97 2.90 5.84 1.96 it turns north-west and maintains that direction September October NovemQ.er December till Tirthahalli. Then it takes a sudden bend 2.88 5.82 1.26 to the north-east and flows past the town of Shimoga to the point of confluence with the This gives an annual average of 28.26 inches Bhadra at Kudali (Shimoga Taluk) and from for the last 10 years. that point commences the united stream of 14. The driest part of the year extends Tungabhadra. from December to March. In April some early showers accompanied by thunder and 17. The Bhadra river takes a tortuous lightening are welcome for the pre sowing course towards the east. At Sangameshwara operations, and at the end of June, the regular it is joined by the Anebidda Halla, when it south-west monsoons start. In July the rains takes a north-north-east course, running past grow in intensity and continue in drizzles in Khandeya across tb e mouth of the J agar valley. August and September. During this period It receives the Somavahini at Hebbe and the the sky is generally overcast with clouds. In streams Kalhatigiri and Kaldurga near Lakka valli and flows past Bhadravati and Holehonnur . • Out of the 240 acres and 30 gunthas of Komal to Kudali where it joins the Tunga. land, about 72 acres· are granted to landless culti .. ators for wet cultivation. So the area under plough is actu ally 1,491 acres and 39 gunthas, though the records are 18. From Kudali, the Tungabhadra flows yet to be corrected. towards north after forming three loops before NOTIONAL MAP OF GOVINAKOVI VILLAGE HONNALI TALUK SHIMOGA DISTRICT Not drawn to scale A.M..COL.ONY o 'I' I, 111:3 ----- THE VILLAGE i reaching Honnali. It is at this stage that the Residential Pattern river passes through Goyinakovi. Further on, 23. The residential ?rea of the village it continues its northernly direction till it covers about 20 acres and 29 gunthas and leaves the limits of Shimoga District and flows was till recently bounded on the west by the towards Harihar and in the end forms the Shimoga-Honnali Road. But now with the chief tributary of the Krishna. . location of several Government (P. W. D.) buildings in the village, about 4 acres of land 19. In the village, the river never dries towards the west of this road has been up and in the rainy season, it at times swells acquired for habitation. The village has in prodigiously and forms an extremely rapid all 216 households and most of the houses and muddy stream. In the dry season it is are uniformly spread in rectangular clusters. easily fordable. I t is said that at times The Gaothana is not on a very elevated area crocodiles show up in the river. and after the introduction of the canal irrigation in the village, many of the residents 20. The Tunga Anicut project was started have suffered due to seepage of water. This in 1946 and completed in 1962, at a cost of is particularly so with the Adikarnatak,as, abou,t Rs. 299 lakhs of rupees. The total who have their residential area in a low-Iymg irrigation potential of this project is about land in the northern end of the Gaothana. 27,200 acres of which about 370 acres falls There is already a proposal to shift these in this village. The 5th sub-division office affected households to a new Gaothana at an under this project is established here with an elevated place, but the response has been Assistant En&ineer, one Junior Engineer and very poor. Everyone wants to stick on to four Supervisors in charge. his ancestral land inspite of all the hazards which they are facing. Flora and Fauna 21. The HonnaH Taluk as a whole is 24. The streets are well laid out an4 poorly wooded and this village in it provides there are a number of Qpen spaces in the no exception. There are no forests either in village. Excepting in some spots the streets the village or in its neighbourhood. Tamarind are wide enough to permit at least two carts trees are found in abundance. Neem, banyan, to pass easily. But in the rainy season they peepul, and babul trees are also found scat get slushy due to percolation of water. In tered here and there. There are no flowering summer the surface is generally hard. There plants or fruit trees worth mentioning. A is no proper drainage system and at times few mango trees are seen here and there. waste water from residential houses runs into The chief crops raised are paddy, jowar, ragi, the open streets, forming stagnant pools. tur, avare etc. 25. Though in the past, the various 22. The tree growth in the vil1ag~ as castes appear to have tended to ~orm, their oW!l also in the neighbourhood being sparse, there cluster of houses by concentratmg m a partl is not much shelter for wild animals and so cular area of street, this tendency appears to they are scarce. The only wild animals be now declining. At present, it is only the occasionally seen are the leopard. cat, the Adikarnatakas, who were all these days con Indian wolf, wild cat, rabbit, jackal, etc. The sidered as untouchables, who have a separate jackals which are very fond of sugarc~ne have area exclusively allocated for them, This moved now more towards the sugarcane grow area is beyond the Kurabgcri. The residen ing villages in the neighbourhood. The chief tial area of Adikarnatakas is called Holageri. domestic animals are oxen, cows, buffaloes, sheep, goats etc. She-buffaloes are found in good number as they are reared for . milk. Transport and Communications Partridges, blue rock pigeons, quails, crows 26. The village is connected with Honnali, and sparrows are the commonly seen birds. the Taluk Headquarters and Shimoga, the () GOVINAKOVI District Headquarters by a good, blacktopped Water Supply road. Daily about 16 service buses running between Shimoga and Honnali pass through 30. There are six wells in the village the village. This village is connected with site. But water in only two wells is potable. other villages by roads with earthen surface, In the remaining four wells, the water is brackish and so it is used only for washing whi~h though. good in summer, get slushy dunng the rams. These village roads are and other purposes. Many households, parti more or less cart tracks, which have been cularly those occupying the eastern portion considerably improved by the irrigation canal of the Gaothana use the river water for all authorities, after 1960. The river bank is purposes including drinking. For irrigation also connected to the village proper by such canal water is released, through the channels a road. for 4~ months beginning from June. About 370 acres of land are put under irrigation. 27. The village has got an extra depart mental branch post office with facilities pro Market vided for daily clearance of mail, money 31. The village has a small shandy held orders, registration etc. On an average about on every Saturday. But most of the villagers 20 letters are cleared daily by this office. go to Honnali for marketing. And this is The village gets daily about three copies of not inconvenient to them 3S it is only 4t Deccan Herald, an English Daily and six copies miles away and connected by a good road. each of Prajavani and Samyukta Karnataka At Honnali a weekly shandy is held on every • (Kannada dailies). There is a community Wednesday. The chief articles of trade at radio set installed in the village. About a this shandy are rice, jowar and ragi. There dozen people take advantage from it. The are a number of small shops in the village nearest Telegraph Office is at Honnali. which cater to their urgent needs. Trading in cattle is generally done at the annual fair Important Public Places at Rampur, held every February. 28. The village has got a group Gram Legends and History Panchayat Office, which has jurisdiction over the villages of Govinakovi, Kuruva and Basavan 32. There is no leg~nd current in Govina halli. The headquarters of this Panchayat is kovi either about its origin or about its develop at Govinakovi. The village has a new type ment. None in the village is also able to say Middle School and in 1964, the Taluk Board how the village has derived its present name. has started a High School teaching for the There are no inscriptions, old temples or any VIn Standard. There is a large sized Co other type of monuments in the vil1age which operative Society. The Office of an Assistant may facilitate the reconstruction of its history Engineer in charge of the Tunga Left Bank or in understanding its religious, economic, geo Canal is also situated here. The Malaria graphical or administrative conditions of the Surveillance worker has his Headquarters in past. There is only one old inscription on a this village. The Gram Sevak appointed stone but it is yet to be deciphered. In the under the National Extension Scheme stays central portion of the village site, there is a in a nearby village. There are several temples, small raised platform of stone and mud rising to big and small, but among them the important a height of about 20 feet. It has an appearance are Basavanna and Narasimhaswarny temples. of a portion of an old ruined fort. None in the village is able to say a word about its origin. Burial Ground 33. However, several inscriptions have 29. There are no assigned burial grounds been found in the neighbouring areas of for any castes or communities and as such Honnali Taluk and with the help of these the villagers bury or cremate the dead, as inscriptions it is possible tp throw some light the case may be, along the river bank. on the history of this region. It would be THE VILLAGE 7 useful to reproduce an extract from Epigraphia however, the Chalukyas were again in Carnatica at this stage to understand the early possession (Honnali 46). We have, however, history. a number of inscriptions (Honnali 37, 38, 40 and 28) which testify to the persistent attacks "According to inscriptions found in this made in 1196 and 1197 A.D. by Umadevi, Taluk, it would appear that it was part of a who must have been the queen of Hoysala kingdom called Sindawadi which extended Ballaia II. Her force is said to have been over parts of the present Shimoga, Chitaldurg, defeated on each occasion, but she seems to Bellary, Dharwar and Bijapur Districts, and have obtained a lot of booty. In 1198, the was ruled over by a line of chiefs known as Hoysalas were again in the as: end e n t the Sindas, who during the 12th and 13th (Shikarpur 315) and continued so. During centuries, were subject to the overlordship of the whole of this period, Mallideva, otherwise the Chalukya and Yadav kings. This province Malla should have been the Sinda King. of Sindawadi is mentioned as for back as 750 We have dates 1187 to 1204 for him. In 1208 A.D. (E.C. 6 Manjirabad 36) or even in the A.D. we find Todepille Dannayaka still in fifth century (E.C. 6 Kadur 162). Their chief office (Honnali 25). In 1215 and 1216, city was at Belagavarti or Belagvatti, now however, the Yadavas of Deogiri were in' Belagutti ( q. v.). Their legendary origin is related possession (Honnali 44 and 48) and Mayideva in Honnali 50 and Honnali 20 (E.C. 7). These was Governor of Banavasi. During this incriptions trace the descent of the line from period, Ishwara Deva II (1215-1222) was the Siva whose union with Sindhu, the river Indus, Sinda King. In 1222, Vanka Ragrita was resulted in the birth of Saindhava, to whom appointed to the post of Governor of Banavasi was allotted the country of Karahada (i. e. (Honnali 20). Ten years later, in 1232 when modern Karahata in the Satara District of Kesava Deva was the Sinda Chief, we find Bombay Presidency). H~ was entitled Nidudol Honna Bomma Setti was occupying that place. or the long arm. From Karahada, we were The Sindas must have had troublous times told, he shook and subdued his enemies and in keeping with so many changing overlords. became master of the world. After him came But none are mentioned after 1232 A.D. A many kings, of whom, Kayavirasa is known battle took place in 1245 at Kudali between by name (E. C. 7 Shikarpur 69, 1061 A.D.). (?) Boppula and the Savana General Sridhara Then came Chattarasa (Shikarpur 316 dated (Honnali 54). The Sinda King, Biradeva, in 1117 A.D.) when Govindarasa, Minister of called also Haravira (1244-1247) took up his Chalukya Tribhuvana Malla was Governor of residence in Kallise. In 1247 another battle Banavasi. During his time a grant was made was fought at Nematti between Dakarasa and tQ a temple, to Rudrasakti, disciple of Kriya the Ministers Mediraya and Sridhara (Honnali- sakti, of the Kalamukha sect. After other 55). On this occasion, Echaya, son-in-law of the rulers came Iswaradeva, 1166 to 1180 A.D. King Biradeva's Patta Sahani, Gangeya Honnali 98 of 1166 A.D. shows him as a Sahani, made good the pledge he had taken subordinate of the Hoysala King N arasimha at a council of war before the whole court 1. Honnali26 and 27 (1173 and 1172A.D.) that he would drive off the enemy in confusion. relate to his fight with Singideva, the king He was in consequence presented with the of Santalige. Honnali 45 informs us that the umbrella which was the stake (E. C. VII Hoysala King Ballala 2 had appointed Toda Introduction 34-36). pille Dannayaka as Governor of Belagavattinad in 1175 A.D. Shikarpur 206 dated in the next 34. In about 1314 A.D. the Yadava line year, however, shows that the Kalachuryas was extinguished and the Hoysala power were in possession of the country and that carne to an end in 1326, when Kafur sacked one Vikramaditya Deva, probably a Sinda, Dorasamudra. Then came the Golden Era of was Governor of Banavasi. Honnali 50 of 1180 the Vijayanagara Empire which started in 1328 still shows them in possession of the country, A.D. Towards the close of its ascendency, their minister's younger brother Madeva were established the houses of Keladi, Ikkeri Dannanayaka being the Governor. By 1189 or Bednur chiefs in the west and the g GOVINAKOVI Basavapatna or Tarikere chiefs in the east. region till ousted by the Bijapur conquests The Ikkeri and Keladi temples are reminiscent in the 17th century. On the fall of Bijapur, of the glory of this period. There is no doubt this area was captured by the Bednur chiefs, that in the long and glorious panorama of till they were ousted by Haidar Ali in 1763 Karnataka history, there are several instances A.D. From them on, this area was annexed of revivals and reassertions. There are certainly to the Mysore State. several examples of noblemen and women. But it is doubtful whether, given all other 37. In 1830, the peace prevailing here conditions, there is any other period of was broken by an insurrection. The people Karnataka history which could be compared were not quite satisfied with the administration with the age of the Vijayanagara monarchs and esp~cially the mode of farming" the and the Keladi chiefs. Revenue. lVlatters reached such a crisis that in 1'830 A.D. the Gaudas and Rayats assembled 35. Tradition has it that one Bhadriah in Kutas (indignation meetings). Honnali unearthed some hidden treasure after sacri was one of chief centres of insurrection. The ficing 2 of his servants, Yadava and Murari discontent was further fomented by a pretender in Keladi. Eevcn now one can see two trees to the Bednur throne, named Budi Basavappa in Keladi raised as a memorial to these who was joined by Rangappa N ayaka, the servants. It is said that with the aid of this head of the Tarikere family. The Raja's treasure, Bhadriah constructed a fort and the troops failed to put down this revolt and so then Vijayanagar ruler, Sadasiva Raya assisted were obliged to seek the help of the British in developing the principality, conferring at force before the insurrection was suppressed the same time the title of Sadasivanayaka on in 1831 A.D. This village too being close to Bhadriah. Shivappa Nayaka was an illustrious Honnali must have been a centre of keen ruler in this line. activities during this time. 36. When the height of the Vijayanagara History of Settlement kingdom under Aliya Ramaraya was laid low by the combined forces of the four Mahom 38. The villagers are unable to say from medan kingdoms in the sixteenth century, where any of the castes have settled down this region was seized by a chief called here. All of them 'claim to be original settlers. Mugidera Mara Nayaka. He repelled several attacks from the Tarikere chiefs and held the CHAPTER II THE PEOPLE AND THEIR' MATERIAL CULTURE Ethnic Composition have been preached to replace the traditional 39. The inhabitants of Govinakovi belong ones completely. But in several cases the to two religious faiths Hindus and Muslims. tr~ditional customs and beliefs have reappeared The Hindus are divided into 12 castes among wIth the result that some of the castes profess whom Lingayats, Halumatas and Adikarnatakas ing new faiths also observe a certain amount of form the majority. The Hindus form 93.12% the traditional practices, without in any way of the total population and the Muslims giving up the new doctrines preached. constitute the remaining 6.88%1' Table IV presents information regarding households 41. It is not possible to discuss in this classified by religions, C:1stes and sub-castes. report the practices and beliefs of all the castes In the following statement the same infor in the village, at length. At the same time it mation is tabulated so as to present the would be necessary to discuss some of the percentages of the population and the number salient features of at least a few of the numeri of households of each of these castes: cally important castes in the village, as their beliefs and practices irtfluence the social and Households Population cultural life in the village considerably. It is 81. Religion Caste __..A- __ " "--- __,.J\,,,. ~ with this idea that Lingavat, Halumata No. Number Per- ~umber Per- • ..J , centage centage Adlkarnataka and MuslIm castes are selected for discussion at some length. 1. Hindu Lingayat 117 5367 759 57.55 2. Halumatas 22 10.09 119 9.02 (A) Lingayats 3. ,. Adikarnatakas 37 16.98 199 14.86 4. Vishwakarma 9 4.1~ 60 4.55 42. There are in all 1 17 households of 5. Gangamatha 6 2.75 45 3.41 Lingayats with a population of 759. Thus more (). Brahmins 3 1.38 14 1 06 than half of the village population consists of 7. Marathas :2 0.91 8 0.61 Lingayats, who naturally play an important .'\ " Chippigaru 3 1.38 III 1.21 9. Reddy 1 0.46 2 0.15 and influential role in the social, cultural and 10. Vailhya 1 0.46 5 0.38 economic life of the village. The Lingayats 11. Bhovi 1 0.46 3 0.23 " are also known as Lingawants, Lingangis, 12. Bhavasar- 1 0.46 2 0.15 Shivabhaktas, Virasaivas and Lingadharis. Kshatriya The name Lingayat is derived from the 13. Muslims 15 6.87 90 6.82 words Linga the phallic emblem and aytC4 wearer. A true Lingayat of either sex wean 218 Total JOO.OO 1,319 100.00 a Linga on his person from the cradle tc the grave. This emblem is usually containec 40. Within the sphere of Indian sociology in a silver box and if a person is economicall) few topics present more difficulties than those very poor he ties it in a piece of silk clod connected with the origin and evolution of and wears it on the arm above the elbov caste. Various theories are being propounded or round. the neck. The Linga is generall; from time to time but it is very rarely that any made of lIght grey slate stone and is enclose{ definite conclusions are reached. There is no in a box of two discs. The upper disc i doubt that the caste system existed in the called JaZhar and the lower one Ban. A tru embryonic stage during the vedic period. But Lingayat is expected to worship his IshtaZing, since then it has developed through ages under in his hand, every day after bath concentrCl the influence of circumstances and several ting his mind on it in the course of th influences. From time to time fresh tenets Puja. According to the theory of the. Lingay~ 2 10 GOVINAKOVI faith, the wearer of a Linga is safe from Vibhuti (ash) which is believed to protect them all evil influences and neither stars nor evil from evil's way. Just as the Brahmins consider spirits can harm him. If a Linga is at any cow's urine as a purificant, the Lingayats time lost accidentally, the wearer undergoes consider Padodaka or the water with which some Shuddhi (purifying) ceremonies before Jangam's feet are washed as a purificant and receiving a new Linga from his Guru. A in many of their religious ceremonies they Lingayat considers the Linga as the stone accept such water as holy Teertha. home of the deity, the Jangam as the human abode of the deity and the Guru as the 45. The Jangams form the priestly class holy teacher who breathes the sacred spell among Lingayats. Broadly, they are divided into the disciple's ears. They believe that a into two further types, the V iraktas and wearer of a Linga is not liable to transmigra Gurusthalas. The Viraktas are celibates, tion and that a Lingayat is never reborn, spending most of their time in devotion and once he dies. It is for this reason that they study. Gurusthalas, who are permitted to have very few after death ceremonies. marry, are their Gurus or spiritual heads. They are less retired than the Viraktas. 43. Some believe that the sect was Generally they conduct all the religious founded in the 12th century by Basaveshwara. ceremonies of the Lingayats. The Lingayats, on the contrary, affirm that the sect is extremely old and that it only 46. The traditional occupation of the rose into prominence in the 12th century, Lingayats in the village is agriculture, though when Basaveshwara, a Aradhya Brahmin, gave a few do trade also. They are strict vegeta up the traditional Brahmanical practices and rians. Their mother-tongue is Kannada. All revived the Veerashaiva faith. Originally, the of them are devotees of Shiva, though some Lingayats with their priests known as Jangams have Virupaksha, Veerabhadraswamy, Yagati formed one body ignoring all types of caste distinctions. With the lapse of time, however, mallappa and other deities as their Ishta Deva. They believe that the Linga wearers cannot be they formed into several endogamous groups affected by any pollution caused by childbirth, based mainly on functional divisions. This death or any other causes. . resulted into several social inequalities and disabilities among them. Thus to-day, though Birth interdining is permitted among the different Practices endogamous groups, intermarriage is not. 47. Among Lingayats, the birth of the In Govinakovi Sa dar Lingayats are in the first child usually takes place in the woman's majority. parental place. In the fifth month a ceremony called H umudisuvudu is arranged in the hus 44. The Lingayats claim to be the descen band's house, when her parents present her dants of five Acharyas viz. Revana Aradhya, with a saree, a blouse piece, bangles etc. As Marularadhya, Ekoramaradhya, Panditaradhya the pregnancy stage advances, her diet is regu and Viswaradhya, all of whom, as the legend lated and she is forbidden to eat certain items goes, had their birth from the five mouths of of food which are considered detrimental to her Siva. The Lingayats are attached to one of health. In the 5th or 7th month she goes the five Mutts or religious centres viz. to her parental house for delivery. Soon (i) Balehonnur in Chikmagalur District. after delivery, the mother and the baby are (ii) Ujjini in Bellary District. washed and the Lin ga worn by the mother (iii) Kedar in Gharval District. is tied to the cradle. On the lith day a (iv) Srisail called Karnabodha. Then he consults the round the necks of each of these pots five inmates of the house and names the child. times and one end of it is held by the couple. From the eleventh day, the mother also starts Near the middle pot, the tali is kept in a wearing the Linga or- her person again. The vessel of milk or ghee. The priest blesses names common among Lingayats are Basava the tali and after some more ceremonies, the lingappa, Nirvanappa, Siddalingappa, Vir a tali is tied round the bride's neck by the bhadrappa etc. and similar names with the bridegroom. The assembly then blesses the appendage Appa changed to Awwa form couple by throwing rice on them. The the names of the females. The delivery is knotted hems of their clothes are tied together generally attended to by the village Dais and and later the bridal couple prostrate before experienced old woman from the caste. the Guru. The ceremony is brought to a close by a visit to the local temple. 48. The rite of initiation or Aitan 13 performed for all the unmarried sons of 50. The practice of paying a bride price is Jangams. After such initiation, he is considered generally prevalent among the local Lingayats. eligible to become a religious head. This Marriages are generally arranged between initiation is generally done when the boy is persons of the same caste and sub-caste. aged eight to ten years. The ceremony gener Marriage with the daughter of the maternal ally takes place at night and non lingayats uncle or the paternal aunt is permitted. They are not expected to witness it. permit widow remarriages. Such remarriages are called Udike or Kudike. They are very Marriage customs simple affairs and are not attended by married women. Generally such marriages 49. Among Lingayats generally the take place during the dark fortnight of a marriages are arranged after a girl attains month and some believe that the woman has puberty. Generally they are arranged through to wear the bridal clothes presented to her the elders in the household and it is always by the bridegroom in a dark room. A re the bridegroom's side which has to initiate married widow cannot take part in any religious the negotiations. The marriage is preceded ceremonies alongwith married women. by a betrothal ceremony at which the bride Divorces among Lingayats are permitted but receives presents of clothes and jewels from they are very rare occurrences. the bridegroom's party. The marriage is customarily held in the bridegroom's residence but at time it is arranged in the bride's Death practices residence or a temple according to mutual 51. Lingayats generally bury their dead convenience. Formerly the marriage ceremonies but if a woman dies in childbirth, she is used to extend for about five days but cremated. When a person is about to die, a to-day they are wound up in a day or two. ceremony called Vibhuti Dharane is performed. An auspicious day is selected for the marriage He is helped to perform Puja of his Linga and a marriage pandal with 12 or 14 posts and a few drops of Padodaka are dropped is erected. They always have a separate post, into his mouth. The Guru breathes a few called the milk post, or wedding post made sacred spells into his right ear and by way of Umber (ficus Glomerata) wood to which of blessing, places his right foot on his head. are fastened mango leaves, banyan leaves etc., Word is sent around to all relatives and friends and a lamp is kept burning near it. After who all gather at the house. When every several religious ceremonies, on the day of thing is over, the dead body is placed in a sitting the actual marriage ceremony, a dais is erected posture and a Vimana is kept ready to carry on which some· rice grain are strewn with a the body, The body is them carried in the blanket covering them. In the four corners Vimana in a procession headed by drummers. and in the centre five pot of water (Kalasas) In the meantime a grave is dug and kept are arranged representing the five acharyas. ready. At the graveyard, the linga is taken .Strings dipped in turmeric paste are passed out of its casing and tied to the arm or round 12 GOVINAKOVI the neck. Again the Jangam blesses the dead 55. They have a priest of their own caste br pla~ing !hs right foot on the head. The who is called Pujari or Vader. Unlike the lllche IS partially filled with ashes (Vibhuti) K uruba laymen the Vader is a vegetarian and a~d Bael leaves and finally the grave is filled wears a Linga. He also does not touch with earth. On the grave the Guru stands spirituous drinks. He officiates at all their on a stone and chief mourner washes his feet. religious ceremonies. At caste meetings, an Some alms are distributed to the Jan gam. oath taken in the name of their special deities or their parents or children is always consider 52.. According to Lingayat concepts, ed binding. A peculiar custom among them death IS a cause for gladness. They believe is to swear by a lump of Vibhuti placed on that the dead has changed the cares of this a Kambli to which Puja has been offered. mortal world for the joys of Kailasa. But They beli('ve that evil will be fall a person ~ctually the loss to the living is there and who perjures himself. Their mother-tongue IS keenly felt. They do not observe any periods is Kannada. They are of strong build and of pollution and have very few after death are good husbandmen. They are generally ceremonies. considered to be honest and God-fearing. (B) Halumata or Kuruba Birth Customs 53. Halumatas are also known as Kurubas 56. The first delivery, as among Linga and are traditionally shepherds, though yats, generally takes place in the woman's practacally all Halmumitas in the village do parental place. During pregnancy, the husband cultivation only. It is said that they are the has to abstain from killing any animals, descendants of the Pallavas, who were at one erecting a new house and carrying dead bodies. time very powerful in South India. Tending After childbirth, they observe a period of sheep, shearing the wool and weaving coarse pollution for about a week. The mother blankets or Kamblis is said to have been their gets her first bath on the 7th, 9th or lith day. traditional job. Most of them reside in the At times a soothsayer is consul ted for the Kurubgeri. They are divided into two main name to be given to the child. The common endogamous groups viz Dod d a K a mba l i names are Birappa, Kanakappa, Ujjanappa, Kurubas and Chikka Kambali Kurubas. All Doddappa etc., in the case of boys and similar the Kuruhas of the village are Dodda Kambali names with the appendage Appa changed to Kurubas. Though interdining is permitted Amma are given for girls. If a person has lost between them, intermarriage is not. The several issues immediately after birth, some Dodda Kambali Kurubas consider themselves opprobrious names are at times given. Such as of sup~rior status. names are Tippa meaning manure heap, Kadu meaning a jungle, Kalla meaning stone etc. Before giving such opprobrious names, the 54. Their chief deities are Beerappa, child is placed on a manure heap and at Mailara and Veerabhadraswamy. They have great faith in soothsaying and sorcery. times has its nostrils bored. But the latter custom of boring nostrils is fast disappearing. Though they are Saivas in religion they The delivery is generally attended to by worship all the Hindu Gods. They periodi elderly females from their own caste. cally hold feasts in honour of their deities. They are a welI organised community and Marriage Customs have a sort of caste pan ~hayat of their own. The head of this Pan -hayat is called Gauda 57. Generally the marriages 1 m 0 n g or Buddhivanta. The headman is assisted by Kurubas are arranged after a girl attains a Kolkar, who beckons the castemen whenever puberty. Even then child marriages are not necessary. Petty disputes and difference are totally unknown. They have certain endo settled at these Panchayat meetings. However gamous and exogamous divisions among the influence of such Caste Panchayats is on themselves. The exogamous divisions are the wane these days. called Kulas and marriage within a Kula is THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MARITAL EQUIPMENTS 13 prohibited. There are also certain restrictions wear cotton wristlets. The former are called on consanguineous marriages. A person can Unni Kanakans and the latter Hathi Kanakans. not marry his maternal aunt's daughter but All the Kurubas of Govinakovi are Hathi he can marry his maternal uncle's or paternal Kanakanas. aunt's daughter. He can also marry his elder sister's daughter. 59. There is a custom among Kurubas of paying a bride price. Widow marriages 58. The proposals for marriage are are permitted among them but the form differs generally made by the bridegroom's side. On considerably from that of a regular marriage. a day considered auspicious, the elders from The details of a widow marriage are more or the boy's family visit the girl's parents taking similar to that of a widow marriage among with them coconut, betel leaves etc., and the Lingayats. Here too married women are betrothal called Viliyada Karya takes place in conspicuous by their absence at a widow the presence of the caste headman. This is marriage. Such marriages are called Kudike, followed by the fixation of a date for the Udike or Sirudike. Divorces are also permitted marriage. The marriage generally takes place among the Kurubas. Divorce is a simple in the hridegroom's residence or at some affair and consists in giving back to the temple, convenient to both the sides. The husband, the sacred tali, that he had tied in marriage function always starts with a feast the presence of some Panchas. arranged in the name of the family deities. This is known as Devaroota. This is celebrated Death Practices separately by the bride and the bridegroom 60. The Kurubas bury their dead. When in their respective houses. This is followed everything is over, the body is washed and by a ceremony of annointing or smearing with dressed in a new cloth. In the case of Pujaris turmeric paste called Modalarasina. Then the burial ceremonies more or less follow the the marriage booth is consecrated. The booths pattern of Lingayats. In the case of other are generally supported by 12 posts arranged Kurubas it is carried on a bier in a lying in three rows. Out of them three are special posltlOn. In the case of unmarried females, posts of green wood. One of them made of the body is carried in a Kambli corase woollen Kalli is known as the milk post and has to be blanket. The chief mourner heads the funeral cut by the maternal uncle of the bridegroom. procession with an earthen pot contammg When the bride's party arrives, they arrange cooked rice and fire. When the procession several religious ceremonies. The Dhare covers half the distance, the body is lowered ceremony is the most important. On this day and the chief mourner circumambulates the the bride and the bridegroom have a bath and body thrice, throws rice in the four directions wear new clothes. The bridegroom is taken and breaks the pot. In the grave the body in a procession to the village temple, where is laid flat with the head towards the South. they offer prayers to the deity. The bride Pu jaris are buried in a sitting posture. On the groom has to enter the marriage booth with a third day cooked food is offered to the spirits dagger warpped in a red piece of cloth in his of the departed (in the form of crows) a1 hand. The bridegroom then is taken three the grave and on the the eleventh day, anotheI times round the milk post before he is seated on a wooden seat. The bride is then brought ceremony is observed. They observe pollutior for 11 days. They observe some death cere· and seated besides him. The tali kept near monies on the Mahalaya Amavasya da~ the milk post is blessed by the whole assembly by touching it and then the bridegroom ties annually. it round theneck of the bride. The assembly blesses the couple by showering grains of rice (C) Adikarnataka on them. This s 'followed by a milk pouring 61. Adikarnatakas and the Bhovis ar ceremony, which is considered very .important. considered as the Scheduled Castes in th Among the Kurubas some wear woollen village. There are 37 households of Ad: wristlets at the time of the marriage and sonle karnatakas in the village and they have 14 GOVINAKOVI population of 1 !-)6. They are also known as daughters to the patron deity was largely Holeyas. They reside in a secluded area prevalent. Such girls were thenceforth per towards the north of the Gaothana. . They mitted to associate with any man of the same have of late received considerable assistance or higher caste or to live as concubine of some in huilding houses. But even then this area one of the same caste. But this evil practice being low lying, the houses get very much is very much on the decline, though it is damaged by seepage of water. Attempts to very difficult to say if it has completely shift their residential locality have not met stopped. with success so far and they continue to suffer. 65. They have much faith in soothsaying 62. Most of them are agricultural and sorcery. They often resort to the services labourers. But some have been granted small of exorcists to cure ailments and also to remove bits of wet land for cultivation by the Govern the evil eye. Their mother-tongue is Kannada. ment. They are strong and sturdy and are Educationally they are very backward. They capable of putting in hard labour in the fields. are reluctant to send their children to school They are non-vegetarians and eat almost all and even if they do, they withdraw them before kinds of flesh except that of a crocodile. They they complete one or two years' schooling. have several endogamous groups among them selves. Thev have a Caste Panchayat which Birth Practices generally settles all matters conceni~g their 66. Even at the time of births, they caste and also helps in settling diffaences resort to some Mantras to ensure safe delivery. among the castemen. However, the influence . Some oil given by a person with a reputation of the Caste Panchayat is considerably on the for magic is generally administered to the wane. pregnant woman. So also it is generally a midwife of their own cast, who' is believed 6:3. Inspite of the legislative measures to to have some supernatural powers, who cuts ameliorate their living conditions and to the navel cord of the child. This navel cord remove the evil of untouchability, their social is tied to the cradle as a charm. The naming status remains unchanged. Even to this day, ceremony is generally done on the loth day. many treat them as untouchables and unclean The names commonly given are Daita, Bolaga, and avoid their contact. They have no access Laguma, Bogya, Goviga etc., for boys and to the houses or the temples. But their Yalagi, Patik, V cHi, Bisakka etc., for girls. condition is not as bad as it was a few years back and in a few years it is sure to improve Marriage Customs considerably. However, some further effort ~t their social uplift is quite necessary. Even 67. A marriage IS alway's preceded by among the untouchables there are certain a betrothal ceremony called Vilya sastra. distinctions in the social status. The Holeyas They have their own endogamous groups look down upon the Madigas as inferior, as within which they can seek marriages. So the latter work on leather and are village also, there are some exogamous groups called scavengers. They also do not eat in a house Kulas. Generally they marry an elder sister's of a Madiga. There are no social disabilities daughter or a paternal aunt's daughter or a of ~ny kind in the matter of acquiring and maternal uncle's daughter. Now-a-days, the owmng property, but they avoid acquiring marriageable age has increased. Formerly the residential quarters in the area occupied by girls were mostly married before they attained other higher castes. They have their own puberty but now post-puberty marriages are barbers and have their own village well. more common. Actually in the past, marriage of infant girls was considered as a mark of 64. They had among them a custom superiority. of dedicating girls to Gods in fulfilment of certain vows. Among a few hous~holds, the 68. Many of the marriage customs are custom of dedicating at least. one of the more or less similar to those of the other H~ PEOPLE AND THEIR MARITAL EQUIPMENTS 15 astes in the village, though they may vary together by strong religious ties. They keep 1 certain details. Tali is the most important all the Muslim holidays, perform all the religi ymbol of marital status and it is tied round ous and social ceremonies and respect their he girl's neck by her maternal uncle. They religious heads who are known as Kazis. .ave a Dhare ceremony which consists of louring milk into the united hands of the 72. Their way of living, mode of dress ouple. They permit widow remarriages but etc., does not differ much from the other s in the case of Lingayats and Rurubas, Hindus of the village. Their women, however hey are arranged on a less elaborate scale. observe Purdah when coming out and parti )ivorce is also permitted. The practice of cularly when they go out of the village. The laying a bride price is prevailing among them. only special Muslim ceremony which all Muslims practice is circumcising their sons. )eath Practices This is usually done between the fifth and 69. When a person breathes his last, the seventh years. Most of the Muslims are culti ody is washed and shrouded in a new cloth. vators. Though they are non-vegetraians, their lefore taking it to the burial ground, an staple food consists of rice, ragi and jowar. ~ It arthen pot is smashed at the place where the is only occasionally that they consume non lier had been placed. When the bier covers vegetarian food. They never eat pork and also lalf the distance, it is lowered down and the do not consume intoxicating drinks. hief mourner goes round it once. The body 5 then deposited it the grave over a phmtain 73. Muslims observe the sacrifice or ~af. The first handful of earth is thrown in akika ceremony on the seventh, twelfth or Iy the chief mourner, who is usually the son. fourteenth day after the birth of a child. ~ lamp is kept burning at the place where the Women are Careful to keep the chhati or the leceased breathed his last and a small vessel of sixth day after the birth of a child and observe vater is placed over some sand closeby. If no the shaving or Mundan of the child's head on ootprints are seen and if the water in the pot the fortieth day or a little later. The shaving las not diminished in quantity, the fear that ceremony is always accompanied by a big he spirit of the deceased is not fully satisfied feast. Some of them hold a Satvasa ceremony nd they consult a soothsayer for a remedy. in the seventh month of the first pregnancy, fhey have certain ceremonies on the 3rd and spending a little on feasting friends and he 11th day and observe mourning for 11 days. relations. Rubbing the bride and bridegroom -,', with turmeric and henna is a must, among D) Muslims them. Some of them keep the first four Fridays after a marriage, called Jumagis, as 70. There are only 15 households of festive days. They also believe that the new VIuslims and their population is 90. Their moon day of the first Mohurrum after marriage :ustoms, habits and beliefs are more or less is not a lucky day for a married couple and so iimilar to those of the Muslims in Holehonnur in a few households, the bride is sent to her Tillage, which has also been taken up for parental house for about a month during this iimilar survey. So it may be enough if some period. However nowadays such customs are )road aspects about their customs are discussed not observed as religiously or rigorously as in lere. the past. Their birth, marriage and death customs are similar to those found among 71. The Muslims are divided into two Muslims living in other parts of the country. nain sects, the Sunni and Shiah. The Sunnis lccept the succession of the four Imams, Houses and House types t\.bubaker Sidik, Umar, Usman and Ali. The Shiahs on the other hand maintain that Ali was 74. The village site consists of a linear :he first legitimate Imam and reject the first cluster of houses with regular streets provided three Khalifas recognised by the Sunnis. All between parallel rows of houses. Most of the Muslims in the village form a body bound the houses have a rectangular ground plan 16 GOVINAKOVI with sloping roofs. There are in all about for the amount to reach his hands. In the 240 buildings of which 216 are residential meantime, he had incurred certain debts to houses. The other buildings consist of the tune of about Rs. 150 to Rs. 200 in temples, shops, school, society, godown etc. expectation of this grant and so ultimately Only a few houses lying in the West are when the amount was received, hardly Rs. 50 scattered here and there. The village site were left with him as his own. He could not slopes slightly towards the East. Most of the construct a new house or renovate his existing houses, excepting those of Adikarnatakas and hut within this meagre amount and so he some of the poorer labour classes are built on continues to stay in the same old hut and a high plinth level. There is no house with under the same old conditions inspite of a front yard for it, but many have backyards this grant. where they store fodder, manure, etc. Some have constructed cattlesheds in the backyard 77. Table XI I presents information and a few have wells therein. regarding households by number of rooms occuyied by them. This table also gives 75. In Tables XIII and XlnA the houses partIculars about the population occupying in the village are classified by roofs and walls these rooms. It is seen from this table that respectively. It is seen from Table XIII that 89 households or nearly 40.83°<) of the total 46.79% of the households occupy houses with number of households have no regular room roofs of country tiles; 15.14% occupy houses to live. Considering this feature from the with Mangalore tiles of interlocking type; population point of view it is seen that 491 0.92% occupy houses with Zinc sheet roofs houses or 37.18% of the total population have and 37.15% occupy houses of thatched roofs. no regular rooms to live. These people live Similarly it is seen from Table XIIIA that in some enclosed space with an excuse for a 95.92% of the houses have mudwalls, 3.16% roof and this covered space has to serve all of the houses have walls of burnt bricks; and their purposes. They cook in that 100m, live 0.92% of the houses have bamboo wattled in that room, receive and entertain their guests walls. in that room, offer puja in that room and sleep in that room. N aturallv their living 76. :Most of the Adikarnatakas, who are conditions are so unhealthy. '96 households classed as untouchables and reside in a separate or 44.04% of the total number of households quarter set apart for them, reside in huts live in the houses with a single room; 27 with grass roofs. Out of the 37 households households or 1~.38% of the total households of Adikarnatakas 30 or nearly 81 % reside in occupy two rooms; and 6 households or only huts with grass roofs and mudwalls. Their 2.75% of the total households occupy three or locality is lowlying and in the monsoons they more rooms. Considering the population encounter much difficulty because the floor figures, it is seen that 43.70% occupy one gets damp. So they often spread paddy grass roomed houses; 15.51 % occupy houses with on the floor and lie on it, to keep themselves two rooms; and 3.61°1) have three or more warm. Most of these huts are ill-ventilated roomed houses. It is only in the houses and overcrowded. The grass used for roofing occupied by 6 households that they have a is locally known as Bade Hullu. It was learnt separate bath room. in the course of the enquiry, that five of the . Adikarnataka households had been sanctioned 78. Almost all the huts consist of a grants of Rs. 300 each for building purposes, single room with a half wall within it separating but at the time of Survey only one of them the kitchen from the other portion of the had utilised this amount for the purpose' for room. The houses are not usually provided which it was sanctioned. \Vhen one of the with a latrine or soakpits. The houses no grantees who has not built a ne"" house was doubt, are kept as clean and neat, as possible. questioned as to why he has not utilised this Agricultural implements are kept either in the amount, he replied that he actually received cattleshed or on the front verandah called only Rs. 250 and that it took about six months Atta. In the house of a middle class family THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MARITAL EQUIPMENTS 17 the grains needed for domestic c~>l"l:sumption 82. Now a typical house of a well-to are kept in a corner of the central hvmg room. do family has always a separate bath room. A few well-to-do persons have their living The foundation runs about 3 feet deep and rooms decorated by hanging mounted photo the plinth rises about 2 feet above the gr.ound graphs. Photographs of Ravi Varma's paintings level. The front and. the hind walls nse to appear tE be very popular among them. a height of about 8 feet and ~s these ho~ses $" have two sloping roofs the mIddle wall nses about 14 feet high. The external wa.n~ ~re 79. With a view to get an idea of the about 2k feet thick and the internal partltlOnmg living conditions in the village,. the typ~s of walls a;e about 1-!- feet thick. Most of the houses occupied by a poor famIly, a. mIddle old houses hav~ mudwalls with semi class family and a well-to-do famIly ~re cylindrical country tiles for roofing. S.ome of discussed in some details in the followmg the recently constructed houses have theIr walls paragraphs. made of burnt bricks and roofs made of flat interlocking tiles. Such house~ u~ually have 80. A poorman's ho,!se or hut, h~~ a an attic or garret called Atta whIch IS used for rectangular ground plan wIth mudwalls nsmg storing grains, implements etc. A house of to about 6 feet high. The walls are made this type costs anywhere between Rs. 1,500 and of mud or bamboo reeds. The kitchen is Rs. 5,000 depending on the material used. sepa~ated by a dwarf wall, about 4 feet high. Usually labour for construction of such houses 83. The unskilled labour required for is provided by the .family member~ t~emselves. construction of a house is generally provided The material used IS also that whIch IS cheaply by the family members only. The ~ocal available in the village itself. If the roofing carpenter attends to the wood work. At times is done with grass called Bade Hullu, the carpent:rs from Honnali and other neighbou roofing material is changed every year. Such ring places are also engaged to attend to wood houses have hardly any foundation. The floor work. Fine clay is available in abundance and the walls are cowdunged every now and in the village and so there is no dearth of then and especially on festival days. The material for building walls. The fine clay cost of such a hut hardly exceeds Rs. 150 to is well kneaded by foot and cut up into Rs.200. chunks by a spade. These blocks of clay are then sun-dried before using for the walls. Rl. A house occupied by a middle class family is shared usually by two or more house 84. The villagers have a few ~imple holds. When the property is inherited and ceremonies in the course of constructlOn of divided among the heirs, the house also gets a new house. The first one is called Guddali partitioned and thus it is shared by one or more sub-divided households. In the absence Puja which is arranged on the daJ:". the construction starts. They select an ausplClOUS of a separate cattleshed the ve!andah is use.d day in consultation with an astrologer and for tethering cattle. The mam ~ntrance IS on" this day the Yaja'!lana-head of the.house usually provided with a strong smgle door. hold-worships the Implements and digs the The entrance to the kitchen generally does first clod of earth. They then have a similar not have a door. For many houses of this ceremony when fixing the th.reshold: The type there is a backyard, where manure and fodd~r are stored. In a few cases there will most important ceremony assoc~ated WIth the construction of a new house IS the house also be a well. The flooring consists of mud warming ceremony. On this day they invite which is given· a cowdung wash o~ce a week their friends and relations for a feast. or a fortnight. The w~lls a~e whIte wa~?ed atleast once a year, whIch wIll be usually Just before the Gowri Hunnive. The cost of Dress and Ornaments construction of a house of this type runs to 85. The dress habits of the villagers are about Rs. 800 to Rs. 1,000. simple. Their apparel is almost restricted to 3 18 GOVINAKOVI bare necessity. They generally prefer cloth of (armlet) and gold ornaments like Nagaru, Billi, cheap and coarse variety. Only a few well-to Sarpani etc., have now almost disappeared. do people go in for fine or superfine cloth. In the past even male folks used to have their The most common type of male adult dress is ears board and wear ear-rings. But they too a Dhoti made of coarse millmade cloth and a have now disappeared. The ornaments now shirt with full or half sleeves. They generally seen are: wear a Dhoti with a kachcha. A pice of cloth or a towel is thrown over the left shoulder and 81. Ornament Jlat~rial Appr. Value P.,.ticula"6 Re.o,.ka very few have any headgear. Only the elderly No. Ra. people in the village wear a headgear consisting 1. Vole Gold & 50-75 Ear All castes of a rumal. School going children wear shorts stones oranament ule them and shirts with half sleeves. Adult women 2. Bugudi Gold & 60-75 do Now going wear sarees of handloom cloth preferably those pearls out of woven in the looms of Survanna near Nyamti fashion 3. Bendole Gold 30 do Very and a blouse called choli, Kuppasa or Ravike. popular 24 The saree runs to a length of about feet and 4. Nagar Gold 75 do Very rarely is worn without a kachcha. The sari is much seen these varied in design and colour. It is worn round days the waist and allowed to fall to the ankles. Its 5. Jade Bille Gold 70 to 200 do do one end is gathered into a large bunch of folds (Hoovu} in front or to the left side. The upper end 6. Chainu Silver 15 to 30 Leg do then passes across the bosom and over the head, 7. Gejje patte Silver 25 to 50 Waist do and hangs loosely down the right side. The 8. Kaikadaga Silver 30 Waist do two ends of the choli are tocked or bottoned in 9. Kalungura Silver 2 Toes All castes the front. Female children wear a skirt called wear them Zanga which reaches up to the ankle. Most of 10. Mooguti Gold 20 Nose do them wear leather footwear made by the Ioca I and Nattu cobblers. There is no difference in the foot 11. Necklace· Silver or 5 to 100 Neck Occasion- wear of men and women. Gold aUy seen Among all castes Tali is an ornament which 86. The women part their hair in the is a must for married ladies. This is a sacred middle and tie it at the back into a knot. Young symbol of their marital status. girls, plait the hair at the back like a pigtail. M en generally have a close cut crop except a Household Goods few who are more urbanised. 89. Table XII presents information re 87. Muslim women observe Purdah when garding the possession of furniture by all castes they go out, especially when they go out of the in the village. It is evident from this Table village. But for this fact, it is very difficult to that the items of furniture found in the village distinguish castes from the mode of dress. are a few and most of them are owned by Lingayats only. In all 34 households or 15.6% 88. There has been a conspicuous change of the total number of households possess cots in the type of ornaments \vorn by the people in and among these 34 households, 31 belong to the village. Formerly there was' a preference Lingayats. Considering this point from for heavy and costly ornaments. But now they another angle, 26.4% of the Lingayat house prefer to have ornaments made of cheaper and holds possess furniture. 70 households or .ligh,ter metals. This is due to both urban about 32.1 % of the tota number of house influence and economic circumstances. Gene holds possess chairs. Among them 56 are rally the living in the village is of a subsistance Lingayat households. There are only 2 standard and so many of them cannot afford to households possessing tables, one of them have ornaments of heavier variety. Thus silver being that of a Lingayat and the other a ornaments like Kadaga (wristlet) and Muri Vaishya. 28 households or 12.8% of the total THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MARITAL EQUIPMENTS 19 number of households possess benches and a few mats made of date-palm leaves, one among them 23 are Lingayat households. or two small lamps, a few earthen vessels for Thus it will be seen that most of the iterr.s of cooking as well as storing and a couple of furniture are possessed by Lingayats. None wooden planks called mane for squatting and of the Adikarnataka, Gangamata, Chippiga, some clothing articles. Excepting among Maratha, Reddi, Bhausar Kshatriya and Bhovi Brahmins and a few well-to-do Lingayat households possess any items of furniture. householdS J cooking is generally done in earthen vessels. A few metallic vessels-made 90. Possession of furniture like chairs, of copper, brass or aluminium are also seen tables etc. , is not considered a necessity by but they are mostly old once, which have any of the castes in the village. No doubt gone out of shape due to long usage. The their possession indicates to a certain extent spare sets of clothing are also limited in the higher economic status of the owner as number. Generally a person wiII have only the poor people find it impossib Ie to invest one spare set of clothing. The item that is on such items as they are able to eke out even most commonly found with almost all husband their subsistence living with great difficulty. men is the kambli-coarse woollen blanket. But even then the economic standard of a I t is a very useful item of clothing for them household cannot be solely judged from the as it serves several purposes. When carrying items and type of furniture it possesses. heavy load it serves as a weight pad. In Even several well-to-do households in the the rainy season it serves as a head and village do not possess any pieces of furniture, body cover and protects them from the rain. though they can very well afford to have a few In the cold season it keeps them warm. At pieces, if they mean to. It is also noticed that times it is used in place of a carpet and the few items of furniture that are seen in the in the night it serves as a bed. Thus it will village are possessed by households which very be an all time companion of an agriculturist. frequently come under urban influences. Food and Drinks 91. Now turning to the possession of consumer goods in the village, it is seen from 93. Table XVII and XVIII present Table XIIA that in this too the village has details about dietary habits of the villagers. nothing much to boast of. Bicycles and torch It is seen from Table XVIII that in the lights are the most commonly seen items of village 130 households comprise of vegetarians consumer goods. There are in all 24 torch and 88 comprise of non-vegetarians. In other lights and an equal number of bicycles in the words about 40% of the households are of village. And 22 of each of them are possessed vegetarians and the remaining 60% are of by Lingayats. Of the 20 wrist watches found non-vegetarians. The Lingayats, Vishwakarmas, in the village, 18 are owned by Lingayats. Brahmins, and Vaisyas constitute the vegeta The only Radio Receiver Set and the only rians. But the non-vegetarian households petromax light in the village also belong to consume non-vegetarian food only occasionally. Lingayats. Thus it is seen that even in the On certain festivals, they slaughter goats or possession of consumer goods, it is the fowl and it is only then that they have such Lingayats who predominate over all other food. Even if they would like to take non castes. There are several castes· like Adi vegetarian food more frequently, their economic karnatakas, H a I u mat h s , Vishwakarmas, conditions prevent them from doing so. Marathas, Muslims etc., which do not possess any items of consumer goods. The fact that 94. With the introduction of irrigation and they do not possess even a torch light, which increase in the area under paddy in the village, has almost become a . necessity for every house the rice taking habit has considerably increased. hold, only indicates their extreme poverty. Now it has become a staple diet with the majority of the people in the village. Prior to 92. The household equipments of a 1957-58, the chief staple diet consisted of ragi household in the village generally consist of and jowar as they formed the chief products of 20 GOVINAKOVI the village. Change in the dietary pattern is usually taken round about 8 P.M. when has been one of the chief impacts of the the workers return home. The menu for introduction of irrigation, on the village. dinner is more or less similar to that of Rice and jowar form the staple diet of 55% lunch. Among the poorer sections, Ambli of the households; rice, ragi and jowar form is more commonly consumed than bread. the staple diet of 28% of the households; jowar and ragi form the staple diet of 14% 96. Wheat preparations are consumed of the households and the remaining 3% of only on festive occasions or when they enter the households have rice or rice and ragi or tain guests. The special sweet preparations rice and wheat as their staple diet. Thus made on festive occasions are commonlv excepting for 14% of the households, rice Halige, Kadubu, Angu etc. Haliges are baked forms one of the chief items of diet for all pancakes of sweetened wheat and gram. in the village. And it needs to be stressed Kadubus are sweetened and fried balls of rice that this change has taken place only in the or wheat and jaggery. Angu or Avugu is a course of the last 4-5 years after the intro special preparation which is very common in duction of irrigation in the village. the village and so it is worth considering its preparation in certain details. It is prepared 95. It is evident from Table XVII that out of rice and jaggery. Rice is first ground in 150 households or about 69% of the total to thin flour and then sweetened with jaggery. number of households take two meals a day The mixture is well ground to form a paste and the remaining 31 % tak~ three meals a and then enough water is added to turn it day. There is not a single household in the into a syrup. This syrup is kept as such village taking either only one meal or more for about twelve hours. Then an earthen pot, than three meals a day. The day starts for with a few holes in it is obtained. This them with a cup of coffee or tea and jowar pot is known as Angu Bhanda. This is kept or ragi bread. This bread is locally known inverted over hot fire. .Then a rod with a as Ratti. For preparing jowar or ragi Ratti, piece of loose cloth tied to one end is taken. the grains are ground into fine flour and a Ghee or some oily substance is smeared on dough is prepared by mixing flour with \vater. the hot pot. The piece of doth on the stick Salt is added to taste. This is thoroughly is dipped into the syrup and this is smeared kneaded before beating it into thin round on the pot in thin layers. After a minute, pancakes. This flat bread is first heated in the flakes baked on the pot are r~moved, an iron pan on both the sides and then folded into suitable sizes and then consumed placed on direct embers when it becomes hot with milk. This delicacy is very popular ready for consumption. This is consumed in the. village as it is tasty though not very with some hot vegetable chutney or pickles. expenSIve. The poorer sections consume ragi A11lbli. This Ambli is prepared by boiling some ragi flour 97. In Table XIA, the habit of taking tea with a lot of water. The middav meals as correlated to income has been tabu] ated consist of rice, vegetables and ragi ~r jowar according to caste. It is seen from this table Mudde. Muddes consist of balls of fagi or that tea drinking is a habit which is very jowar flour which are boiled after seasoning common in the village. Out of the 218 house them with condiments, chillies etc. It is holds 109 or exactly 50% are taking tea only during the rainy seasons that vegetables regularly. This does not mean, however, that are available in plenty. In summer the the rest do not drink tea at all. They do vegetables are frequently substituted by pulses. consume tea occasionally but not at home. . The common vege~ables used are brinjals, They visit the hotels whenever they get a radish, carrots, lady's fingers, leafy vegetables craving or when they have no work to do as etc. During working seasons, when the the hotels serve as gossiping centres also. it husbandmen are busy in the fields, their is also noticed from this table that to a certain midday meal is generally carried to the fields, extent the habit of drinking tea is correlated to by their womenfolk or children. The dinner the income of a household. Only 15 households THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MARITAL EQUIPMENTS 21 out of the 76 households earning more then the prOVISIOns, the carpenters prepare and Rs. 101 per month are not taking tea. In the decorate the pandals, the barber shaves the Rs. 51-100 income group 21 households out of groom and in this manner people of the 55 do not drink tea. As against this, 48 out' various castes and occupations co-operate with of the 53 households earning less than Rs. 25 the family celebrating the wedding in ITlaking per month do not drink tea. This clearly the function a grand success. No doubt these shows that households which are economically persons are suitably rewarded for their services poor do not drink tea regularly. Before but in the village such services lose their concluding this discussion on the habit of mercenary aspect as the service offered is drinking tea, it has to be clarified that in generally instinctive. A carpenter makes the Table XIA both tea drinking and coffee drinking peasant's plough, and keeps his other agricul habits have been combined, though the title tural implements in good order without any mentions only of tea. consideration to the caste to which the peasant belongs. Each family he serves pays him 98. Consumption of intoxicating drinks annually a fixed amount of the produce soon is no doubt prohibited by law. But it is after harvest. difficult to assert that it has put a complete stop to the drinking habit. Many people admit 100. This is not however said in support that drinking is attendant with several evils, of the retention of caste distinctions. Such that it does more harm than good. But that caste distinctions have to disappear and when does not mean that all in the village have lost they do, the unity and the bonds of co-opera their craving for such drinks. Though they tion will get further strengthened. A welcome may not admit it, some people do occasionally feature that is noticed these days and which consume drinks prepared illicitly. This will go a long way is the mobility of castes. appears to be more common among Adi The status and functions of each caste were karnatakas. The habit of smoking bidis and no doubt divided in the past into several cigarettes appears to be very much on the watertight compartments. Their relationship increase. In the course of the visit to the in relation to other castes were also clearly village, two teenagers tending cattle were seen distinguished. But nowadays the economic smoking bidis, though they may not do so circumstances of every caste have become such, openly in the presence of their elders. that no longer does a caste restrict to its own sphere of activities. Thus a Banajiga Inter and Intra Caste Relationships who is only a trader traditionally, wields the plough. The Adikarnatakas who \vere tradi 99. A few facts about the caste composi tionally only menial \vorkers have started tion of the village have already been discussed cultivating lands. Most of the Kurubas of in the foregoing paragraphs. It has been the village are agriculturist though their noticed that either inter-marriage or interdining traditional occupation is keeping sheep and among several of them is prohibited by custom making woollen blankets. Similar occupa or religion. But inspite of some such distinc tional changes have been noticed among all tions, it has to be said that the general the castes in the village and this has further atmosphere in the village is cordial. One strengthened the good intercaste relationship aspect of the caste system has to receive some in the village. emphasis and that is that the various castes in the village are interdependent. This aspect 101. However, when on this point, it no doubt is visible in day-to-day matters but has to be admitted that the caste barrier becomes prominent on ritual and other impor continues to provide an unsurmountable tant occasions. In every individual or village obstacle for the Adikarnatakas to raise their affair, all the castes co-operate. Take for status in the villag.: caste structure. The instance a wedding in the village. This is at the caste barrier, inspite of all the legislative most a family affair. The Vishwakarmas pre measures, continues to affect the economic pare the ornaments, the Banajiga traders supply as well as social sphere of the Adikarnatakas. 22 GOVINAKOVI No important ritual in the village can take system. But even then, as in other villages, place without their co-operation and thus they continue to occupy the lowest status they play an important role in the social in the ritual hierarchy. C HAP T E R III ECONOMY OF THE VILLAGE ECONOMIC RESOURCES that under ragi was 102 acres and 20 gunthas and that under paddy has increased to 371 (A) Land acres and 10 gunthas. In 1964-65, the area 102. Govinakovi is predominantly an under jowar is 313 acres and 10 gunthas, that agricultural village and as such land is the under ragi is 98 acres and 31 gunthas and most important and practically the only that under paddy is 347 acres and 10 gunthas. economic resource in the village. The village This clearly shows that paddy which was only covers an area of 1,915 acres and 34 gunthas a subsidiary crop raised in some scattered of which about 1,420 acres are put under the low lying patches previously has now assumed plough. The general pattern of distribution the role of a principal crop. Similarly the of the land has already been discussed in para acreage under dry crops like Savi, tur, etc., 12 of Chapter 1. It is seen from these figures has considerably decreased in these days. that about 74%- of the aggregate area of the village is under cultivation. In addition about 105. Now it has to be seen how far the 74 acres from the Gomal land has also been Irngation projects have brought benefit to the dis-assigned and given for cultivation. village and how the villagers have accepted and adapted to the change in the agricultural 103. Upto 1957-58, all the lands in the practices. Govinakovi farmers are generally village were cultivated dry. In 1957-58, irri small landholders, whose first interest lies in gation under the left bank canal of the Tunga their land, provided it can yield a 'reasonable' Anicut was introduced in the village. Now living to their family. They welcomed the about 370 acres of land is under irrigation. introduction of irrigation with high hopes of Irrigation of Govinakovi lands has brought improving their economic condition. But as about only unilinear changes in the sense that years rolled by, they had their own doubt and the new opportunities have become responsible now many of them doubt if irrigation has onty in the change of the cropping pattern of been a boon to them. the village, without affecting other economic activities in the village. Govinakovi's popula 106. About 370 acres of land have now, tion was interested only in agriculture in the no doubt, been brought under wet cultivation, past, and continues to be so even after the but they say that about 140 acres of pre introduction of irrigation. There have been viously fertile land has now become uncultivable no changes in the other economic pursuits in due to excess of alkalinity in the soil. The the village and thus in no way their interests village lands as already stated, are partly red have got diversified. loamy and partly black clayey. The black clayey soil, according to them, is very well 104. The direct impact of irrigation on suited for dry crops and not much for irrigated agriculture can be better understood if the crops. They say that the effect of alkalinity cropping pattern of the village as it existed has been much on these lands. These lands prior to the introduction of irrigation is previously used to prod~ce 5 to 6 pallas of compared with that found at present. It is jowar or other dry crops- and at times this seen that in 1953-54 the area under jowar was used to go upto about 10 pallas. But they 444 acres and 4 gunthas, that under ragi was produce nothing now. S~ also they opine 280 acres and 17 gunthas and that uIlder paddy that the change in cropping pattern needed ~as only 14 acres and 16 gunthas. In 1960-61 much initial expenses and enterprise. Only z.e. when ~arts of the lands were irrigated the those few farmers who could raise some ready area under Jowar was 362 acres and 10 gunthas, cash and possessed the necessary enterprise 24 GOVINAKOVI could venture into paddy or sugarcane culti Govinakovi ventured to raise this crop in the vation. But the general economic condition initial years of irrigation. But the factory in the village being poor, few could meet c# Was flooded with sugarcane, which was beyond the demands of the higher investment and its capacity to crush and so the cane crop working capital and this in a large measure from this village could find a market with has deterred many from sugarcane cultivation. difficulty. The factory was also not ready Again the staple dry crops of ragi and jowar to give any assurances of purchase or help and even paddy-a wet crop-are all half yearly the farmers to ease their financial burden. crops, whereas sugarcane takes 10 to 12 months The processing of cane in crushers and making to mature and thus there is considerable diffe into jaggery was also out of question as these rence in the cropping period. Further, wet operations not only needed some more invest crop cultivation, particularly sugarcane, ment, labour and time but also the demand necessitates considerably more capital assets; for jaggery was declining from 1954. No the ,vet soil needs more of deep ploughings doubt jaggery has ahvays some demand in before the planting of seedlings; considerable the rural areas and to some extent in the investment in manuring and the use of urban areas as well. But it always faces the fertilizers, already in short supply, is also risk of being driven away from the markets much needed. Again, apart from the question as the supply of sugar becomes more plentiful. of greater investment, it also involves far And with the increase in sugar producing reaching adjustments in the organisation and factories in other areas, it is too much for practice of agriculture. All through, the a cultivator with modest means to take any farmers had developed a rhythm of dry crop such risk, especially when the price of jaggery cultivation. Each operation had its proper always shows large fluctuating trcnd~. Another time and date. Each participant had a reason for not raising sugarcane is that the particular task to do. The techniques of system of irrigation under Tunga Anicut is production of sugarcane, which takes 10 to also not considered quite suitable for raising 12 months to mature needing careful attention sugarcane in tail end lands. There is no throughout this period differ much from those summer supply and no storage. Sugarcane needed by the customary dry crops. After cannot be grown unless water is supplied at the harvest of the dry crops in January or least once a month in summer. February, until the commencement of ploughing operations in April and May, the farmers are 108. For all these varied reasons, the more or less free from their hard duties in villagers are reluctant to grow sugarcane inspite t he field. This is the time when the farmers of the irrigational facilities newly provided to have a little recreation, attend fairs, settle and them. So paddy has been practically the only celebrate marriages etc. Sugarcane cultivation wet crop that they have been able to raise. completely upsets this customary rhythm and And about this crop too, the experiences of demands a radical re-adjustment in his way several persons have not been very encouraging. of life. With a view to find out their real reactions two farmers from the village \verc interviewed 107. Again, sugarcane is a risky crop in detail. to grow. It has to find a ready market and is not a commodity which can either be 109. Mr. 'A' a good farmer from. the consumed at home or stored over long periods. village, when questioned about his experience It needs processing immediately after harvest. said "Formerly (Prior to 1955-56) the village Otherwise its sugar contents get quickly was producing jowar enough and to spare. deteriorated. So sugarcane crop can flourish A few progressive cultivators used to raise only if it can find a ready market. No doubt as much as 10 pallas of jowar per acre by hardly 20 miles away in Shimoga there is a intensive methods of cultivation. During the big sugar factory and it was with the lope harvest periods, labourers from Kuruva, a of selling the sugarcane produce to that neighbouring village just about 2 miles off, market that a few progressive farmers of used to come here in search of labour and ECONOMY OF THE VILLAGE 25 used to collect wages in the form of grains. understand the problem in greater detail, en Then the crop yields in Kuruva used to be quiries were· made with the Agricultural very poor and the farmers there, often used Extension Officer about his experience. He to take grain loans from Govinakovi. But said "It is true that certain lands have been now that irrigation has been introduced in damaged by excess of alkalinity. With a view that village too, the tables have completely to find out remedial measures, a plot of about changed. It is now our turn to go to Kuruva half an acre of land affected by excess of and work as labourers and also obtain grain alkalinity has been selected. Trenches are loans. The soil in Kuruva village being more dug in it, about 10 yards apart and gypsum suited to wet crops, the lands there produce salt costing about Rs. 175 supplied under the more, whereas in our village, the productivity National Extension Scheme, is applied to this has considerably decreased. So what was land. This farmer has also been advised to their condition prior to 1955-56, has been use a lot of green manure like leaves of ours now". Honge etc. Now this is the first year of the application of gypsum salt and if similar 1l0. Another farmer Mr. 'S' whose lands treatment is extended to another three seasons, have been very much effected by alkalinity the soil will become very productive and stated "I own 13 acres of land. Before then irrigation will be a real boon. In the irrigation was introduced, I used to grow first year, the yield will be very poor and jowar, groundnut and ragi in this land. this plot will yield about half or one palla Annually, I used to get about 40 pallas of of paddy but subse'quently the produce will jowar and about 40 to 50 pallas of groundnut increase by leaps and bounds." and my annual income was about Rs. 2,500 . . When irrigation was introduced in our village II L These facts clearly show that the all these 13 acres came under the command villagers have to put in a large quantity of of irrigation. But unfortunately the soil in labour and working capital to make the lands about 10 acres from it became very alkaline really productive and to make irrigation a and is now unproductive and in the remaining real boon to the villagers. The difficulties 3 acres I am now producing paddy, the yield put forth at the two interviews may be a of which is about 15 pallas in all. With a bit exaggerated but it cannot be denied that little more effort this year, I may get about special efforts are needed to help the villagers 20 pallas which in terms of cash will be about in adapting themselves to the new technique Rs. 600. When I approached the Agricultural and productive rhythm and also in scaling Extension Officer, he took some samples of down their initial difficulties. the soil and advised me to dig trenches in the field with 10 yards spacings and to fill these 112. At this stage, one more point needs trenches with gypsum and some other salts. consideration. It is about one of the state The expenses for these operations came to ments made at the interview of 'A' that about Rs. 300 per acre. I have already spent Kuruva village has become more prosperous about Rs. 1,000 on this land for levelling, now than it was in the past. To understand application of fertilizers ~tc. My. financial this problem dearly, the cropping patterns circumstances do not permIt me to mvest any of the two villages before and after introduction more amount or to take any further risk by of irrigation will need a little consideration. experimenting and so the introduction of irri In the two statements below, the cropping gation has not at all been a boon". patterns for a year prior to the irrigation and for two years after irrigation for the two With a view to throw more light on the villages are presented. above statements and also with a view to 4 26 GOVINAKOVI Statement Showing the area in acres under different llB. It is seen from the comparative crops 10 Govinakovi Village, Honnali Taluk, figures for the two villages, that the cropped Shimoga District. area in K uruva village has actually increased Name of the Crop 1953-54 1960-61 1964-65 from 1,439 acres in 1951-52 to 1,658 acres in A. G. A. G. A. G. 1961-62 and that the area left fallow has 1. Paddy 14 16 371 10 347 10 2. Ragi 280 17 102 20 98 3l decreased from 434 acres m 1951-52 to 215 :l. Jowar 444: 04 362 10 313 10 acres in 1961-62. In Govinakovi, the cropped 4. Kenjola 7 07 4 25 2 07 area, on the other hand, has decreased from 5. Horsegram 9 25 29 34 31 02 1,392 acres in 1953-54 to 1,305 acres in 1960-61 6. Togari 29 32 3 02 14 13 and 1,255 acres 1964-65. The fallow area in 3 32 10 12 7. Madki o 27 28 8. Groundnut 334 33 371 14 311 22 this village has increased from acres m 9. Avari 5 t5 2 05 4 13 1953-54 to 114 acres m 1960-61 and 164.33 10. Pundi 1 26 1 19 2 18 acres m 1964-65. These figures appear to 11. Chillies 17 37 27 22 18 30 substantiate the statements of Mr. A and 12. Greengram ]7 00 1 30 Mr. S that now considerable area in Govinakovi 13. Garden (Mango) 2 15 2 24 village has become uncultivable due to excess 14. Navani 12 06 1 20 4 10 15. Savi 170 07 II 13 32 32 of alkalinity. Another point that strikes the 16. Cotton 2 00 S 06 28 00 eye on a study of the figures for Kuruva 17. Castor o 10 o 22 village is the considerable increase in the area 18. Vegetables o 23 under paddy crop and the noticeable decrease 19. Sugarcane 32 05 20. Bargu 38 33 in the area under groundnut and other dry 21. Coriander 3 29 crops. The area under paddy in Kuruva has 22. Saflower o 17 increased from just 2 acres in 1951-52 to 23. Wheat 2 00 more than 796 acres in 1961-62 and 728 acres 24. Sajji o 10 m 1964-65. The area under groundnut crop o 24 25. Koppalu (Hittalu) 536 1951-52 26. Fallow 28 38 114 20 164 33 has decreased from acres in to 188 acres in 1961-62 and 191 acres in 1964-65. 1,421 29 1,419 39 1,419 39 In Govinakovi there has been such variations no doubt but the changes are not marked. Statement Showing the area under each crop of Kuruva Village, Honnali Taluk. 114. There can be several reasons for Name of the Crop 1951-52 1961-62 1964-65 A. G. A. G. A. G. the variance in the impact of irrigation on 1. Paddy 2 28 796 37 728 16 the economic structure of the two villages. 2. Jowar 189 05 169 12 149 22 The first and foremost appears to be the 3. Ragi 382 38 171 11 192 15 nature of soil in the two villages. There is 4. Avare 2 32 6 23 9 12 more of red loamy soil in Kuruva village 5. Togari 17 07 9 32 7 26 than in Govinakovi. This type of soil in 6. Kenjola 9 20 12 14 II 15 7. Haralu (Castor) o 05 1 32 3 16 Kuruva IS more suitable for wet crops than 8. Chillies 119 21 35 13 39 18 dry crops and so, on the introduction of 9. Pundi 3 08 2 19 irrigation it has become more productive. 10. Groundnut 536 20 188 28 191 16 The effect of alkalinity of the soil has also 11. Horsegram 60 22 171 24 175 14 been considerably less III Kuruva than III 12. Nigerseed 1 12 2 13 13. Cotton 7 29 4 31 14 19 Govinakovi village and so there has been 14. Navane 7 25 8 12 3 15 more of improvement in both intensive and 15. Greengram 1 12 1 13 extensive cultivation III Kuruva village than 16. Madaki 3 11 1 19 III Govinakovi. 17. Sugarcane o 20 34 16 18. Potato 2 15 19~ Yanegar 25 2 115. There also appears to have been 20. Save 10 25 considerably more enterprise on the part of 21. Kothambri 3 23 1 32 Kuruva peasants than those of Govinakovi. 22. Baragu 1 00 As admitted by the Govinakovi farmers, Total: 1,4-39 01 1,658 01 1,570 19 Kuruva was very much deficit in production Fallow land: 434 29 215 29 303 11 m the past and farmers and labourers from Grand Total: 1,873 30 1,873 30 1,873 30 that village used to move out III search of ECONOMY OF THE VILLAGE 27 labour and grain. On the other hand always works with hope for his betterment Govinakovi was a surplus village even in and a brighter future, unless he has become the past and used to import labour from very pessimistic. It is true Govinakovi peasants other villages. On the introduction of irriga cannot be said to have been under very tion, both the villages had to adopt new affluent circumstances even in the past. Even techniques and productive rhythms different then their standard of living was more or from those required for customary crops. less of a subsistence level. But as compared Govinakovi villagers experienced more diffi to Kuruva peasants, they were better off and culties in adopting new techniques where so the comparatively poorer and more needy these affected hired labour than the villagers farmers of Kuruva could get better adjusted of Kuruva. This is mainly due to two reasons. to the new circumstances than those of In the first place Govinakovi largely depended Govinakovi. on hired labour coming from Kuruva village. With the introduction of irrigation facilities 117. So the difficulties now required in Kuruva itself the flow of labour from that to be faced by Govinakovi villagers are both village, ccmsiderably decreased and naturally due to physical conditions of the land and the agricultural operations in Govinakovi, the general outlook of the people and condi which needed still more labourers to effect tions will improve in course of time· the improvements suffered more. Another reason is because there is always much (B) Livestock difference between hired labour and personal 118. Livestock and agriculture form the labour. Hired labour is frequently paid on twin pillars of an agrarian economy. The the basis of their work on area basis. For motive power for the traditional plough is example their wages for sowing operations provided by bullocks. Cattle are also an are fixed at a particular rate per acre sown. important source of manure. The importance Naturally the hired labourers find it less of cattle wealth is keenly felt and well under re~unerative to adopt techniques which are stood by the villagers. They love their slow moving. What they are anxious about cattle as much as their own family members. is the speed with which they complete their They deify their cattle and on occasions operations in an area and not the ultimate worship them. But they pay very little yield. This is not the case, when a person attention to their scientific breeding. The puts in his personal labour in the field opera cattle of this village are not of any distinct tions. He is interested in the ultimate yield variety, but of the local breed. There are that he obtains. Scientific techniques of sowing, only a few cattle of Hallikar breed. Some of transplanting etc., are operations which move the cattle look rather famished and underfed. at a much slower speed than the traditional ones and naturally hired labourers are less receptive to new techniques. So Govinakovi 119. Generally livestock is not maintained which largely depended on hired labour, has as an independent source of livelihood but expereinced more difficulties in adopting new only as an adjunct to agriculture. Only a techniques than in Kuruva which largely few persons in the village trade in milk and depends on personal labour. milk products. The village no doubt produces considerable quantity of milk. But much of 116. Along with these considerations, it is used for personal consumption only. another factor viz. human nature has also to A few sell milk regularly to the hotel keepers be considered. A person under affluent circum in Honnali. One person earns about Rs. 3 stances, is generally averse to experiment with to 4 per day by way of commission by collec new techniques. By nature he is less adaptable ting milk in the village and selling it at to changes whereas a needy person is always Honnali. more enterprising, and keener to learn. more about new practices, which may help him in 120. Table VII presents information about improving his economic conditions. He the livestock statistics of the village. There 28 GOVINAKOVI are several Kurubas in the vi11age and their rent payable with the result that there used to traditional occupation is rearing of sheep. be rackrenting on a large scale. However, it But they have given up their traditional has to be admitted that even in 1951 i.e. prior occupation and now mainly work as cultivators to the enactment of the Mysore Tenancy Act and labourers. It is for this reason that of 1952, most of the lands were being personally though there are as many as 22 households cultivated by the owners or occupants. Even of Kurubas in the village, there is only one according to the 1951 Census recordings, there household of Kurubas possessing 35 sheep and were only 44 persons depending on the culti 6 households of Kurubas possessing 39 sheep. vation of lands taken on lease for their maintenance as against 669 persons depending 121. Though there are 88 households on owner cultivated lands. So the tenancy which are classed as non-vegetarians, the problem was not so intense as in some other poultry maintained in the village is very limited villages. However even these few tenants had in number. There are, as is evident from no security on the land. So in order to give Table VII, hardly 52 birds in the village. 256 such tenants a small measure of security the working bullocks are possessed by 123 house~ Tenancy Act of 1952 was enacted. holds whereas the households doing cultivation are 125. A few households of cultivators 124. By this Act, the tenants in posses possess only one bullock. Such people usually sion of any land at the commencement of obtain bullocks on hire or loan basis. the Act were given a further base of 5 years, at the end of which period only they could (C) Other Resources be evicted. Tenants who were in continuous possession of any land for a period of at 122. There are practically no other least 12 years prior to 1st April 1951 could not economic resources in the vi11age. About 57 be totally dispossessed of their land. The land households depend principally on agricultural lords, in such cases, could resume only a labour. A few do petty trading in grocery limited portion of their leased lands for personal articles, bidis etc. A few run hotels on a cultivation. However, in order to see that the small scale and so attend to traditional crafts. rights and privileges of tenants were not Recently with the establishment of Irrigation safeguarded to the detriment of good cultiva Offices, Village Panchayt, Co-operative Society tion, sub-dividing or subletting by them was etc., some persons in service have migrated prohibited. A landlord, in such circumstances, here. But most of them are not permanent residents and are only birds of passage. There could eject the tenants. So also he could resume his land if the tenant left it fallow, are not many employment opportunities also used it for purposes other than agriculture, in the village. failed to .pay rent or did any destructive or permanently injurious act to the land. The maximum rent payable was also restricted to FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ECONOMIC LIFE IN not more than half the produce and Government THE VILLAGE reserved the right of determining and fixing rent at any lower rate. In 1955 Government (A) Land Tenures and Land Reforms revised the scale of maximum rent payable 123. Till 1952, the rights of tenants were by fixing it at one-third the produce in Maidan regulated by the l\1ysore Land Revenue Code, area and one-forth in Malnad area. 1888. Then there were two classes of tenants with permanent rights, viz. Kadim tenants in 125. In 1957, this Act was amended by Inam or alienated lands and permanent tenants an Ordinance, dated llth March 1957, continu in both alienated and unalienated lands. But ing all leases where the period of five years . in ,the village under survey, there were had expired and also requiring that all practically no kadim or permanent tenants. surrenders of land should be in writing and Almost all the tenants were tenants-at-will, duly verified and registered in the office of without any security of tenure or limit in the the Tahsildar. If any land was surrendered, ECONOMY OF THE VILLAGE Government could take it over and lease it to State. This Act is expected to introduce some a Co-operative Society, agricultural labourers, far-reaching changes and protect the tillers of landless people or other agriculturists in that the soil from displacement. order. 128. However, as already stated, the 126. However all these measures had not tenancy problem is not so acute in the village bee~ found to be sufficient to safeguard the as in some of the neighbouring areas. There interests of the tillers of the soil. So in are very few lands which have been leased out October 1954, the Government of Mysore had to tenants as most of them are cultivated by introduced a Bill in the Legislature for amend the occupants themeselves. However, it has ing the Act of 1952. According to this Bill, been noticed that there has been a further there could be three categories of tenants viz. decrease in the number of tenant cultivators protected tenants, non-protected tenants and and a consequent increase in the number of ordinary tenants. Further restrictions were to owner cultivators and agricultural labourers. be placed on the ejectment of tenants. Provision At the time of the Census operations in 1951, was also proposed to be made to enable a there were 669 persons (including dependents) protected or non-protected tenant (not an depending on cultivation of own lands, 44 ordinary tenant) to purchase the landlords' persons (including dependents) depending on rights under certain circumstances either by tenant cultivation and 233 persons (including payment of its market price in a lumpsum or dependents) depending on agricultural labour, in easy instalments spread over a period not for their maintenance. In 1961, these numbers exceeding 10 years. I t had also been noticed have changed to 884, 18 and 266 respectively. that the landlords were insisting on payment At the same time persons who were non of share not only in the principal produce cultivators but depending on rent for their but also in the subsidiary produce with the maintenance has shown a marked decrease result that many a time the incentive in the from 145 in 1951 to 16 in 1961. This is tenants to produce more got killeu. Several because several persons have, in anticipation times the landlords also were not acknowledg of the land reform measures being undertaken, ing the' payment of rent by proper receipts either disposed of the land or taken to and the illiterate tenants used to fall a prey personal cultivation. The general tenant land into their hands. In order to put an end to lord relations in the village are quite cordial. all these evil practices, it was proposed to There have been no instances of any big introduce suitable provisions in the new Act. disputes between them. Enquiries in the But before the Bill could pass through necessary Taluka office reveal that there is not a single stages and become a law, the States Reorganisa tenancy dispute from the village which has tion took place and the State Government been referred to the Tahsildar for disposal. could not go further with this amendment. There is only one tenancy case which has_ been filed by a resident of Govinakovi but 127. As a result of the States Reorga that relates to the land in Kuruva village. nisation the Government had to think of introducing a uniform tenancy law in all the 129. The other reform measures under integrated areas. So in 1957, they set up a taken by the State Government relate to the Committee called the Mysore Tenancy Agri abolition of certain Inams. The Government cultural Land Laws Committee, to study this has passed the Mysore (Personal and Miscel problem in all the parts of the State and to laneous) Inams Abolition Act, 1954; and the make suitable recommendations for compre Mysore (Religious and Charitable) Inams hensive legislation in the matter. On the Abolition Act, 1955. By these Acts, the land recommendation of this committee a uniform is proposed to be transferred to the tillers law has been drafted and the Act has already of the soil by payment of suitable compensation received the President's assent. And the stage to the Inam title holders or institutions. is set now for the Government to notify the As far as the village is concerned, these Acts application of the new law throughout the have very little effect as the area under such GOVINAKOVI tenures is verv limited. In the village the thoRe required for the dry crops, they are not total Inam lailCl extends to only about 154 in any way hetter off. Before the benefits acres out of which 4 acres and 38 gunthas from irrigation could be fully enjoyed, there are 'Devadaya': 1 acre and 23 gunthas are is need for larger investment in the agricultural Personal Inarn and 147 acres and 17 gunthas capital. And that is the real bane of the are Service Inams. The Sevrice Inam is agricultural conditions in the village. further classified as follow: A. G. 132. There have not heeu any other land improvement schemes in the village and Patel /Umbli 133 25 so, sofar, there has heen no concrete r.chieve Pattar Umbli 2 16 Badigi Umbli ment in production as a result of any private 7 28 or public efforts. l\T aclig Umbli 3 28 _'--- (C) Industrialisation Total ~ .. 147 17 133. There are practically no industries There are a180 no JlImrai Institutions in the village, besides some of the traditional III the village. crafts like tailoring, blacksmithy, carpentry etc. Most of these are run only as adjuncts (B) Land Improvement to agriculture and to some farming is the major occuption and the chief source of income. 130. Improvement in agriculture can he The only new craft that is recently introduced considered 'under two broad heads viz., in the village, is the manufacture of flaked extensive cultivation and int~nsive cultivation. rice. There is one household of flaked rice If the sphere of cultivation is extended by manufacturers, which conclucts the work not reclaiming cultivable waste lands it ,vill mean on a big scale. However it hopes' to expand extensive cultivation. In this clirection the its activities as the village produces more yillage has done nothing. On the other hand and more of paddy. the area under .cultivation has actually dropped down. As agamst only :28 acres and ~8 gunthas (D) Expansion of Sources of Finance of fallnw land in 1951-52, in 1960-61 t,he fallow area was 114 a0res and 20 gunthas and in 134. The im_IJortance of availability of 1964-65 it has further increased to about prompt credit facilities for agricultural opera 164 acres. This is attributed to the fact that tions can never be underestimated. Parti the alkalinity in the soil of some lands has cularly it is so, with a village like Govinakovi, increased so much. that perforce they are where the villagers are required to adopt new left fallow as they have become unproductive. agricultural practices, with the introduction of irrigation. The soil which so far produced 131. In 19;'57-58 irrigation was introduced only dry crops, has to be made fit to produce in the village to increase the production of wet crops. They have to invest on purchasing the lands and also to help the agriculturists gypsum salt to treat alkaline soil, fertilizers in taking more than one crop. Prior to etc., and also have to hire more local labour. 1957-58, there was hardly any wet crop raised So irrigation facilities have created the need in the village. Now about 370 acres are under for larger investment in agricultural capital the command of the irrigation canal. But before the full benefits from irrigation could the villagers arc not yet happy with the be enjoyed. The Co-operative Credit Society changed conditions. 1'hey say that their is now recognised as the bulwark of agriculture. efforts at raifling wet crops like paddy are The other sources of credit are loans advanced not commensurate with the produce they gpt. by Government. Ko doubt b0th these Besides the fact that some of the lands have agencies charge interest at a much lower become fallow. they also say that considering rate than other private agencies. But these the amount of labour and capital tbey have sources do not appear to have been so very to put in raising the new crop as compared to helpful to the villagers so far. The villagers ECONOMY OF THE VILLAGE at say that they do not get adequate help from ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AND NATURE OF CHANGES these sources and even if they are lucky to get some help, it is not obtained at the right (A) Livelihood Classes time. This banE' of an ineffective and inade 137. At the time of the 1961 Census quate co-operative and Government agency the village had a population of 1,418 of whom naturally places the villagers at the mercy of 474 were workers and 944 were non-workers. the private moneylenders. Actually one or The workers included only persons who were two persons complained that the need of actively and gainfully employed and were larger in vestment has resulted only in increas again divided into the following nine cate ing the economic predominance of a few gories, depending 011 the nature of their private individuals. So in order to see that principal activity; the agriculturists enjoy the benefits of irri gation fully, some suitahle measures have to Nature of Principal work 4VO. of tcorkers be taken to see that they get sufficient finances and also to ensure that the finances provided 1. Cultivation 313 are not diverted for other non-productive 2. Agricultural Labour 66 purposes, as is usually being done. 3. :LUining, Livestock, rearing, forestry, etc. 4. Household Industrv (E) Expansion of Marketing Facilities 5. Manufacture other· than 135. The village lies on an important Household Industry 14 State highway and is connected by a good 6. Construction 19 road with Shimoga, the District Headquarters 7. Trade and Commerce 14 and Honnali, the Taluk Headquarters. Both 8. TTallSport, Storage etc. .•• 1 these places are also within short distances, 9. Other Services 47 the former being about 19 miles away and the .latter about 4! miles away. With the 474 increase in the number of service buses and goods trucks plying on this road, the marketing facilities for the village have been considerably 138. At the time of the 1951 Census, expanded. the concepts adopted for determining economic activities were quite different from those adopted for the 1961 Census enumeration. (F) Infiltration of Urban Influences In 1951, the entire population was divided 136. There has been practically no urban into two classes viz., the agricultural class influence in the village excepting in dress and the non-agricultural class and the whole and food habits to a certain extent. The population consisting both of active workers villagers have now taken more to tea and and non-working dependents were enumerated coffee drinking. The habit of smoking bidis in one of these two categories. In other and cigarettes is also on an increase. Now words, there was no separation of non-workers the people have taken to eating rice in place from the ,vorkers. If the principal source of ragi and jowar. But this cannot be consi of income of a household was an agricultural dered as an urban influence. The change in one, all the members of the household were the food habit is due to change in the agri enumerated among the agricultural classes cultural practices. Now the area under ragi and if the prinicpal source of income of a and jowar has decreased and the area under household was a non-agricultural one, again paddy has increased considerably. Naturally all its inmates were classified as coming under there is a change in the food habit also. the non-agricultural category. So it was not In dress, the younger folk are slowly giving necessary for every member of a household up their traditional dress of dhotee and a to be an active worker in coming under one shirt and are taking to trousers and bush of these two categories. There was also shirts. another important difference. It was in the GOVINAKOVI concept adopted to determine the principal 139. Before entering into further discus nature of work. According to the concept sion one point needs elucidation and that is adopted in 1951, any work which yielded about the population figures recorded in In61 the mnjor portion of the annual income was and that recordetl at the present Survey. cOllsidered as the principal work. Thus eyen In 1961, the total population of the village if a person spent most of his time on agri has been recorded as 1,418 and at the time c 11 It urc. if his income from some other source of the Suney it has been found to be 1,3l!l. "'as m~re. thl~ second source of his liyclihood Thus between 196] and the present Stuve), \vas considered as his principal. work. In 1961. in 1962-63 the population has recorded a however. it was not the income factor that decrease by lleal'l:' 100 persons. Thi:,; decrease wai:) considered important to determine the is not real hut only virtual. The U)61 Census principal work. hut the time factor. Thus in enumeration had taken plact' ill February I n61. that work over which he normally fipent when a number of labourers were camping more time was determined as his principal ill the village to attellfl to the harvesting ,york. For the purposes of the present Survey work and also the canal works. 11here were the concC'pts used in 1961 were adopted and also some staff members of the P. \\T.D. who so if at a.ll. the statistics collected for the 1951 were stationed in the village \vhen these works Census are to be made eomparahlc with the were in progress. At the time of the Survey, statistics collected at the time of this Survey. these temporary and seasonal migrants had some comm01l units have to he adopted: left the village. These arc tIlP reasons for With this end in view, the information collected the decrease in the population figures at the nt the present Survey hayc been compiled time of the Survey. according to the concepts adopted for the HJ51 Census and the results are as follows: 140. Now comparing the occupa.tional ------. ------=1:-:::9-=571-:C;::"e-n-su-s-- ---:-19;::'C6::-::2:---=673-;S""'"u-r-ve-y classes of 1951 with those found at the time Livelihood Classes population population of the Survey, it is seen that there is a slight r---..A..--__ ,...----..A..--_ -., decrease in the percentage of the populatioll No. Percentage ~o. Percentage coming under the agricultural classes and an I Agricultural classes: illcrease in the population coming undnr nOll 1. Cultivation agricultural classes. The percentage of agri of owned land 669 59.31 884 67.02 cultural classes has decreased from 96'72 in ') Cultivation 1951 to 89·76 in 1962-63 and the percentage of land taken of non-agricultural classes has increa,'>ed from on lease 44 3.90 18 1.36 3. Agricultural 3·28 in 1951 to 10'24 in 1962-63. This change labour 233 20.66 266 20.17 in the pattern is mainly due to the increased 4. Non-cultivating employment opportunities in the village. In land owners }45 12.85 16 1.21 1951, there was practically no staff of the P. W.D. stationed in the village. But at the Total: ] ,091 96.72 1,184 89.76 time of the Survey, there is some permanent staff stationed here. With the st:u·ting of II ~on-agrkultural Classes: the school, expansion of some activities ill 1. Production other fields like co-operation, village panchayat other than etc., also a number of persons in sel'yice are cultintion 15 1.33 -t5 3.41 now stationed. And with the establishment 2. Trade and Commerce 10 0.89 3:l 2.43 of these offices, the number of persons doing J. Transport 6 0.63 7 0.53 trade etc., has also increased, though their 4. Miscellaneous trading activities are all carried out on a sources and small scale. Thus as against onlT 6 persons other services 6 O.U3 51 3.87 depending on service etc., in 1951 there were 51 Total: 37 3.28 135 10.24 persons depending on these sources fOT livelihood in 1962. It does not, however, mean that several persons doing agriculture \I') a. ::> 0 o a: U"I l!) N lLJ <.!) 4( 0 ..... 4: u 0 IX ex: III t- I.Il en 0 a:: w 0- Z :,.; ex:: < 0 ;t:: >< )( r W Z 08 0 ~~ V1 z <{ J: )- z \I').. co 0 - ~ \I') III ::> a: IX: _J w > ltJ :x::- 0 4: ~ 0::. .... 0 C) a: 3: _J 0 4( ~ ~ Z 1 Z Z 0 0 :r: z o z o < o \I) ex: IJJ 'U'I ~: ~ a:: co o N ~ ECONOMY OF THE VILLAGE 33 formerly have totally given up that occupation. Age-group Jlales Females l\Iany of the traders, craftsmen etc., do agri 0-14 7.39 24.45 culture also but there is some increase in 15-34 48.81 33.33 their income from non-agricultural activities 35-59 40.11 47.11 and so they have moved from Class I to Class 60 3.69 1.11 II. One noticeable feature is the large scale decrease in the llon-culti vating land owners. 144. A detailed classification of workers As against 145 persons depending on rent in the different age-groups by sex and occupa in 1951, there are onl V 16 in 1962-63. This tion is presented in Table IX. This Table is due to the land refo~'m measures. Some of considers both the principal and subsidiary the rent receivers have taken to cultivation occupations. It is seen from it that culti and some have disposed of their lands. vation is the principal occupation of 231 workers among whom one is a female. In other words the principal occupation of 49'25% (B) Workers of the workers is cultivation. Agricultural 141. As stated above, when discussing labour is the principal occupation of 164 or livelihood classes for the Census of 1961 and 34'97% of the workers. This will clearly this Survey, the population of the village has show that agriculture is the principal occupa been divided into two broad classes according tion of nearly 84 % of the workers. Another t,o their economic activity. These two classes interesting point worth noting is that among arf~ workers and non-workers. A person who agricultural labourers, the females exceed the it; gainfully employed in any economic or males in number. As against 79 male agri social activity is taken as a worker, provided cultural labourers, there are 85 female agri he or she satisfies all the criteria laid down cultural labourers. It may also be noted for workers for the 1961 Census pm'poses. that out of the 90 female· workers, 85 work All ot.herf' are grouped as ]lon-workers. principally as agricultural labourers i.e., more than 93% of the female workers are agricultural labourers. Cattle grazing is the principal 142. Tables VIII, IX and X present occupation of 9 persons. This is almost a some statistics about workers. Table VIII monopoly of young children aged below 14 classifies workers and non-workers bv sex and years. Out of the 9 workers engaged in broad age-groups. It is seen from "this Table cattle grazing 8 are aged below 14 years and that out of the total population of 1,319, the the remaining one is in the 35-59 age-group. \vorkers number 469 and the remaining 850 Household Industry forms the principal occupa are non-workers. Thus workers form only tion of 2'77% of the workers. The very fact a5'56% of the total population of the village that there are no female workers at household and the remaining 64· 44°/.) consists of non industry and that the percentage of workers workers. Sex-wise the population of the village among females is as low as only about 14% consists of 679 males and 640 females and shows that there is some good scope to among them 379 males and 90 females are introduce some crafts and cottage industries workers. In other words 55'82% of the male in the village, so that they can usefully and population and 14'06% of the female popula gainfully utilise their spare time, which at tion arc workers. present they spend in gossip. 'Vith the introduction of paddy crop in the village, 143. Considering the position of workers their food habits are also changing. Formerly in the different age-groups, it is seen that the housewives-who are all classed among about 89% of the male workers and 75% of non-workers-were required to spend much the female workers fall ill the 15-59 age group of their time in beating and baking jowar and thus this age-group constitutes the or ragi bread. This item of menu consumed majority of \vorkers. Sex-wise the percentages much more of their time and labour than of the workers in the different age-groups preparation of rice and so the time now saved are as follows : can very well be utilised in supplementing 5 34 GoVrSAKOVI the family income. Trade and commerce is 147 .. C.onsidering the activity of the non the principal occupation of 2'99% of the workers It IS seen that 22.82% of them are workers. Another important source of liveli students, 40. 24% ar~ dependents; 34. iOo/;) hood is service. About 7'25% of the workers are household workers, 2% are rent re\'f~iv(:'rs are now engaged in service. But most of and 0.24% are seeking employment.. Of the them are migrants and not permanent residents 28 male non-workers in the 15-59 age-group, of the village. :Majority of them are employed as many as 22 are students. Opening a new on irrigation works and a few are in the employ High School in the village by the Taluk of quasi Government institutions. Development Board has been a fresh incentive for the boys to study further and most of these boys aged above 15 years are attendillO" 145. Table X presents information about the persons principally engaged in household that school. One male in this age-group industry, household business and household is incapacitated by illness and so is classed cultivation. The information is furnished both as dependent. Three are only rent receivers and sex-wise and by broad age-groups. The total two are seeking employment. In fact at the time of this Survey, these were the only 2 number of workers in these three occupations persons in search of employment, though is 266 and among them only 3 are females. there are seyeral others who are under I t is worth noting that there are 2 boys employed. aged below 14 years engaged in household industry and 8 boys from the same age-group engaged in household cultivation. There are (D) Ownership of Economic Resources 12 persons aged above 60 years engaged in 148. Tables XXV, XXV-A, XXV-B and one of these three occupations. All the rest XXV -C deal with ownership or possession of land are in the 15-59 age-group. by the residents of Govinakovi. Table XXV presents details of cultivation of owned land, land leased out to others for cultivation and (C) Non-workers land taken on lease from others for cultivation. 146. Table XI present8 information These three categories are shown by symbols regarding non-workers by broad age-groups A, Band C respectively. This Table provides and nature of activity. There are in all 850 some interesting information. If the infor non-workers in the village, forming 64.44 % mation contained in this Table is analysed, of the total population. Among them 300 it will be seen that the caste-wise position are males and 550 are females. Sex-wise regarding ownership or possession of land 44. 18 % of the male population and 85. 84 % is as follows : of the female population are classed as non workers. Considering the broad age-groups, Percentage of it is seen that nearly 63% of the non-workers pOjiulat'l:on 8.No. Caste are aged below 14 years; 18.9% are in the either owning 01" possessing 15-34 age-group; about 13% are in the land 35-59 age-group; and the remaining 5.9% are aged above 60 years. Now house work 1. Lillgayat 91.11 is not considered as a gainful employment 2. Brahmins 33.33 3. Halumata 81.81 for Census purposes. So a house worker is ,1. Gangamata 66.66 not classed as a worker. It will be seen that 5. Vishwakarma 73.33 in the village as many as 232 females from G. }Iaratha .. 50.00 the 15-59 age-groups are engaged only' in 7. Bhausar Kshatriya 100.00 household duties.' Though they cannot be 8. Chippiger .. 33.33 9. Adi-karnataka 70.27 said to idle away all their time, they are 10. Muslims 86.66 classed as non-workers and this fact contri butes largely to the inflation of the figure The other cast!'s do not own or possess any lancl. of non-workers in the 15-59 age-group. ECONOMY OF THE VILLAGE 35 149. This Table also supplies information IS necessary at this stage. Some of the lands as to what type of interest each of these house shown by symbol B will be repeated under holds possessing or owning land have in them symbol C as one shows the lands leased out and to what extent. The extent of area is and the other land taken on lease. So it shown clearly in the Table. The following would not be correct to arrive at the total statement gives a summary of the information acreage nnder cultivation by totalling these contained in that Table. A note of caution areas. No. of Households and aature of interest on land. Name of Village: Govinakovi Xature of Lingayat Brahmin Halu- Ganga- Viswa- }Iaratha Bhausar Chippi- Adi-kar- 3Iuslim Reddy Vishya Bovis Land matha mata karma garu nataka ------~ -- No Land 10 2 4 2 2 1 2 11 2 1 1 1 A land 65 10 2 5 1 20 7 Bland 20 1 5 1 1 1 1 4 4 C land 1 A B 1 A C 20 2 1 1 2 2 B 0 1 Total: 117 3 22 6 9 2 1 3 37 15 1 1 1 150. Table XXV' A' presents information half of the land is owned by only 35 house a bout the total land owned by residents of holds. Actually 946.72 acres of land is owned Ciovinkovi and Table XXV'B' presents infor by only 52 households, each of which owns mation about the total land owned by residents more than 10 acres and the remaining 507.33 of Govinakovi in the village itself. I t is acres is distributed among 126 household8. seen from Table XXV'A' that out of the 218 In fact 82 households or about 46% of land households in the village 178 or about 81.6% owning households own less than 5 acres each. own land. However the distribution of land among these 178 households does not appear 151. If the caste-wise ownership of land to be equitable, as can be seen from the IS considered, it is apparent that Lingayats follmving figures : are the biggest land-holding class in the villa ge. They own 1180.34 acres of land in 8.Xo. Mize group of Xo. of house Total extent all. Thus nearly 81 % of the total land holding holds owned owned by the residents of Govinakovi belong _._------._---- to Lingayats. Again all the 35 households 1. Xu land 40 ~. Below 1 arre 9 8.31 owning more than 15 acres each belong to 3. Iktwepn 1 acre and 2·49 to Lingayats. Halumatas form the next acres 34 48.57 big land owning caste in the village. They 4. Bet\ycen 2·5 and 4·9 acres 39 138.57 own in all 95.37 acres but as this land is '). Between 5 anrl 7·49 acres 24 138.92 distributed among 18 households, their hold Ii. Between 7·5 and g.g acres 20 171.94 7. Between 10 and 15 acres . . 17 197.50 ings are generally small. The Adi-karnatakas 8. Fl acre~ a nn above 35 749.22 own in all 51.71 acres of land distributed among 26 households. Of late some of them have Total 218 1,454.03 been given some areas from Gomal land for cultivation. 100% land ownership among It will be seen from the above figures Bhausar Kshatriyas is likely to mislead a that 178 households own in all about 1,454 casual reader to think that they are a big acres of land. So the average holding of land owning class in the village. There is every land owning household comes to about only one house hold of this caste in the yillage 8 acres. However, a little more than one and it owns 1.15 acres of land. 36 GOVINAKOVI 152. Table XXV 'B' presents information H55. It will be seen from Table XIII about the land owned by Govinakovi residents that only 31 households are not engaged in in the village itself. It is seen from this Table agriculture either as a primary or a subsidiary that they own about 1,297 acres in the village occupation. But then, the workers at industry itself. The total arable land in the village are mainly engaged in preparing and repairing is about 1,873.30 acres. So it is evident agricultural implements and so their. occupa from these facts that about 576 acres of arable tion is much connected with agriculture. land in the village are owned by persons residing in other places. I t also becomes (F) Changes from Traditional Occupation evident from the fact that Govinakovi residents I ;'56. There have been no changes in own about 1,454 acres of which 1,297 acres the traditional occupation of late. However are owned within the village that the remaining during the past fe,,, decades, a few changes about 156 acres of land owned by them are have been noticed. The Kurubas or Halu situated in other villages. Table XXV 'e' mathas are traditionally sheeprearers. There clearly shows that Govinakovi residents own are 22 households of Kurubas in the village; about 121 acres of land in Kuruva village; but excepting for one household none of them about 15 acres in Arehalli, about 15 acres in rears sheep as a gainful economic adivity Ujjanipura and about 5 acres in Honnali. to-day. A few old persons from the village rlisclosed that till about 10-12 years back, 153. There are no other important re some four or five households use(l to rear sources in the village and their activities will sheep and also mannfaeture coarse woollen be discussed in some details at a later stage. blankets. But thi:;; industry has now com pletely disappeared from the village. It is (E) Primary and Secondary Occupation also said that some old women used to spin cotton on chal'khas in the village. This craft 154. Table XIII presents information too has totally disappeared. The old theory regarding the primary and secondary occupa of occupations having heen prescribed either tions of the different households in the village. Varna wise or Jat£ (caste) wise is fast dis It is seen from this Table that out of the 218 appearing in the village. Formerly there households in the village, 214 are economically used to be a staunch bplief among most of active and 4 maintain themselves OIl rent the large number of castes that a particular collected and income from non-gainful sources. occupation was its own, its traditional and It is seen that 125 households are principally that it was not proppr, if not sinful to abandon engaged in cultivation and that 79 of them it. There also llsed to be a type of differential If have no other secondary occupation. only valuation of occupations current in a society. the primary occupation is considered the There was always a tendency to consider position revealed in the village is as follows : non-manual work as superior to manual work. But now all such old ideas are being forgotton Household and caste no more determines the oGcupation S.No. Primary occupation No. Percentage that a particular household or family has to follow. Thus even persons who used to 1. Cultivation 125 57.34 engage themselves only in non-manual work 2. Agricultural Labour .. 57 26.15 are to-day seen participating in manual work 3. Household Industry .. 8 3.67 as well. Of course there are a few occupations 4. Trade 11 .').05 which are attended to only by persons who 5. Transport 1 0.46 6. Service 8 3.67 are engaged in them hereditarily like barbers, 7. Hotel keeping 3 1.37 scavengers. leather workers etc. Jn the 8. Cattle gra~ing 1 0.46 village, persons from almost all the castes 9 .. Rent receIvers and other are engaged in manual work in the fields. activities 4 1.83 So also persons in t.rade come from several Total 218 100.00 castes and this activity is no more limited to only the Banajigas. e ECONOMY OF THE VILLAGE 37 DESCRIPTION OF DIFFERENT OCCUPATIONS regular rows in the field and then manures and fertilizers are also applied liberally to (A) Practices Connected with Agriculture every acre. But the local farmers have not adopted this system for several reasons, though 157. Agriculture forms the most it is claimed that by the Japanese method important economic activity in the village. the yield can increase as much as four fold. The cropping pattern in the village has been In the first place for Japanese method of discussed. In some detail in para III above. cultivation an assured supply of water in It is seen from that discussion that paddy, ample quantities is required. Even if this ragi, groundnut and jowar are the important condition is satisfied by irrigational facilities, crops grown in the village. Prior to irrigation not all soils favourably rcspond to it. The from 1957-58, most of the crops were rainfed local farmers say that the soil is not suited but now .about 370 acres are irrigated by the for this method" of paddy cultivation. Under Tunga Left Bank Canal. Paddy is the only the Japanese method fewer seedlings are irrigated crop they raise. Sugarcane is grown transplanted. Though it is true that equally in a very small area. A large area that is spaced fewer seedlings encourage luxuriant now under the command of the canal still growth of the crops, a few farmers do not remains to be levelled and bunded. The believe that fewer plants can give greater farmers also so far have not gained complete yield. It will take some time to remove knowledge and experience in paddy culti these doubts from their mind by convincing vation, with the result that they are yet to them that by planting fewer seedlings, each reap the full benefits of irrigation. Another seedling will have more room to grow and reason is that soil in some of the lands has also a better chance to derive the full benefits become alkaline and it will take some time from the application of fertilizers. Another for them to gain their normal fertility. difficulty in their adopting this method of cultivation is the lack of sufficient credit facilities. Now the position is that ollly a 158. Even before irrigation some farmers few can avail of the credit facilities provideu did appreciate the importance of good seeds, by eo-operative institutions and Government manures and fertilizers. but they could hardly agencies. And these few are not as l1pedy afford to buy them .. Now inlproved seed~, as many others. So crf~dit is provided where fertilizers etc., are w'led only for raising paddy it is not so much required. and in respect of the other crops, the age old methods continue to be practised. . 160. A number of farmers have learnt to select good paddy seeds. but yery few 159. Paddy is being raised by both have tried to space the plants. The trans drilling and transplantation methods. The planting techniques of the local labour force National Extension Service has been advoca is also not such as would be suitable for the ting the Japanese method of paddy cultivation .J apanese method. It is generally the women to increase the yield of paddy. The Japanese labourers who work at transplanting paddy. method differs from the indigenous methods They are accustomed to only the traditional of paddy cultivation in several aspects. The methods of transplanting and consider it first step under the Japanese method is to tedious to change the methods. The .Ta>panese use good seed and raise a nursery. Then method of transplantation is a slower process seeds to be planted in the nursery are care also. The labour is usually paid a rate per fully selected and sown in rows instead of acre and not a dailv rate and so they are in a haphazard manner. The seed require reluctant to experirri~nt with this technique. ment under this· system is about a quarter For all these reasons the villagers have 1l0t of the seeds used in the indigenous method. adopted the Japanese method of cultivation A lot of manures and fertilizers are· also and their circumstances arc also such that applied to the nursery. The seedlings are they arc not likely to adopt it at any time then transplanted with equal spacings III in the near future. 38 GOVINAKOVI l(~n. The improved paddy seed that has (i) Paddy.' been mtroduced in the village is SR-26 B. In 1959, when _it was introduced in the village 164. Paddy is raised both bv the drill for the first tIme. about Hi (:/;) of the paddy and the transplanting method. . The drill growers accepted it. Now about, 55°1r) of the :o:ethod is kno':ll as Bt'ttane and the tran;,;plan area under paddy is covered by this seed. tmg method IS known as nett1·. The drill The o.ther improved variety of paddy seed method is more popular in the village. Soon that IS used in the village is known as after the previous crop i;,; harvested, the paddy Y-4. In 1957 improved varieties of ragi field is first ploughed lengthwise in December seeds known as K-l and R-0870 were or January. This operation is kno\vn as introduced in the village. This variety is Magi HodeyuV1fdu. By this operation the !ocally known as Sarkari Ragi but its use lower layers of the soil are exposed to the IS not so very common. The commonlv sun and the land is left in this condition till used ragi seed" is known as Dodda Ragi. a bout April when after the first showers the J owar that is commonly grown here is known field is ploughed again. If there be any big as K enjola or red jowar. It iR a kharif crop. dods of earth, they are broken by drawing Horsegram is generally raised as a mixed a heavy wooden log called Koradu over them. crop with groundnut in red soil. If O'roundllut Then farmyard manure is spread in the field is grown in black soil. the mixed" crop is and the land is ploughed again with a K unte. usually cotton. The villagers do not usually These ploughing operations are repeated three adopt any plant protection measures. Th'e or four times, both length and breadthwise National Extension Service no doubt, has alternately each ploughing operation is followed been trying to propagate the utility of such by drawing a Koradu to break the clods. measures but so far the response from the Ploughing with a K unte or harrow is necessary farmers is poor. The National Extension as then the harrow, unlike thB ordinary Service. has also tried to introduce a village plough, rUllS deep into the soil. At the same productIOn plan in the village but this too time the bunds are also properly repaired has not been successful so far. In 1963-64, so that the water which is collected in the the Co-operative Society which was expected field does not run waste. to sunnIy the requirements of fertilizers etc., to make this plan a success, could not obtain 165. 'Vith the onset of the Rohini rains their supplies when they were most needed. in June, the sowing operations start. In The use of fertilizers like ammonium sulphate addition to the improved strains known as and super phosphate are restricted to only SR-26 Band Y -4, the other varieties of seed paddy and groundnut crops. th~t are common in the village are Ratnaclwocli, 162. By and large, the farmers reckon Banga~sam:a,. and. Dabbansale. The sowing operatIOn IS ImmedIately followed by dragging the seasons from the position of the sun and a J{oradu across the field, so that the seeds carry out all their agricultural operations lie properly covered. two weeks later according to them. The solar year is divided Ab~ut the intercultural operations start. A hoe into 27 parts according to the relative position called Harathe K~tnte is operated in the field. of the snn among the 27 stars (Nakshatras) This operation is repeated frequently as it into which the eeliptic is divided and each not only removes the weeds but also stimu par~ is further sub-divided into 4 padas and lates the young plant to grow. When the It IS the common practice to mention the mins gain in strength, the weeding operations sub-division in which the sun is present when start. During this period it is quite necessary each agricultural operation is carried out. for the young plants to be under water and 163. Having considered some general so the deficit in rainfall is made good by aspects about agriculture in the village it is now letting in water from the irrigation channels. proposed to discuss the agricultural practices At this stage the weeding operations are ~n raising. some important crops m·z., paddy. repeated. at frequent intervals and a log of Jowar, ragI and gronndnut, in some details. \'tood IS drawn across the field. This ECONOMY OF THE VILLAGE 39 operation is known as JJlelkoradu. During this 168. Before discussing about the cost period the farmer has to take particular care. of cultivation, one point needs to be considered. to see that there are no breaches in the There are certain items of expenditure for bund, as otherwise the water from the field which a cultivator does not pay in cash. will escape leaving the field dry and the plant A farmer generally possess a pair of bullocks, in a drooping condition. A particular type which he uses for raising all crops and at of weed called ..Yya re requires some skill to times for other purposes also. So it is very remove. This ,,,ccd very much resembles difficult to evaluate the work done by these paddy grass and so it is only with experience bullocks, in raising a particular corp in terms that a farmer can distinguish it from paddy. of money. So also it is difficult to allocate Then the paddy crop gets ripe in November a particular share in the cost of their mainten or so. ance to any particular crop. Similarly a number of farmers put in active work in the field and engage hired labour only when 166. For ral:'nng paddy by transplanting necessary. The personal la.bour which he method, the first ploughing of the field is carried out in December or January. In April, and other members in his family put in which when the Bharani raills set in SaJlabu (a type may be termed subsistence labour is difficult of green manure) is sown in the paddy field to devaluate and allocate for any particular and after about two months the land is crop. Though there is on such difficulty ploughed. This ploughing generally takes in respect of hired labour, there is another place in June or July. A week later. a harrow type of difficulty in respect of them. The called Kunte is drawn in the field. In the labour requirements are highly concentrated meantime paddy seed is sown in a nursery into a few days like ploughing, sowing, and young seedlings are kept ready in the weeding and harvesting times. It is during nursery beds for being transplanted. The these periods that the farmers generally seed rate varies from 40 seers under the have to enroll outside labour. During such traditional system to about 14 seers under periods the wages always show an upward the improved system. When the ploughing trend and so even in respect of hired labour, and harrowing operations are completed, the the expenditure cannot be correctly evaluated. seedlings are carefully transplanted taking There is another point. According to the care not to inj ure the roots. The spacing conditions prevailing in the village and the between two rows varies from 6 to 9 inches. country, a farmer is not considered as fully About 10 to 12 days there after, when the established unless he has a pair of bullocks. seedlings gain some foothold, water is let in. If his holdings are smalL the burden of The weeding and intercultural operations overhead cost per acre will naturally be follow about a month later. heavier. On and above all these consider ations, a farmer has to face the vagaries of the seasons. And this problem is too well 167. The crop is harvested in about known to need any further discussion. For November or early in December and threshed an these reasons, costs and profits of a month later. The common pests are the cultivation vary from household to house Stem-borer, the GallRy, rice Rispa etc; They hold, field to' field and season to season are treated by spraying 0'2% BRC or DDT., and so it is very difficult to estimate dusting of 5 BRC or spraying follidol. % the costs of and profits of agriculture. 'Yithin Paddy blast is also a common disease. It these limitations however an attempt has has to be observed that plant protection been made to arrive at these figures after measures undertaken in the village are not making enquiries with several farmers in the sufficient. Only a few households in . the village. village take any remedial measures. Most of the villagers use the traditional types of tools consisting of the wooden plough, 'harrow, 169. The cost of cultivation of paddy hoel, koradu etc. Very few possess iron ploughs. 1Il an acre of land is approximately as follows 40 GOVINAKOVI if all the operations are done by engagmg rollers. The intercrops are harvested about only hired labour : a month later. Us. P. 172. The cost of cultivation of jowar l. Ploughing operations 3G uo III about an acre of land is as follows: :2. }la 11 uring operations including t:o~t of ahout S eartloads of manure 40 00 Rs. P. ') J. Rowing operations illdlH]ing (,ost of 1. Preparation of land by plough about ;)0 -,"refS of seed 27 00 ing and harrowing .. 22 00 4. I lltercultural ana weeding operations 50 Oll ~. ~lanuring operation~ (average OJ. Harvesting and thl"eshing operations 30 00 per annum) 15 00 li. :'IIisecll a nco ll~ charges 17 ()O 3. Sowing operations indllding cost of seed 5 00 Total 2()U Of) 4. Interculturing an(l ,,-ee(lillg ----.---~- operations 20 00 5. Harvesting and threshing If the pa pdy is raised by transplanting method the cost~ operations 18 00 will increase by about Rs. 50 per acre. ----- Total 80 00 170. The normal yield of paddy raised ----- hy drill method is about 8 pallas valued at about Rs. 240 plus straw worth about Rs. 50. 173. The average yield is about 5 pallas If it is raised by transplanting method the of jowar per acre in black soil, and about produce will be about lO pallas of paddy 3 to 4 pallas pel' acre in red soil. In terms worth about Rs. 300 plus straw worth about of money, according to the marketing condi Rs. 40. tions at the time of Survey, one palla of jowar was equivalent to about Rs. 40. In addition (ii) Jmcal' : each acre produced about Rs. 20 worth of jowar fodder. 171. J owar is a dry crop, which is raised ill some of the high level lands. The pre (ii~') Ragi : paration of the land for sowing jowar starts \vith the ploughing operations in April, whell 174. Hagi is an early crop which is the Bharani Tains set in. The ploughing harvested in October or thereabouts. The operations are repeated three or four times. preparation of the land is more 01' less similar to that for jowar. After the initial ploughings, Farmyard manure is used once in 3 01' 4 years at the rate of about ;) to 6 cartloads. each the sowing operations start in June or July and are completed at any time between the cartload costing about Us. 8. Then the land is again ploughed. A pail' of bullocks plough Mrigasira and Pushya rains. After about about 2 acres of land a day. The sowing 2 weeks, the intercultural operations start operations start with the Punarvasu rains followed by the weeding operations. These in the rst or 2nd \veek of July. The sowing operations are repeated two or three times is generally done with the help of a seed depending on the weeds. In October the drill with three bills. .As an intel'crop some crop is harvested and soon threshed. The cost of cultivation and the quantum of yield pulses like tur, gT'(~ellgram. etc.. are also sown. The seed rate of jowar is about q is more 01' less the same as for jowar. seers per acre, that of tur is about 2 seers per acre and greengram is about 1 seer per (iv) Gro'undmtt : acre. Intercultural operations with Edekunte 175. The land is prepared for sowing start about a month later and is closely groundnut in a similar manner as is done followed by weeding operations. In December, for jowar and ragi. The seed is sown in June the harvesting of the crop is started. The with the onset of lVIrigasira rains. Jn red crop is cut close to the ground and collected soil areas, horsegram is grown as a mixed in bundles. The ears are then cut and harvest crop and in black soil cotton is so grown. ed by treading under cattle feet 01' by stone These mixed crops are sown and harvested ECONOMY OF THE VTLLAG}I; 41 later. The cotton that is grown is known and jovmr used to be stored in underground as ' Laxmi 'variety. When sowing groundnut pits. But after the introduction of canal some persons use fertilizers like ammonium irrigation in the village, many of these under sulphate and super phosphate in 2: I propor ground pits have hecome unserviceable. The tion and plant it in the field by the seed drill. canal runs at a higher level than the Goathana The seed drill in use has three bills. The and the pits are damaged due to seepage of spreading variety also known as the Pondi water. Some well-to-do cultivators have now cherry variety is commonly raised here. The prepared fresh pits at higher levels vvithin seed rate is about 36 seers per acre and with their residential houses and store grain there. a pair of bullocks about 4 acres of land can But majority of the farmers store grains in be sown in a day. Intercultural operations bamboos baskets smeared with cow-dung. start about a fortnight later. The implement used for this operation is known as Edektlnti. 179. For the disposal of the produce, These operations are repeated two or three there are no wholesale dealers in the village. times at intervals of about 8 days. Simul During harvesting times, some wholesale taneously weeding operations are also under dealers from Honnali visit the village and taken. In October the harvesting work purchase the produce. starts. 176. The approximate cost of culti (B) Practices Connected with Animal Husbandry vation of groundnut crop in an acre of land 180. The details of the livestock found IS : in the village are presented in Table VII. It is Rs. P. seen from this Table that there are in all 258 1. Preparation of land by plough- ing, harrowing, etc. 22 on cows of which 128 are dry and 49 are young; 2. Manuring and use of fertilizers 15 no 365 bullocks of vyhom 42 are bulls, 256 are 3. Sowing operations including cost working bullocks, and 65 young male calves; of seed 25" no and 249 buffaloes of whom 76 are adult he 4. Interculturing and weeding buffaloes, 104 are she-buffaloes in milk, and operations 20 no 5. Harvesting and threshing 10 00 105 dry she-buffaloes. The other livestock consists of sheep, goats and poultry. If the caste-wise possession of livestock is considered Total " . 92 00 it will be seen the majority of the animals and birds are owned by Lignayats. If their 177. The average yield is about 10 to 12 livestock alone is considered and compared pallas in black soil and 6 to 8 pallas in red with all other castes put together, it will be soil and in terms of money at the market seen that the Lingayats alone own 71·60% rates prevailing at the time of the Survey of the cOvvs in milk; 83·59 % of the dry cows; the value of the produce is about Rs. 240 81·63% of the cows yet to calve; 85'71% per acre in black soil and Rs. 180 per acre of the bulls; 67·58% of the working bullocks; in red soil. 78·46 % of the male calves; 85·71 % of the he-buffaloes; 81·73% of the she-buffaloes in Utilisation of Produce milk; and 80 % of the dry she-buffaloes. This will clear}v show that the cattle wealth 178. Table XXIV presents information of the village is practically owned by Lingayats. about the utilisation of the produce in the village. It is seen from this Table that both in 1960-61 and· 1961-62 a bout 33 % of the 181. The sheep, goats and poultry found produce of paddy has been used for domestic in the village are limited in number. There purposes; about 66% of jowar, and also are 36 sheep and 43 goats in the village of ragi, is domestically consumed; and practi which 35 sheep and 39 goats are owned by cally the whole produce of groundnut has one Kuruba family. Though there are as been disposed of by sale. Formerly ragl many as 22 Kuruba households in the village 6 42 GOVINAKOVI and sheep rearing is their traditional occupa they scrupulously avoid purchasing eattle tion, only one household among them has with these marks. Certain marks are con stuck on to the traditional occupation. The sidered auspicious and cattle with these marks total poultry of the village consists of only fetch a better price. about 42 birds. There are no other domesti cated animals or birds in the village. 184. Cattle are maintained primarily for agricultural purposes viz., for wOTking in the 182. Most of the livestock consists of fields and for manure. The farmyard manure local breed. Though many in the village is generally dumped in the backyards. A pit know the value of scientific breeding of the is dug and in it is thrown all the waste from animals, nobody pays any attention to good cattleshed and other rubbish. In 1957, compost breeding of animals. There are only a few making was first introduced in the village. bullocks of Hallikar breed. Hallikar is a But there are practically no families in the good general utility breed and is known to village who prepare compost manure on be hardy and enduring. Thus it is considered sci en tific lines. suitable both for the field and on the road. The local breed is also quite strong and useful. 185. It is generally dry cattle, which The villagers do not use any power excepting are taken to the grazing fields. Working bullocks in the fields. Cows' and buffaloes • bullocks and buffaloes in milk are generally are not yoked to the plough. The residents not taken. The farmers pay more attention of Govinakovi cultivate about 1,500 acres to the feeds of working bullocks and buffaloes of land and the total number of working than other cattle. Working bullocks and bullocks is 256, which works out to about buffaloes are given a feed of broken horsegram, 6 acres per bullock or 3 acres per pair. However, cotton seeds, bran and groundnut oilcakes the work load of each pair of bullocks is not which the other animals do not even taste. uniformly distributed. About 370 acres of Buffaloes in milk are fed with horsegram the cultivated land is wet and the rest is dry. and cotton seed, as these feeds are considered The workload of bullocks in ,vet lands is to be helpful in lactation. heavier. 186. There a,re no breeding bulls in 183. There were formerly about 240 the village. The cattle are allowed to mix acres of land assigned for grazing. Out of with all others of the species and thus there it about 70 acres have now been given to is no improvement in the breed. Harlahally, the landless labourers for wet cultivation. a village hardly two miles off is a Key Village Thus the area left over for grazing is about Centre. The animals of the village are taken 170 acres. But most of the animals are stall here for castration and treatment. The common fed. It is generally young children who take cattle diseases are anthrax, foot and mouth the animals for grazing and exercise. There disease etc. Some of the diseases are locally are about 10 persons who work as cowherds. treated with indigenous medicines. The nearest All of them excepting one are young children Veterinary Dispensary is at II onnali, four aged below 14 years. Trading in cattle miles away. generally takes place at the annual fair held in every February at Hampur, a village hardly a mile away. The fair lasts for about a week (C) Practices Connected with Other or more. There is also a trader in cattle in Occupations the village itself. At times traders in cattle 187. Other occupations pursued in the from other villages visit the village and cattle village hardly need any comment. There are . are. exchanged during their visits. 'rhe practically no household industries, excepting villagers are very' particular about certain a few traditional crafts. The recent introduc signs or marks called Su,li when trading in tion is only a small mill manufacturing puffed cattle. They believe that cattle with Kagisuli rice. But it is yet in its infancy. There bring misfortune to the purchaser and so are no wholesale traders in the village. There ECONOMY OF THE VILLAGE 43 are about 5 small shops of ,,;hich one deals taxation, should they reveal the correct in grocery articles. All these do business in position. On the other many think that retail only. They obtain their requirements some Government aid by way of loans, from Honnali and sell them in the village subsidy etc., is in the offing, should they after retaining a small margin of profit. exaggerate their expenditure. None in the Thev nllow credit to some known customers village is also in the habit of maintaining and' collect the dues once in two or three any accounts or keeping any notes. Being months. The dues are fully paid up only illiterate, they are also unable to give out when the principnl crops are harvested. correct estimates and figures, even if they During the harvest periods a few wholesalers are really keen to do so. These are some from H onnali, visit the village and purchase of the manv obstacles that hinder such the produce. There is one tea shop here. enqUll'les. So in order to get a rough idea On every Raturday. a small shandy is held about these three items information was here, when a few shopkeepers from Honnali collected not only by house to house visits and other places come here for selling their but also by personal observation of their wares. But Honnali being closely, the villagers practices and customs. Enquiries were also obtain most of their requirements from that made by indirect methods by questioning place. relatives, friends, neighboars etc. The scope and purpose of the investigations were also ISS. A few people of Gangamata caste clearly explained to them so that whatever do fishing in the Tungabhadra river during doubts, fears or hopes lurking in their minds the rainy season. In summer the river dries were removed. up considerably and fishing is not possible . .Most of the catch is for personal consumption 190. The information collected in respect and so fishing is not carried out as a gainful of each of these households has been used occupation. in preparing the Tables dealing with these three items viz. Income, Expenditure and Indebtedness Indebtedness. Tables XXIII, XXIII' A' and lS9. Collection and compilation of in XXIII'B' deal with indebtedness. Table XXIII formation regarding income, expenditure and presents general information about the indeb indebtedness is an extremeh' difficult task. tedness of households in the different income The villagers have generally no household groups. It is seen from this Table that the budgets and so their compilation is much percentage of indebted honseholds in the more difficlllt than collection of details regard different income groups IS as follows: ing property. The villagers are also torn betW!~el1 two conflicting interests. Generally Income group Percentage of the~' want to impress the investigator with (monthly income) households in debt. their bigh expenditure and at the same time 1. RII. 25 ana below 4 they want to show their extreme poverty 2. Rs. 26 to :"iCJ 19.35 by underestima tillg their income. If this is 3. Rs. 51 to 75 50.00 (he general tendency noticed in all enquiries 4. Rs. 76 to 100 47.06 of this nature, there will also be a few-and ;_). Rs. 100 and s.bove 60.53 the:: are really few in number these days whu would like to create an impression of 191. These figures clearly reveal that affluentT atl these items are considered to the percentage of indebted households increases unhold "their family honour and prestige. with the range in income. If it is only 4 % Indebtedness is also considered as a stigma among households earning less than Rs. 25 per to the family honour and so there are many month, it is as high as 60 % among households who will be hesitating to give a correct, account earning more than Rs. 100 per month. So uf it. Again enquiries into such matters are also the amount in debt is very much more generally viewed with suspicion. Some fear among house holds earning more' than Rs 100 that they.' wonld become lin ble to fresh per month than households in any other 44 GOVINAKOVI group. If the total amount in debt among 193. Table XXIII 'B' presents informa all the households earning less than Rs. 100 tion regarding sources of credit. The middle per month is Rs. 32,2Of5, the amount in debt term, short term and long term are all among households earning more than Rs. 100 advanced by co-operative agencies. It is alone is Rs. 71,670. So also if the seen that excepting for one solitary case, number of households in deht is 40 among these loans have all been advanced to persons all households earning less than Rs. 100 per owning more than 3 acres. It is seen that month it is 46 among households with an the Co-operative Society and the Land average income exceeding Rs. ] 00 per month. :i)lortgage Bank together have advanced Rs. Excepting for a solitary household there are no 12,300 to persons owning between 3 acres households in debt in the income range of Rs. and 10 acres of land and Rs. 25,300 to persons 25 and below. And this solitary house is in owning more than 10 acres. Thus the amount heavy debts~probab]y too heavy to be in a advanced to households with more than 10 position to clear it off in the near future. It acres is almost double that advanced to all will be noticed from this Table that except for other households together. This only shows this household, the avprage indebtedness shows that the credit facilities from the Co-operative an increase along with the income range. All Institutions are availed of more by the richer these considerations clearly point out that the classes than the poorer ones. I t is also seen incidence of debt is more in the larger income that the present amount of debt of cultivators groups. There are severa 1 reasons for this state is aR much as Rs. 95,;')75 as against only of affairs. In the first place households in the Rs. 8,300 held in debt by non-cultivators. bigger income groups generally form the influen tial sections in the village. They can offer 194. It is also seen that the chief sources security and so, money-lenders also feel their of credit in the village are the private money money secure in the hands of these households. lenders, friends and relatives and among them So these sections find it easier to raise loans. private money-lenders have advanced the Naturally their craving for going in for such largest amount. A private money-lender is loans also increases and the cumulative effect is practically the only source of credit for that they get indebted, though at times beyond poorer sections. Once they get into their their capacit,y. clutches, they very rarely escape from them. They are charged a heavy rate of interest, 192. Table XXIII' A' presents information many a time exceeding 25 %. But being regarding indebtedness by causes. It is very comparatively an easy source to raise credit, difficult to say how exactly the money the poorer sections fall a ready prey. borrowed is utilised. The general tendency is to misapply farm loans. The Co-operative Co-operative Society Societies and Governmental agencies advance 195. The Co-operative Society of Govina farm loans at some reasonable rates of interest. kovi is an old institution started as long back So many farmers obtain such 1011ns on the as in 1914. In its initial years it worked execuse of improving their lands, and actually as a Service Co-operative Society and after utilise the money borrowed for purposes which showing some activities, it became almost are in no way connected with agriculture. defunct till 1955 when it was rejuvenated with Many times such loans are utilised for domestic a membership of 22 and a share capital of purposes, marriages, etc. According to the Rs. 610. Now it has been converted into information supplied by the villagers, '17'70~;) Large Sized Co-operative Rociety and covers of the loans are for purchase and improvement the following 9 villages: of land. Recently many of them had to invest some amount in converting dry land 1. Govinakovi . to . wet land. Th~ other major causes are 2. Basavanahalli marriages (12'61 %), ordinary wants (12·46%), 3. Bisayatti to clear off old debts (0'66 %), house repairs 4. Arbagavi (9'96%) etc. 5. Arahalli ECONOMY OF THE VILLAGE 45 6. Ganganakote class in 1959-60 and 60-61 to C class in 1961-62. 7. Kantanahally This is due to its poor recovery of the loans 8. Haralahal1v advanced. The management consists of a 9. Marigondanhally Board of Directors consisting of 1 f) members (including Government nominees) of whom At the time of this Survey, its member 8 are from Govinakovi village. ship stood at 169 of whom 109 belonged to Govinakovi proper. In 1963, the member 196. An idea about its working can be ship had increased to 179 of whom 120 are had by studying the following statistics for from Govinakovi. However in the audit 1959-60, 1960-61 and 1961-62. classification it has been relegated from B 1960-61 1961-62 1962-63 1. Memberllhip 160 162 172 2. Paid up ihare capital Rs. 22,117 00 Rs. 12,137 10 Rs. 11,947 00 (including Rs. 10,000 from Government). 3. Rel!>erve "und Rs. 101 86 Rs. 101 86 RI!. 3,788 72 4. Loans advaneed Rs. 800 00 Rs. 13,015 00 Rs. 14,815 00 5. Loans recovered Rs. 22,803 93 Rs. 17,123 70 Rs. 17,335 63 6. Loans outstanding Rs. 64,786 15 Rs. 60,687 45 Rs. 58,166 82 7. Loans overdue Rs. 6,979 00 Rs. 18,000 00 Rs. 48,166 82 8. Net profit or 1088 Ra. 171 66 Rs. 1,223 62 Rs. 1,235 86 (Profit) (Profit) (Loss) 9. Details of income (a) Interest Rs. 40,400 70 Rs. 4,928 33 Rs. 3,930 48 (b) Dividend R~. 42 80 Rs. 517 75 Rs. 525 00 (0) Others Rs. 484 83 Rs. 1,110 26 Rs. 3,164 22 (d) Total Rs. 4,928 33 Rs. 6,556 34 Rs. 7,094 70 10. Details of expenditure (a) Interest Rs. 2,445 25 Rs. 3,502 42 Rfl. 5,629 44 (b) Fees Ra. 84 00 Rs. 206 96 Rs. 146 7G (0) Pay Rfl. 920 00 Rs. 883 42 RIl. 1,514 88 (d) Others Rs. 1,243 18 Rs. 1,963 54 Rs. 1,039 48 (e) Total Rs. 4-,692 43 Rs. 6,556 34 Rs. 8,330 56 11. Value of Fertilizers (a) Purchased Rs. RII. 17,682 33 Rs. 14,593 68 (b) Sold Rs. Rs. 17,384 11 Rs. 14,743 14 197. From 1959 the Society has a full-time deputation for training. The crops III 1961 Secretary. The society owns a godown and 1962 were quite normal and there IS constructed at a cost of about Rs. 12,000. practically no reason for allowing such large The society distributes fertilizers like arrears unrecovered. For all this poor work, ammonium sulphate, urea, super-phosphate, the socjety has been relegated to 'class C'. paddy mixture, etc. On enquiries it was But with greater efforts, conditions should learnt that there was practically no· demand Improve. The need for such a society IS from the farmers for pesticides. The work there. There IS also much scope fOf larger of the society requires to be geared up. The coverage of the population. What is needed outstandings are large and the recovery work to improve its working is a drive III the has been very poor during the last few years. management and co-operation from the public. The poor recovery in 1959-60 is attributed to partial failure of crops. In 1960-61, it is said the royats were indifferent towards Income the repayment and in 1961-62, the poor 198. For a studv of the income and recovery is attributed to the Secretary's expenditure factofR, ~ll the households in 46 GOVINAKOVI the village have been classified into the follow to meet production CORts like payments for ing five groups according to the principal seed, manure, fertilizers, labour etc. Tenant MOurce of their income: cultivators have in addition to pay rent also to their superior title holders. These items 1. Cultivation of owned land. of expenditure have not been excluded from 2. Cultivation of lands taken on lease. the income. On the other hand agricultural 3. Agricultural Labour. labourers, persons in service etc., are not 4. Household Industry. reguired to invest on any item to earn their 5. Others. income. They have only to put in their After classifying the households in the personal labour. So if the initial investment abon~ five groups. the information regarding that is necessary to earn all income is also income has been presented in Tables XIX considered, the big gap between the average and XX. income of owner and tenant cultivators on one side and the agricultural labourers will 199. It is seen from Table XIX that get much reduced. Even then it cannot be nearly 56°~ of the 218 households have denied that the agricultural labourers form cultivation of owned land as their princi}Jal the poorest lot in the village. They earn source of income; about }'3 % have culti less and their means of livelihood is also not vation of land taken on lease as the principal secure. In the case of cultivators their income source: about 215% have agricultural labour depends on the vagaries of seasons and the as their principal source of income; about marketing conditions. But they are assured 3'6% cal'll chiefly by working at household of some income in normal years. In the industry; and the remaining 13'1 % have a case of agricultural labourers, if they fail source other than the above four for earning to put in labour on any day, they have no their principal income. Considering the in income for the day. They are also not come ranges it is seen that 11·4 % earn below assured of an income all through. Their Rs. 20 per month; about 28'4% ear:{l between rate of earning being low, all the able bodied Rs. 26 and Rs. 50 per month; about 17'4% including children go for work and it is only are in the Rs. 51-75 income range; about the cumulative effort of all the members of 7· 6% "arn between Rs. 76 and Rs. 100 per the family which helps them to pull through. month: and the remaining 35·2 % earn above Among owner cultivators, all the able bodied Rs. 101 per month. do not go for field work. It is for this reason that the gap gets much reduced when con 200. If the average annual income of sidering the average income per adult each of these five groups is considered, it is equivalent male. If it is Rs. 278 in the case seen that it is highest among cultivators of of owner cultivators, it is Hs. 114 in the case owned land with Rs. 1,615 and lowest amongst of agricultural labourers. agricultural labourers with Rs. 426. Regard ing the other three groups it is Rs. 1,100 201. The earlier statements that house among tenant cultivators, Rs. 501 among hold industries are not prospering in the workers at Househlod Industry, and Rs. 947 village are substantiated from the information among others. Thus the highest average contained in Tables XIX and XX. There income is that of a household of owner -is no household of workers at household cultivators and the lowest is that of a house industry earning more than Rs. 76 per month. hold of agricultural labourer. The average Theil' lot is only next to that of agricultural income of tenant cultivators is also pretty la bourers, in poverty. high. But when considering these aspects, one thing has to be remembered. ~What is taken into consideration for a discussion on 202. The average annual income of all income is not the net income but the gross the households considered together comes to income. O\yne1' and tenant cultivators have Rs. 917. If the occupation-wise income in to keep aside a big portion of their income the different income groupR is considered, ECONOMY OF THE VILLAGE 47 the percentages of households III the different alone. This meallS nearly 80% of its total categories are as follows expenditure is on food and drinks alone. On drinks its average expenditure is a bare Percentage of hou5cholds earning 56 Paise. Similarly in the case of it household of workers at household industry also about 0 80 ;) of its average expenditure is on food. ci Z Occupation This clearly shows that theirs is a subsistence W. living. 204. ~ ow expenditure of two different 1. Cultivation of 1. 64 };"5. 57 18.85 8. 2U 5:}. 74 households callnot be compared unless the owned land members in each is the same. A household 2. Cultivation of 6(Lli7 33.33 may consist of 10 members and another may land taken on consist of only 2 members. In such a case lease. 3. Agricultural 33.33 ;:'~.64 12.28 1.75 their respective expenditures cannot be com labour. pared if only a household is taken as a unit. 4. Household 25.00 G2 . 50 12.50 In order to avoid such obvious inconsistencies, Industry. the average expenditure per equivalent adult 5. Other~ 7.14 28.57 17.80 25.00 21.43 male has also been calculated. Taking this as a unit, it is seen that the expenditure per Expenditure equivalent adult male in the case of owner cultivators is Us. 19-29; in the case of tenant 203. The details with r~gard to cultivators it is Rs. 17-03: in the case of expenditure of households on varIOUS items agricultural labourers it is H s. 9-59; in the correlated to the primary sources of income case of workers at household industry it is (as classified into the 5 categories whe.n Us. 9-39 and in the case of 'Others' it is discussing the income factors) as also their Us. 20-91. Now one point needs clarification. income range ar.e presented in Table XXI. It has been seen so far that both the average If a household is taken as a basic unit, the income and expenditure of a household of average expenditure per hou~ehold is Rs. 112-23 owner cultivators is highest among all the in the case of owner cultIvators; Rs. 84-43 five groups. If the average expenditure per in the case of tenant cultivators; Rs. 35-92 equivalent adult male is considered, it is seen in the ease of agricultural laboUl'ers; Rs. 39-87 that the expenditUl'e amongst ' Others' in the case of workers at household industry; exceeds that of even of owner cultivators. and Rs. 63-73 in the case of ' Others'. It is It is so because of some persons in service seen from this that the average expenditure 'who have migrated to this village. The size per household is lowest among agricultural of their households is small and they have labourers and highest among owner culti left behind some members of their family vators. Tt is true that the owner cultivators at other places for children's education etc. and tenant cultivators there are some items Naturallv these families consist of more of of investment like costs on seed, laboUl', etc., adults. . So their per equiva.lent adult male which are necessary. In the case of tenants, expenditure exceeds that in the other groups. there is the question of payment of Tent also. Evell if these figures are considered, it is not 205. To obtain a comparative idea of difficult to find out that the agricultural the standards of living of the households in labourers are the poorest and are not in a the five categories, some of the important position to spend on any items which are items of expenditure are noted below presenting not considered necessities. A household of both the monthly expenditure per equivalent agricultural labourers spends as much as adult male and percentage of the total Us. 28-86 on an average on food and drinks expendi ture. 4S GOVINAKOVI Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 Category 5 ,-___.A. ____ ...... ,-___ .A ___ , ,-___ .A. ___ ~ ,---- -"-- --...... r---.,A..-- - , Expendi- Perc en- Expendi- Percen- Expendi- Percen- Expendi- Perc en- Expendi- Percen- ture per tage of ture per tage of ture per tage of ture per tage of ture per tage of S1. Items adult total adult total adult total adult total adult total No. equiva- expendi- equiva- expendi- equiva- expendi-' equiva- expendi- eqUlva- expendi- lent male ture lent male ture lent male ture lent male ture lent male ture 1. Total Food 9.55 49.24 7.98 46.88 7.56 78.78 7.H 79.26 10.81 51.58 2. Beverages 1.08 5.66 0.56 3.27' 0.15 l.56 0.41 4.41 l. 71 8.14 3. Clothing 1.18 6.12 0.70 4.11 0.58 6.04 0.49 6.22 1.82 8.66 4. Rent on land 0.13 0.70 2.69 15.79 0.01 0.11 0.87 4.11 5. Hired labour, 3.36 17.36 2.24 13.16 0.17 l. 73 1.0;) 4.99 cultivation costs, etc. 6. Remittances 0.38 l. 97 0.56 3.29 0.77 3.15 7. Education 0.87 4.50 0.07 () .41 0.08 0.37 l.77 11.+ ~o <0 \&.11'1'" I ~II'I 11'1 "It \I) II. In I :::) :10 .... 11'1 ....0« U'l t- U ..J 0« a: t- t- 0 ex UI U'l 0 ~ a:: UJ 0- a:: u ~ c( a: ~ 0 - « 0 > > C> Z 0 0 0 0« ~ ~ 0 ~ lLI &&J I -l: C> 0a::a:: 0 ~ \I) UJ < -c ~ Z ... .. ~ ~ X 0 - :::) u.I a:: 2 UI ~ > ..J ~ > 0 « z&&J l!) t- m>- m ..J 0 « Z z 0 z .... IL~ 0 0« I Z ..J ~~ :::) Q. IL! 0 I Q. :1Q 1L()o I ~III IL~ I # ~o I I I I 0 ! ! 6 0 0 0 0 co '" ~ N C HAP T E R IV SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE Population Trends to other places. The fact that onlv during this period the females exceed th~ males 206. The Table below presents the population of Govinakovi village as recorded in number shows that there might have been emigration of male labourers during this during decennial Census periods from 1901. At the end the position as it stood at the period in search of work elsewhere. So time of the present Survey is also given: though the decrease could not be attributed to any particular cause, it is a fact that there was a marked decrease in 1921. Percentage Year Perllons increase! jlales Females Sex decrease ratio 208. Th(' i Ilcrease recorded between 1951 and 1961 exceeds the increase in the rural 1871 512 po-rulation o~ the ~tate f?r the corresponding 1881 485 -5.:,n perIod. Durmg thIs perIod the village has 1891 613 26.39 325 288 886 recorded an increase of 25'71 % and the 1901 704 14.85 356 348 978 1911 . 744 :).68 379 365 9(j3 increase in the rural population of the State 1921 653 --12.23 326 327 I,003 is 22'56 %. However the increase in the 1931 743 13.78 375 368 981 rural population of the Shimoga District for 1941 916 23.28 463 ,i53 9.78 this period i~ marked and it exceeds the per 1951 1,128 23.14 580 548 945 centage of ll1crease recorded by both this 1961 1,418 25.71 720 698 9(\9 1962 1,319 -6.98 (\79 640 943 village and the rural areas of the State. The (Survey) rural parts of Shimoga District has recorded an incre~s~ o~ 46'42% during this period. 207. The above statement shows that A few IrrIgatIon and power projects had the population of the village has more than been launched in the District during the doubled betw~en 19~1 and 1961. During 1951-1961 period. These works attracted the. correspondmg perIod the rural population la~'ge. labour for~e. from ~he neighbouring of Shimoga District has recorded an increase ~hstrlCts.. ~he mllllllg and ll1dustrial activity by 53'88% and the rural parts of the whole III the Dlstnct had also taken big strides with State of lHysore have recorded an increase the result there was a large scale immigra of 60'5%. The above Table shows that the tion during this period. increase in population during each intercensal period is not uniform. The population of 209. It may be noted that between 1961 the village has recorded a decrease at the and 1962-63 i.e. between the period of Census Census enumerations in 1881 and 1921. ennme.ration of 1961 and the present Survey, Particularly the decrease recorded in 1921 the VIllage has recorded a decrease in the was marked. \Vhen an attempt was. made population. The decrease is by 6·98 %. This to find out the reasons by local enquiry, none decrease is due to the fact that some of the was in a position to explain why there vms labourers and workers who had come to the such a decrease. Rut some old gentlemen village to work on irrigation channels had said that there was an epidemic of malaria left the village at the item of the Survey. and later on plague and so a large number So though they were enumerated in 1961, of people had moved out of the village. they were left out at the time of the Survey. Another person explained that there was failure of crops and the village was facing 210. It is al.so worth lloting'lthat after famine conditions with the result that a number 1931, the popula tlOn has recorded an increase of labourers and petty farmers had migrated exceeding 23°/u for every decade. Till then, 7 50 GOVINAKOVI the maximum increase recorded was only once The figures for other periods were Hot in 189l. This marked increase recorded in available. The average number of births and 1891 was of a spasmodic nature and the same deaths per annum ~ for the 1957-GH period rate was not maintained for several yean; comes to 23 and 1:2 respectively. It bas to to come. However the increase after "1931 be made clear at this stage that only births is more or less of a uniform nature showing and deaths which occurred in the village thereby that the living conditions and public are considered here. The custom of sending health have shown considerable improvement a woman to her parental place for giving now. In 1948, the Malaria Eradication Scheme birth to her first child is largely prevalent was launched in the District and sillce then, in the village. If the parental place hapllens the general health in the village has improved to be in some other village, the woman goes a lot. there. 1\ aturally the birth of her first ehild is not recorded in the registers of this village Population by Age and Sex but elsewhere. 211. The Table in para 206 presents information regarding the sex ratio of the Marital Status village from 1891 to the date of the preiOent 214. Table VI presents information Survey. It is noticed from this Table that about marital status both according to sex the males have always exceeded the females and broad age-groups. It will be seen from in number, the only "exception being in 1921, when the village recorded a decrease in the this Table that about 57 % of the population population. Probably during that year there of the village aTe never married, about 36 % was emigration of male labour foree from are married, about 6 % are widowed, and the village, thus causing the increase in the about 1 ~!o are divorced or separated. If the sex ratio. The sex ratio for the 1\lv:,;ore marital status is considered sex-wise it is seen that about 61 of the males are never State for 1961 was 959 and for Shiinoga % married, about 34% of them are married, District it was 898. about 4% are widowed and less than 1 % are separated. Among females about 50% 212. Table II persents the distribution are never married, about 38 are married, of the population by broad age-group and % about 11 are widowed, and about 1 are sex. It is seen from it that 44 of the popu % % % divorced or separated. lation of the village consists of children aged below 14 years, about 51 % are aged between 15 and 59 years and the remaining 5 % are 215. A redeeming feature of the village aged above 60 years. Sex-wise there are 679 is that there is not a single child aged below males to 640 females or about 52 % are males 14 years which is married. All married males and the remaining 48 % are females. are" aged above 20 years and among females only 17 girls are aged between 15 and 19 ypal's. Births and Deaths So post puberty marriage has almost become a rule in the village. It is also seen from 213. Aceording to the statistics avail this Table that as against 25 widowers, there able in the Honnali 'l'aluk Office the births are as many as 66 wi'dows. There are actually and deaths recorded in the village are as 4 widows who are aged below 34 vears. This follows only shows that though widow r~mal'riao'es are not barred r~l~giously or according 0 to Year Births Deaths the cUbtoms preva.lling among several castes they are not looked upon with much favour' H,j7 29 10 .~ rema:rri~ widow .continues to face severui 1958 28 14 difficultles In the 8oCl~1 and religious functions. 1959 12 l~ 1960 (up to June) 6 6 The n~ber of dlV?rCees and separated persons U1 not large III the Village. .n a. ::> a:0 C) 0 co .n .... C)"" U ~ O~ a: "'« .... 0 ~ .n z OW ~ "'lL 0 II) III )( « ~ - UJ ~ 0 > C) \I) « N 0 III 0 ~ ~ >- J ~ CD ..J .0 :r: 0- 0- \,i" 11\ C"I .. 0- V) + « >- I I ~ '"j" I '"• U 0 11\ 11\ 11\ 11\ 0 11\ 0 Z 11\ COl' N - - ~ « II) 0 ::> III > a: ~ ..J UJ 0 « «~ t- III 0 J- N C> ...J ~ ..J ..J_ 0 ~ Z ~ 0.n z « "'uJ Z ..J 0 Z O~ l: 0 .... .o~ « ...J 0 :> co a. 0 0 0 a.. N 0 SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE 51 Public Health and Medical Facilities where the animals can be treated for mmor ailments. 2] 6. The sanitarv eonditions III the village are generally' good. The roads are Literacy and Education broad excepting some in the interior of the 218. Table VII furnishes information village. However the drainage system is not reO'arding literacy and education. It is found good. There are no proper drains for many fr~m this Table that about 32% cif the popula of the streets with the result that during tion consists of literates and the remaining the monsoons, the roads often get slush.". 68~:) are illiterates. If the literacy is consid 'Vaste water is let into the streets where it ered sex-wise it is seen that about 48% of stagnates and helps the mosquitoes to breed. the males and about 16% of the females are The living conditions particularly in the literates. Thus it would be evident that the lowlying areas where the Adi-karnatakas and percentage of literacy among females is very other poorer sections reside are far from low. If literacy is considered according to satisfactory. After the introductioll of irriga the standard of education it is seen that tion, the floor often gets damp and in the a bout 17 % are literate without any educational rainy season, it is a problem for them to even standard. about 13 % are literate by primary find a warm corner in the house. Verv often standards, and the remaining 2% of the they spread grass on the floor and the"n sleep total popUlation have passed the Higher on it. To avoid all these unhealthy condi- Secolldarv School Cert.ificate or any higher 'tiOllS, there is a proposal to shift the riaothana standards. hut the villagers are reluctant to move out with the result that they continue to suffer, 219. Of the 435 literates in the village even though they talk loudly about it. Till 192 are aged below 14 years; 170 are aged ] 948 lVIalaria was almost an annual epidemic. hetween Ii) and 39 veal'S; 63 are aged between But now it has been completely rooted out. 40 and 59 years; and 10 are aged above 60 A malaria surveillanee worker has been years. It is also seen that only 31 persons Rtatiolled ill the village to watch the incidence have crossed the Higller Secondary School of Malaria. The nearest medical dispensarv standard and, among these 31, there are is at Honnah, about 4: miles away and t{t several Government servants who though Shimoga--abont 19 miles away'_-is the not permanent residents of the village have District Hospital. Roth these places are migrated here in the course of their duty. conJl('cted by good roads and so the villagers have no difficulty in reaching them. The 220. Till recently there were only two Medical Officer ill charge of' the Primary schools in the village--one was a primary HeHlth Centre at Honnali visits the village school with a strength of about. 130 children onel' a week. There is a midwife stationed and the other was a middle school with a in th· \'illage. There is one Ayurvedie strength of about 80 children. In 1964, the prrrctitionel' residing in the village. However, Taluk Development Board has opened a High in the ca:-;e of ailments, the patient is first School teaching for the VITI st.andard. The treatpd locall.v b." administering herbs, roots, present strength of the school is only 32. decoctions etc ... a ncl only when the ailment It is proposed to add one higher standard get::.: serious, i:-; he taken to the dispensary each year so that in about another four years or the hospital. The sllpply of drinkincr it be~omes a full' fledged High School. The water is from three wells. A fev,' drink wate~ nearest. basic schools are in the villages of from the river. Bijagatte and Arabgatte. Both these villages are about 3 miles awav. These schools coach children in carpentry ~.nd gardening. Veterinary Aid Migration 217. The nearest veterinary dispensary is at Honnali. But at Harlhally. about two 221. During 1957-1961, several workers miles a ,va y, there is a Key Village Centre connected with the irrigation wOTks had 52 GOVINAKOVI migrated to this village. The offices of the Assistant Engineer No.5 and his subordinates Percentage of familie5 81.K o. Ca~te were located here and with that several Simple Inter- Joint Others families have migrated here. Farm labourers mediate from Kuruva and other villages, often come here in search of labour dming harvesting 1. Lingayats .. 52% 12% 29% 7°//0 periods. They are seasonal migrants and 2. Adi-karnatakas .. 69% 9% 17% 5% 3. Halumathas or 59% 4% 37% return to their native villages when the season Kurubas ends. But for these fe,,~ instances, there 1 4. 'Muslims 80% 7°10 14% have been no other recent migrations. Types of Family Composition of Ho;useholds 225. The average size of a household 222. For the purposes of this Survey, in the village works out to about 6 persons. the various families have been divided into From Table III it is seen that about 4% of the following four groups: the households are single member households; (a) Simple family consisting of husband, a bout 1 i5 % of the households in the village wife and unmarried chilfhen. consist of 2-3 members; about 39% consist (b) Intermediate family consisting of of 4 to 6 members; about 27% consist of husband, wife, unmarried children, 7 to 9 members; and the remaining 15 % with a widowed father or mother. consist of more than 10 members. Thus the majority of the households in the village (c) Joint family consisting of husband, have between 4 and 6 members. wife, and married children, and (d) Others consisting of families which Intra Family and Inter-caste Relationships do not come in any of the above three groups. 226. The intra family relationship IS found to be generally cordial. Elders are always respected and it is generally the eldest 223. After classifying the families in the member of a household who controls all the above manner, the resnlts achieved are family affairs. If there be any differences presented in Table 1. It is seen from that among members of a family, they try for a Table that more than half the number of solution acceptable to all the persons concerned. families in the village are simple families, In such matters the advice of the elders in thus clearly showing that the present trend the family is ahvays considered and generally is towards formation of smaller households. respected. If the differences continue, other In fact about 58 % of the families are of simple village elders intervene and try to patch type; about 10% are of intermediate type; them up. Even in settling marriages etc., about 26% are of joint type; and the remaining it is generally the advice and opinion of the 6 % come under 'Others'. The reason for elder members which prevails. a tendency towards simple types of families appears to be due to a greater sense of indivi 227. It has been observed elsewhere duality and the desire for greater freedom that Lingayats form the predominant caste from control from elders and also freedom in the village. But the inter-caste relation in economic matters--which is generally ship has been always cordial, excepting for lacking in joint types of families. some stray instances. In arranging public functions like car festivals, Ganesha puja etc., . 224. Table I presents caste-wise distri or in arrar..gillg dramas, entertainments, bution of the households according to the persons of all castes join hands with one types of families also. Their distrirbution another to make the function a success. The a,mong the four numerically important castes differences in economic status also are for is as follows : gotten at such times. If marriages or any SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE 53 such functions are arranged in a poorman's village gets act. VI' on ciuch occaSIOns. A house, all his castemen including the rich couple of modhs before the play is staged, will not fail to attend it. Petty disputes all round acti\'~:'y is seen in the village. The and differences in the village are settled more whole village works as one unit in making with the assistance of village leaders irrespect such a show a complete success. The other tive of caste than with the help of Caste sources of recreations are the village fairs. Panchayats. The Govinakovi residents are particularly attracted by the annual fair at Rampur. Inheritance of Property This fair lasts for about a week or two and during this period, they repeatedly visit the 228. Though a few persons in the village pl~ce: as .it _is only it. mile a~'ay .. Anoth~r' are aware of the amended provisions of the fall' that IS Important IS the ~ arasImha fau Hindu Succession Act by which even daughters which is held in the village itself. These fairs get a share in the ancestral property, none not onlv satisfy their religious instincts but also in the village practice it. The property is help them in developing social and cultural ties inherited equally by all the male issues. If amongst various people besides, providing there be a division in the family property them with opportlmities to obtain their during the father's life-time, the property is necessities. Another form of entertainment equally divided among all the male members is provided by the periodical festivals. These including the father and the father's share festivals help them to have a change from on his death is again equally shared by the the set pattern of their daily life. sons. Daughters get no share. But the responsibility of their marriage and maint 231. ,Yomen generally spend their hours tenance till marriage rest on persons inheriting of leisure in gossip only. Formerly some young the property. girls and young women used to g~ther and sing some folk-songs in chorus but thIS together Leisure and Recreation has practically disappeared. The only time they sing such songs is when they are at work 229. The villagers get a lot of leisure like cradling the baby, grinding corn, removing but they have very little recreation. The weeds in the fields, harvesting crops etc. farm work is such that after about January Now as flour mills have appeared in every till :i\1ay, the cultivators have an easy time. village the grinding stones' too ha ve prac~,i It is during this period that they celebrate cally disappeared. The change in food habIts marriages, arrange dramas and hold fairs. from jowar bread to rice also provides them During the busy seasons, they find leisure with more leisure. But this too is \vasted on return home. But most of it is spent in gOflsip only. Young boys play indigenous in gossip. They gather together at some games in the streets. A few have made a selected spots and go on talking on subjects regular habit of visiting H onnali almost which are not well defined. A community everyday. On occasions they go there to radio set has been installed in the Basavann'a sce some cinema shows or dramas, whenever Temple. Some people attend to the broad such entertaimnent8 are provided there. cast programmes particularly the relays concerning news and marketing conditions, but such persons are a few in number. A Religious Institutions limited number of newspapers are also 232. There are several temples in the brought to the village and a fev,' households village but the chief ones are the Basavanna which can be counted on fingers read them Temple and the Narasimhaswamy Temple. regularly. Basavanna Temple is an old one. In 1959 the building was extended at a considerable 230. Occasionall~T the villagers orgamse cost. At the time, the temple had cash sorne open-air plays. About one or two such assets of about Rs. 3,500 and the balance of plnys arc organis()(l ('\'cry year. The whole the amonnt was collected by raising contrihu- 54 GOYINAKOYI tions at the rate of Rs. 40 per pair of bullocb Festivals owned. l\Iuslims and Adi-karnatakas were :235. Like all other Indian villages, however exempted from this payment. The Govinakovi too observes a numbers of festivals. total cost of repairs was about Rs. 10,000. .Many of these festivalt; are purely religious The temple has four rooms of which one is rites which are primarily of Rignificallce to being used for a school. One room is reserved the respective caste or households. Yet they for visitors to the village. In one room a offer a visible mark of cultural homogeniety Communitv Radio Set is illstalled with a and the conseqnent community feeling is speaker Ol"ltside. The affairs of the temple are clearly discernible. There is mutual co-opera by managed an informal Panchayat of which tion among people of all the castes in the prominent elden! of the village arc members. celebratiolls of these festivals. The important The priest is a Lingayat by caste. Puja is feRtivals of the \'illage are:- offered twice a day-once 1n the morning and then again after sunset. The temple has about (1') U qadi :- This falls on the 1 st 2 acres of land. the yield from which goes to of Chaitra (.March-April) and is observed as the Archak (priest). Tn addition every ~house a Hew year day bv all Hindus. This hold contributes about 8 seers of grains for the is a day' of rcjoicing· for the whole village. temple expenses, annually. The Adi-karnatakag Hound a bout this time the village celebrates and Muslims are exempted from this levy. On the Xarasimhaswamy Car Fcstival. Eating of Basavajayanti. Go\vrihabba, Deepavali and a mixture of tender lea \~es of the neem tree Ugadi special pujas are offered to this deity. and jaggery aud reading of the almanac are There is a separate fund set up in the name the important parts of the celebrations. of this deity. All fines etc.. collected by the (ii) J( ar H unn£ve: This is observed informal Pa~chayat are credited to this" fund. on the full moon day of Jyeistha (June) when the bullocks are worshipped after being gIVen a wash. 233. Shri ~arasimha Temple is also an old institution situated just at the entrance (iii) Rasavana Amasye :-This 1S to the village. P'uja is offered at this Temple observed on the new moon day of Jyestha by a priest of Gangamata caste. The priest (Jnne) ·when all Hindus worship Basava. hood j" held hereditarily. There are four (i1)) Nagar Panchami :-This falls on families of Archaks of this temple and each the 5th day of the bright half of Sravana. of them worship the deity by rotation. The ·W orship of the co bra forms the important turn of every family lasts for a year. The religious rite of the da~T. In several houses temple has two acres of land. They produce clay images of cobras are worshipped. by from this land as well as the anllual contri pouring milk on them. bution of 5 seers of grains of all the house (v) CiaJIf,sh OhatllJ'thi :-This festival holds in the village, excepting those of Adi is celebrated on the 4th da? of Rhadrapada karnatakas and Muslims, goes to tIle Pujari every year. In several houses cIa? images whose turn it is to worship th" deity. Th€' of Ganapati are worshipped during this right of worship changes han Is 011 U gadi period. day. During this time, a car festival is (vi) Bhomm: Hv.lmice :-This is observed arranged. The expenses of thi~' car festival by people of all the castes on the full moon are met by raising special cOlltributiol1s. day of Ashvija (October) by worshipping mother earth. On this day, the villagers 234. Architecturally. both these temples prepare a number of s\veets and eat their have nothing of note. They are simple meals in the fields. buildings and are not known much outside (vii) Nat'oratri or Dasara :-This is one the village. The villagers visit these temples of the most colourful festivals celebrated with only on special occasions. though a few are great rejoicing. Refreshed with thp sho\';ers daily visitors. Visitors to the village are of the monsoon, nature also appears in all generally entertained in the Rasa vanna Temple. her yerc1ant glory. The ha l'\'ef;t is ft bout to SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE 55 be garnered and the weather is serene. Though held at Rampur in February, Sutta cattle all cast.es observe this, Brahmins, Adi-karna fair held in January, Rameswara car festival takas al1(l Yishwakarmas attach great impor at Keladi held in 'March, Aghoreswara jatra tance to it. I]\ some of the households the at Ikkeri held in March, Mallikarjunaswamy festi val is observed for full ten days. rt is Jatra at Togarasi held in February-March, chiefly dedicated to the worship of "'Lakshmi, Sri Hole Sringeshwaraswamy Jatra at Banka Saras\vathi and DUl'ga. The eighth day is sana held in Februarv. Sri Renukamba fair observed as Durgashtami. On the 9th day at (_'handragutti held iil April, Sangameshwara weapons, implements of labour etc., are fair at Kuda.li, Sri Rameshwal' cattle fair at offered worship. The fillal day falls on Tirthahalli etc. The villagers very often Vijayadashami. visit some of these fairs. But the fair in (viii) Deepavali :-This is a festival of which they are particularly interested is Sri lights beginning on the thirteenth of the dark Halaswamy .1 atl'a at Rampur. half of Ashvija. This is also known as Dodda IJabbu. Worship of cows and Goddess 237. Sri Halaswamv Jatra is also known Lakshmi are the important rites associated as Rampur Jatra. This village on the right with this festival. bank of the 'l'ungabhadra river is hardly a (ix) Jlaliaslii"ua}'({tri:--Thisis observed on mile avmv from Govinakovi. This fair is held the fourteenth day of the dark half of .:\Iagha. in every' February. The car festival and the It is believed that ob8ervance of fast and cattle fuir form the chief attractions of this worshipl>ing God Shiv(t at night helps in the fair. About 10,000 cattleheads are brought release of a person from the cycle of birth here for trading purposes and so farmers and death. from roundabout villages indllding Govinakovi crowd here. . (x) Ramzan :-This marks the end of the solemn month of Halm~all--a month of 238. III the village itself a small car fasting and meditation for Muslims. On the festival is arranged on U gadi day in honour last day before they break their fast, they of Sri Xal'asimhaswamy, a village deity. offer special community prayers and at the end of the service, they embrace each other. Informal Panchayat (xi) Bahid :-It is one of the important Muslim festivals celebrated in :239. The Kurubas and Adi-kal'l1atakas honour of the sacrifice of saint Abraham. have their own Caste Panchayats. But their According to their belief, Abraham was once influence has considerably waned now. The ordered by God to offer his son in sacrifice most powerful organisation in the village is and when" he did, he found that instead of the informal Panchayat which consists of his SOll, a ran1 was lying slaill. It is to COlll some prominent persons from the village. memOl'ate this incident that the festival is This Pallchayat is very much respected and observed. though a majority of its members consist of (xii) Muharrarn :-It IS a ten day Lingayats, it is based not on caste cOllsidera observance of intense mourning bv the ti0118 but on moral courage and integrity of Muslims to commemorate the i\Iartynlom of the members. The Panehavat members are Imam H ussa in. not elected but llominated b:~ the entire village community and when nominating the members, Fairs generally, elderly people from the village are preferred. 236. A nuniber of fairs are annually held in the District. The important ones 240. This Panchayat enquires into all are Sri K udli Sangamcshwara. J atra at the dispute and cases of theft, mischief etc. Bhadrayati held ill eyen' March. Sri Sidde Whenever a complaint is lodged with this shwaraswamy J atra held' at Slllikere on the Paneha vat, the K ulavadi will inform the heads 14th of January, lIalaswamy car festival of all the households in the village who will 56 GOVINAKOV! gather at the Basavanna Temple that evening. successful bidders collects the cowdunfl' from The Panehas heal' both the sides in public ~uch places. Breaches if any will be e~q uired and each side will examine its witnesses. m~o by the. Panchayat and the guilty persons After the whole case is heard, the Panchas WIll be pumshed by levy of a fine which may will have a discussion among themselves and range from a few Paise to a Rupee. All th'e place their decision before the pn blic for fines collected by this Pallchayat are utilised acceptance. Gellerally, the decision of the for the temples and other public activities Panella" is accepted by the public in toto in the village. and then it becomes final. The Panch as will decide about the punishment to be inflicted 242. The affairs of the two big tpmples on the guilty. The punishment i~ usually ill the village are generally in the hands of in the form of fine and the fine collected is this Panchayat. All public fmlCtions in the credited to the funds of Shri Rasa \'anna village have to be initiated by this Panchayat Temple. For manhandling, the fine may and so there can be llO t:iuceessful function range betweeu Rs. 100 and Rs. 200. If the in the village unless it is blessed by this guilty person is a young boy, the fine will Panchayat. But to the credit of the Pan be rcduced to about Rs. 23 and the burden chayat, it has to be observed, that so far it of its payment is on his parents. the fines has been acting in quite an impartial manner for thefts will depend on the value of the and the public accepts its authority with articles stolen. If a person is found guilty pride. of committing the same offence more than once, the fine amount will be suitably increased. The Statutory Panchayat If anyone fails to abide by the decision of the Panchayat, he stands a risk of being 243. The Govinakovi group Panchayat ex-communicated. N one in the village will covers the three villages of (i()vinakovi, co-operate with him. Socially, culturally and Basavanahalli and Kuruva. The head economically he will sta,nd boycotted by one quarters of the Panchayat arc at Kuruya. and all. But so far there has not been a The Panchayat is constituted of 13 elected single instance of such ex-communication and members. The present members were all everyone has faithfully accepted the decision elected unopposed. At present membership of the Panchayat. Thus, this informal consists of ;) persons from Govinakovi; 5 Panchayat has become a powerful institution persons from Basavanahalli and 3 persons guarding the morality of the village. However from Kuruva. In all, 5 seats are reserved family matters, domestic disturbances etc., for the Harijans and women-2 in Govinakovi, are llot referred to this Panchayat. Such 2 in Basavanahalli and I in Kuruva. The differences are got settled by themselves, Chairman comes from Basa vanahalli. with the help of some of the village elders, whenever that is felt necessary. 244. The Panchayat has no independent building of its own. So for sometime the 241. This informal Panchayat also Panchayat was holding its office in the Co auc·tions annually the rights of collecting operative Society building and now it is eOlvdung that falls on the roads and public occupying a portion of the building vacated places. The amount realised is also credited by the P.W.D., staff. Its budgeted income to BasaVclllna Temple funds. None but the and expenditure figures are as follows : SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE 57 INCOME .,1,1 EXPENDITURE S.No. Source Amount S.No. Item Amount Rs. P. Rs. P. 1. House tax 5,000 00 1. Office maiutenance 2,000 00 2. Commercial tax 300 00 2. Expenditure to collect Panchayat 1,500 00 dues. 3. Cart tax 500 00 3. Sanitary charges 1,000 00 4. Sites and Backyard tax 500 00 4. IVater supply and protection 2,000 00 5. Licence fees 400 00 5. l'ublic works 4,900 00 6. Cattle pounel receipts 300 00 6. Public health 316 77 7. L. R. Share (Govt. grant) 1,820 18 7. Electricity 1,000 00 8. Construction of cattle pound 2,000 00 Total: 8,820 18 9. Miscellaneous 500 00 Opening balance 7,278 59 10. Deposits 882 00 Grand Total: Hl,098 77 Granu Total : 16,098 77 245. The Panehayat staff consists of a the moment, it depends only on Government full-time Secretary and a peon. It is however grants to carry out even its obligatory duties. sincerely felt that much improvement is Tn the absence of proper accounts, it was required in the maintenallce of accounts. not possible to know its correct financial The work of recovery of taxcH also appears position. The statement below summarIses to be far from satisfactorv.o oJ For vearsJ to- its activities for three years viz., 1961-62, gether, the Panchayat has failed to recover 1962-63 and 1963-64. house taxes, commercial taxes etc., and at Receipt and Expenditure statement of Govinakovi Village Panchayat for 1961-62 to 1963-64 as furnished by the Village Panchayat Secretary. 1961-62 RECEIPTS EXPENDITURE Balance Current Total Rs. P. 1. Taxes 4,905-00 1,685--00 6,1)90-00 1. Contribution to the Recreation Centre at Govinakovi 1,450 00 2. Taxes 2. Nf1tional Plan Savings Certificates (purchased) 600 00 ( collections) 3. L.R. assignment 1,820-18 3. Govinakovi L.S.Cs., in current account deposit 500 00 4. L.D. grant towards the contruction of 4. Maintenance of Library 200 00 D.W. well and river steps at Govinakovi Rs. 4,064 00 5. Office establishmeut., Govinakovi street light charges and 832 35 officc contingency charges Total: 3,532 35 1962-63 Rs. P. 1. Taxes 121 50 1. Construction of cattle pound at Govinakovi and at 3,474 97 (collections) Basavanahalli. 2. L.R. assign- .. 1,820 18 2. Contribution to the l\Iahila l\Iandal 500 00 mont 3. Office furniture 575 00 4. Advance amount for construction of river steps at 400 00 Govinakovi. 5. Office establishment, Govinakovi street light charges and 1,665 97 office contingency charges. Total: 6,615 94 8 58 GOVINAKOVI 1963-64 RECEIPTS Rs. P. EXPEc;DITURE Rs. P. 1. 'faxes j04 33 1. Costruction of culvert at Ba~avanhalli :")G7 54 (colleutions) 2. L.lt. assign- .. 1,820 18 :l. Drainage work a L Ba:savallahalli 740 25 ment 3. Contribution to the Hecreatioll Centre 300 00 4. }Iaintenance of Librarv at Uovinakovi 100 00 5. Govinakovi street, light, oUite establishment and office 1,166 66 contingency etc., Total: 2,874 45 246. In Govinakovi proper, the Panchayat 248. In the field of co-operation the has introduced street-lighting. At present activities of the Co-operative Society in 12 street-Ijghts have been provided. Rut providing credit and supplying fertilizers considering the size of the village, this number have been increased but so far the society has appears to be quite inadeqllate. Other improve not been ahle to show the progress expected of mcnts dono at the instancc of the Panchavat that institution as it has been unable to at Govinakovi are construction of steps d on recover the amount uchanced. In the field the river bank, construction of a cattle pound, of education, the TaIllk Development Board maintenance of a small Library and Recrea has opened a High 8chool. In 1961-62 one tion Centre. These are the only improve library-cum-reading room was opned in the ments done so far. It is quito necesiOary village but at tbe moment this institution to gear up its activities so that it can become has not been working on proper lines. One a useful institution and it is also necessary Recreation Centre has been opened in the for the public to co-operate with this institu Adi-karnataka colony. It has got an indepen tion by paying their tax arrears etc., quickly. dent building of its own. Land improvement loans have been advanced to about 18 persons, each person getting approximately Rs. 150. The National Extension Service A Mahila MandaI with about 20 members 247. Govinakovi village comes under has been opened. It is proposed to teach the jurisdiction of the Honnali National tailoring at this centre. About 100 acres of Bxtension Block. Some activities have been gam(d land have been taken up for afforesta undertaken ill the village under this scheme. tion and about lfiO acres of dryland have In the field of agriculture an improved variety been surveyed for contour bunding. of paddy seed known as SR-26 P. was introduced in 1959 and that is slowly gaining Social Reforms popularity. In 1957 inlproved variety of ragi seeds known ~s K 1 and H-0870 were 249. Among the residents of Govinakovi, introduced. fn the cdtivatioll of jowar, Adi-kamatakas arc treated as untouchables. dibblinv method has been introduced to some As would be evident from Table III, about 6xtent.' Efforts are also being made to 124 households jn the village are aware of popularise the use of fertilizers and pesticides. the legislative measures undertaken to remove . Rut, though fertilizers have gained in popul the evil of untouchability. But the old arity, the use of pesticides is little known feelings about this evil ·ha ve not totally in the village. Introduction of light ploughs, disappeared so far, though the conditions buck sprayers, and puddlers are other improve are not as bad as they were a few years ments introduced in the village. They have back. In the past, even the shadow of not so far succeeded in introducing the village Adi-karnataka was shunned. But to-day this production plan. is not the case, though untouchability is SOCIAl. AND CULTURAL LIFE 5fJ still being practiced. In the tea shopI', th e one has given a serIOUS thought to it. They Adi-karnatakas have separate place to sit. say that children are but acts of God They have separate glasses to (hink ('off(1('. and ;':0 they need not bother about their They do not enter the temples or the honses number. One person when interviewed said of any people of higher caste. The that when God decided on the birth of a Adi-karnatakas ahlO do not illsist on exercising child, he Vltonld naturally give a thought to equal rights. In entering the temple Hey its growth, and so it is not necessary to control are afraid of the Goel's 'wrath'. So, so far the rate of births. Labourers, it appears, the evil of untouchability has not totall~ believe in the saying 'the more the merrier' disappeared from the villagp. as they think with more members ill a family, the earning capacity of a household also 250. About family planning, though a increases as they will have more wage earners. few people have heard about it, hardly any CHAPTER V CONCLUSION 251. In the preceding four Chapters. the the problems of the people to the scientific Socio-economic conditions of the village institutes for solution. Goyinakovi in Shimoga' District, as found in 1962, have been discussed. It haR been 25? In the field of education, efforts noticed that from 1957-58, with the intro are bemg made to provide better facilities. duction of irrigation some marked changes The Taluk Development Board has recently have been brought about in the life of the opened a High School. In course of time, village. Now about 370 acrOR of drv land has it is gOiI)g to be a fulfledged High School. been converted into wet land and rice, which was The percentage of literacy is not very low, never grown in the village, has now become compared to other areas in the State. .~~ven the principal crop replacing jowar and ragi. then the majority of the literates are so With the change in the cropping pattern, without any educational standards. They there has been a change in the food habits can read and write a few simple letters. But also. Rice is now the staple food of the that should not be the standard of literacy village. expected even in the rural areas. Verv few ha~7e maintained reading habits. Rye;l the 252. Irrigation has been introduced in library ~nce started, has practically closed the village so as to offer an idealogical pattern d?wn, WIth tl~e result that by and large the on which people could work for the eradi vJllagers are Ignorant of the happenings of cation of poverty, for the improvement of the rest of the world. . their standard of life and for the all round development of the village. But at the time 2?4. The ~mrloyment opportunities in of this Survey, the village has been experi the .v~llage arc Imuted. Excepting for a few encing some initial teething troubles. SOllie tradItIOnal crafts, there are no industries in 140 acres of land ,v11ich were being cultivated the village. There is also no planned prog in the past, are now lying fallow due to excess ramme to start any new industries. The of alkalinity in the soil. So also the peasants population . is increasing faster than the have so far not fully adopted to the new production res~urces and so it is quite neces agricultural practices. It will take some time sary to orgamse new work opportunities. for them to get themselves accommodated to the new ecollomic environment created 255. Housing needs immediate attention. by irrigation in the village. But the biggest ~~st ?f the houses are in lowlying areas and handicap they have to face is about adequate IrngatlOnal waters seep through their founda credit facilities. Their credit needs are many. tions. As a result the walls of several houses They have to obtain gypsum salt to treat have started crumbling down. The grainpits the soil in order to remove excess of alkalinity. have be:oll18 useless. The floor often gets They have to obtain fertilizers in sizeable d.amp WIth the res1!lt that the living condi quantities in order to see that the fields reap tIOns are not goud III many houses. It is so a good harvest. They have to level the particularly in the residential area of the fields and arrange for contour bunds in order ~di-karna~akas, w~ich forms the lowest region to ~ee that the water supplied by the channels III the VIllage. If these conditions do not do not run waste; At the moment, the improve by efforts in any other direction, villagers are facing many difficulties. But the only way out is to shift the Gaothana. in it few years, they are all sure to be sur Of course such proposals are bound to be mounted. What is needed is to bring scienti resisted, as it is being dOIH> already. But fic information to the village and to take they have to be pursuaded by undertaking CONCL USION' 61 continuous health education programmes. dues unrecovered. The people have to realise They will have to be educated to understalld that both these institutions can function that a village house, which is fully prot,ected well oIlly if they co-operate with them and against rain, cold and dampness and which help them in gaining in stature. They have permits entrance of sunlight and air is a to see that they pay their dues back promptly healtheir house for the family. They will and then concentrate on obtaining adequate have to be taught· to understand that it is services from them. much easier to prevent disease by following protective health programmes than it is to 257. About the people, it has to be cure disease. And they will have to be said to their credit, they are hard working. impressed that healthy living conditions will The general atmosphere in the village is benefit them and their progeny immensely. cordial. There is good co-ordination and . co-operatioIl amongst the various sections of 256. A word about the Statutory Pan the village. The informal Panchayat, which chayat and the Co-operative Society is is not governed by any set rules or statutes, necessary. At present both these institutions is quite a force to reckon with. It is well leave much to be desired in their functioning. respected ana many people admit that it The Co-open,tive Society has been releagated controls several activities in the village. It has, to 'C' Class from 'B' class in its audit in a way, a unifying effect 011 the whole village. classification. The reason attributed to this But it would indeed be a great day for the is non-recovery of the advances made. The village, if it succeeds in removing all the Statutory Panchayat has left many of its traces of untollchability. TABLES 65 TABLE I Area, Hou.ses and Population Area in Population ,--___ ----- _ ..A. ___ . ____._ Density Number of Number of r------/ ------_._'\ Acres lIectares per Sq. mile houses Households Persons Males Females 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 ------.-.------1,916 775.39 440 240 218 1,319 679 TABLE II Population by Age-groups Total of all ages 0-4 Age no stated ,--__ _ __ ....L ____ ~ _A._-., .#-.... ~-"> _A.-" r-'A...~ r-..A.~ _- -'-.~ ,--"--. r-/_-~ ~---~ _,--.---- r--..A..-~ Persons Males Females M F M F M F M F M F 1\1 F 1\1 F :VI F M F M F M F ------_ - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 i 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1,319 679 640 100 93 102 110 79 lOt 65 38 58 40 47 48 40 40 70 61 85 84 33 2,) TABLE III Size and composition of Households Size of Households ,--______---- _____ ..A.. ______. ______~ Total No. of Single member ~--3 members 4-6 members 7-9 member:; 10 members and lIouseholds above '--'__ --_..A. _____ ~ .,.._ .. ____ ..A__~_~ __ A. _..A.._ .. ~ __..A. ____~ r- ---~ - - - -~ House- Males Females House- M F House- M F House- M F House- M F holds h91ds holds holds holds 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 218 11 3 8 34 4;) 43 86 232 210 60 236 2:36 27 165 154 ------_._,-_._------.------.-- .-.. -.--.-~.------~. ---~~--.- ---.~- --~------ 9 66 GOVINAKOVI TABLE IV Households classifl.ed by Religions, Castes and Sub-castes Population Religion Caste Sub~caste Number of households Persons Males Females - _--- -3----~-·~ ~ ~ --~4 1 2 5 6 7 HI~DU - Lingayat 117 759 385 374 Adi-karnataka 37 ]96 101 95 Halumatha 22 119 60 59 Viswakarma 9 60 31 29 Gangamatha 6 45 28 17 Chippigaru 3 16 6 10 Brahmin 2 12 8 4 Madhva 2 1 Maratha (Mllharastra) 2 8 4 Reddy 1 2 2 Vaisya 1 5 3 2 Bhavsar Kshatriya 1 2 1 1 Bhovi 1 3 2 MUSLIM-~ 15 90 48 42 Total 218 1,319 679 640 ------~_-- - - TABLE V Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes -- -~- - --~------~--~ ---~ --~ --_ --~~-- -- No. of Scheduled Castes No. of Scheduled Tribes Name of Castes House ------house------.-- holds Persons Males Females holds Persons Males Females --~--T~----2---' --- ~3 --_ - --4~-----5---'--6------7----- 8 --_ 9~-~-" ------~------_- - __._------~ ------Adi-karnataka 37 196 101 96 NS Nil Nil Bhovi 1 3 1 9 ------_._---_.------TABLES 67 TABLE VI Age and Marital Status ------~ ------~~~ ------~~- ~------_ ---,- ---_ -----_------_._ ---- Divorced or Unspecified Total population Neyer married Married Widowed separated status Age-group ------_. ------_------Persons Males Females M F M F M F M F M F -_- _------_ ------_._------_.-.. ------_---- -_ .------I 2 3 4- 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 .. - -_ .. ---- -_._------~---.------~------_--_------_ __ - _----_------_._-_" All Ages 1,319 679 64-0 4-17 32,,) 236 24-3 25 66 1 6 0- 4- 193 lUO 93 ]00 93 5- 9 'H2 10'2, 110 10'2 l10 10-14- 180 79 101 79 101 15-19 103 65 38 65 21 17 20-24- 98 58 40 50 8 40 25-29 95 4-7 48 17 29 4-6 1 1 1 30-34 80 4-0 40 3 37 35 3 2 35-39 66 37 29 34 27 3 1 1 40-44 65 33 32 30 25 3 6 45-49 t\2 27 35 1 20 24 6 11 50-54 66 31 35 28 16 3 18 1 55-59 41 27 14- 25 8 2 6 60+ 58 33 25 25 5 8 20 Age not stated 68 GOVINAKOVI TARLE VII Education ------_ Age-group P JVI F ]VI F 1'1 F M F M F IVI F 1\1 F M F M F M F 1 2 3 4 5 Ii 7 8 --9 - -1O---n---T2---f3 -1Tl::r--fG--17--is-T9-20 -2-C"22 All Ages 1,319 G79 640 3;)1 533 1~3 50 114 57 22 8 1 0- 4 193 ]00 93 100 93 5--- 9 212 102 110 35 6G S 5 59 39 10-14 180 79 101 31 68 12 16 35 17 1 15-19 103 65 38 35 27 14 10 9 1 5 2 20-24 98 58 40 20 38 26 2 2 5 5 25-29 95 47 48 16 45 26 3 3 1 1 30-34 80 40 40 17 35 17 5 1 5 35-39 66 37 29 15 24 18 5 2 2 40-44 65 33 32 17 32 13 2 1 45-- 49 62 27 35 S 33 19 2 50- 54 66 31 3f) 20 33 10 2 1 55-59 41 27 14 14 14 11 2 60+ 58 33 25 23 25 9 Age not stated TABLE VIII Workers and Non-workers by Sex and Broad Age-groups Total po, ulation Worker!' Non-workers , ______,..o,~ ,.-- ______A _____ , Age-group j-.,------t"'~------~ Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females ------~------_ .. "_ ---- -_-_-_-_-" ------_.----_ _-- ---"5 --~ -----9------10 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 All Ages 1,319 tl79 640 469 379 90 850 300 550 0-14 585 281 304 50 28 22 535 253 282 15 - 34 376 210 166 215 185 30 161 25 136 35-59 . 300 155 145 189 li)2 37 III 3 108 60 & over 58 33 25 15 14 1 43 19 24 TABLES 69 TABLE IX Workers classified by Sex, Broad Age-groups a.nd Occupa.tions ---_.__ ._-_.... 0-14 15-34 35-59 60 & above S1. N arne of Occupation ___ ..A.. __ .... ,.-__ ..A.. __-... ,.- _..A.. __~ __ ..: . __ -... No. Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females ------. ----~------=------_------~.------.------1 2 3 4 [) 6 7 8 9 10 1 Cultivation 7 92 69 1 8 2 Cultivation+ Agricultural Labour 1 14 25 2 3 Cultivation+ Household Industry 1 3 4 Cultivation + Trade 3 1 5 Cultiyation +Service ·i 6 Agricultural Labour 12 20 42 30 23 35 2 7 Livestock Rearing 6 2 1 8 Household Industry 2 5 6 9 Trade 3 7 1 2 1 10 Service 24 10 11 Hotel Keeping 3 12 Profession 1 ------_._-----_.. --.--- Total 28 22 185 30 152 37 14 1 TABLE X Workers classified by Sex, Broad Age-groups and Industry, Business and Cultivation belonging to the Households 'Vorkers Engaged in Total workers r------.-.-----'"""1 Age-group ,,-____..A.. __ . _____, Household Industry Household Business Household Cultivation Persons Males Females ,--,-----"'---'"""'\ r----A..--- ... ~ ,..-- ____..A.. ___..... Males Females Males Females Males Females ------_ ~---- 1 2 3 4 5 -6--- 7 8 ------=-9 10 All Ages 469 379 90 17 16 2 230 1 0-14 60 28 22 2 8 15-34 21."" 185 30 6 6 110 35-59 189 152 37 9 8 1 102- 1 60 and above 15 14 1 2 1 10 70 GOVINAKOVI TABLE XI Non-workers classified by Sex, Broad Age-groups and Nature of Activities Age-group r------~------~ Activity 0-14 15-34 35-59 60+ ----~---~ -----~----- ~---~---~ -----~---~ Males Females Males Females lVlales Females Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 Students 108 63 22 1 Dependants 143 17l 1 4 6 9 8 House-work 2 48 131 10 I 13 Remittance Receiver 3 1 10 3 Seeking Employment 2 Total 253 282 25 136 3 108 19 24 TABLE XII Households by number of rooms and by number of persons occupying Households Households with no Households Household, Households Households Households with mOre regular with one with two with three with four with five than five room room rooms rooms rooms rooms rooms ____ -A._""""\ .--_...A.. ___ , r---'--~ 2'" o o 0::; 00 ..... "t:l 4-< 0- o . ..c:o o V o Zen Z ._ ._ ._ ._ ;=j o o 4- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 218 168 1,319 89 491 9fi 575 27 205 6 48 TABLES 71 TABLE XIII Households engaged in Cultivation, Industry) Business and other occupations Total Number of Gainfully Households Engaged In Number of Employed Persons Total Persons Households r------A.~------" _----..A..--___ ~ Persons Males Females Persons Males Females . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 I. Cultivation only 79 155 150 [> 5i5 2H 271 Cultivation j A ricultural Labour 18 56 39 17 106 59 47 Cultivation + Agricultural 1 3 2 12 7 5 Labour Service Cultivation + Industry 4 9 \} 28 14 14 Cultivation + Trad ' 2 5 5 15 9 6 Cultivation 1 Sen-ice 21 56 56 196 108 88 Agricultural Labour only 42 ;)8 43 35 171 79 92 Agricultural Labour 1- Cultivation 15 48 38 10 95 51 44 Industry only 8 11 11 45 21 24 Trade only 10 12 10 2 29 14: 15 Trade+ Cultivation 1 1 1 3 1 2 Transport 1 2 2 7 4 3 Service only 8 9 9 33 20 13 Hotel keeper 3 3 3 14 9 [> Livestock Rearing 1 1 4 3 I Total 214 469 379 90 1,303 673 630 II. Households N on-gainfull y engaged 4 16 6 10 - _- -_--- -_._- .----.---- ~-.. -.------.-.. --~ _-_ .. ------~------.---- -_.-,,---_.. --- 72 GOVINAKOVI TABLE XIV Type of Industry run by the Households Households having Household Households having Household Industry as a Primary Industry as a subsidiary Occupation - Occupation r----- __ ...A. ______~_"\ r---- ___ .;4.. __ -- -- -~ en TABLE XV Type of Business run by the Households Households having Household Households having Household , Business as a Primary Business as a subsidiary Occupation Occupation r------.A. ------~ r------..A.. __ ------... en ::::l "'0'" Total persons (3 Total .persons _g .!:1 OJ v if) Persons Eng~ In Persons Eng In ;:J Name of Business o aged in Households '";:l aged in Households ::r:: Business mentioned in ~ Business mentioned in col. No.3 "o col. No.8 ,-__ ..A_ __ -. ".-__ A. __ """\ v'"" ,--__..A.. __ ~ r---_A_ - '-, .CJ S ;:l M. F. M. F. Z M. F. M. F. --~-.. --- --_ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 S 9 10 11 12 Retail Shops 9 8 10. 1 11 12 3 J 3 , Cattle Business 1 1 1 1 3 Bangle Trade 1 1 1 1 Cloth Merchant 1 1 1 5 3 Milk Trade 1 1 1 3 1 Total 13 11 12 2 15 17 2 4 9 6 ~~-~--~ -,-~--~-- --~~----- TABLES 73 TABLE XVII Die t ------Households i aking Total Ko_ ,---- _ ------"------~ of H(Juse One meal >1 day Two meals a day Three meals a day Jlore than t.hree Community holds in meals a day Ba<:h r------'- - --_ ,--- __j.._------, ,---- ..A.__ - -.. ,-_ ---.A. __ :_ ~ eommnnity Ad.ults Children Adults Children Adnlts Cbiluren Adult Children ------2------3--- -1- ---- 5 ----(\- - --7"------8------9---10-- HINDU- Lir,Q;avat 117 S() 5G 31 51 Adi:k;ll'lla hka 37 13 17 24 :W Halumatha 22 13 12 9 10 Vis\rakartlla rJ 8 6 1 Q Gallgal1latha G 3 d 3 Chippigaru 3 3 'J 'J Brahmin y U 3 ~rahal'!\shtra :.>, 2 2 R;_o\ddy ] 1 1 V flisya ] 1 1 Bhavasar Kshatt·iya 1 1 1 Bhovi ] 1 1 l\IUSLIM- 13 15 10 5 Total ~18 150 115 ]03 'l'ABLE XVIII Staple Diet and Food Habits of Communities ------_------Households taking Community No. of ,------"------, Vegc- NOll House- lti<:e Uagi Itice and J owar 'iVheat Rice tarian Vege holds + + Ragi + + + tarian ------I ------T - _~;ar Ri~_!___ -- Jo\~ar - -- R~g_i - -~!~-:---- 8-- -- \) 10 HINDU- Lillgayat Il7 81 31 :2 117 Adi-]mruataka 37 2 1 IIi 18 37 Halumatlj_a 22 8 1 7 6 22 Viswakarm'l ~ 8 1 \) Gallgamatha G 1 2 :3 f) Chippigaru 3 3 3 Brahmin i) 2 1 3 3J aharashtra 2 1 1 ~ Beddy 1 1 1 Vai"ya 1 1 Bha~asar Ksbatriya 1 1 1 Bhovi 1 1 1 l'l1USLI.1II- 15 10 1 15 ------_--_ ------Total 218 121 61 32 I 130 88 ------ 10 74 GOVINi\KOVI SPIOlpsnoq l;)d suosl;)d P;)AOldw;) '\I!nJU!B~ JO l;)qWIlN SUOSl:ld P;)',(0Idw;) AUnJU!Bll JO .l;)qwnN Ploq;)snoq l;)d ;)IBW lInpB lU;)IBA!nb;) JO J;)qwnN * ( l1lJA 1 ump \is;)I I t S;)jBW;)d 2g S;)IllW I Slll;)A 9 Ol I 3;)[BW;)d 2g S;)[BW 1 S.lB;)A 6 0 1 \) I S;)[BW;)d 2g S;)IBIAI ...... SlB;),\ t I .....o ~AOqB S;)Ir.W;)d SlB;),\ tl ;),wqB SJ[B!\l ~ oN '[OJ U! p;;JUO!lU;)W sPJoq;}snoH UI SJ;)q -W;}W JO l;}qwnu IBlOJ.. ( ;).\OqB ..... 0.;, ~ 6 I q L 01 1 q . s~ g I .5 I 09 01 9(; ·s~ ....c I l SS;)[ pUl~ gZ; ·s~ d .....;:! ::l :9 ..... rI> is .::: o '';:; ..... oj 0- ;::l u ou TABLES 75 TARLE XX Average Annual Income per Household by Occupation ------_.-----_._------._--- Average Annul,l in()ome p<'1' Housf'ho!,l ill tl.c l'unj!(' of ,..------__..A._ - .----.-.------.-.-. ---'"'" Rs. SUO and Re. 3~1l to Hs. (iOI to H~. \len to Rs. 1,200 and 'o les~ GOO 90:1 1,200 above . _A __ --. ,..-_.A ___ ,"", ,.-_ A __ --, ,.-__ ..A. __--, ~_..A.-_ _... Occupations ,~ If. ~ "'.r. o::s 0;:; "'"c '"C'" 0 C ->" -0 -+" ,_...:: ~ ,_ ,.<:; e ...:: <:) ::: -- -,-~------_------1 2 3 4 :) 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Cultivation of owned land~ 1:22 1,61:\ 278 2 27G 19 494 23 760 10 1,0')5 (\8 2,340 Cultivation of lande bken on 3 1, ](1) 222 2 R2" 1 1/i50 lease A~ri('ultural La bour 57 4~1:\ 114 19 248 30 4cj8 7 687 1 1,300 HouRehoH Inr3'lstry 8 501 118 2 287 5 C11G 1 850 ~) ~ ;) Others'" ~.( ... 947 322 2 2G2 P- 518 746 7 1,033 (\ 1,817 ------_------... _ ._------_._ ·Others Include: Trade 11 Households Transport 1 Service 8 Hotel keeper :"\ Rent Rt'ceiver~ 4 " Cattle Grazer 1 --- Total ~8 76 GOVINAKOVI o to o ; ; ; ; :: 1<") ...... t- t- O o ; :: :: :: :: :: :: ; Cf) .-; to o <:5 ,...., :: ~ i ~ :: :: :: ~ \ ~ '"~ I " =o I ... 00 ...... lC !C'1 Cl ...... ~ I'~ <:5 ~ . ~ o I .... ; :: :: :: :: ... ; :: :: :: ; 00 to t ...... G'1 o C'l G'1 o l!'";l o G'l I ; :: :: :: :: I C'I . ~ I =: .S.... i u ::l "0 o l-o I p., i.... i I i eIJ t:: I I I "0 :.a.... o I I o o I I ~ U 77 TABLES l:- 0 C'I t<":> I:- eL) t<":> ro oc; ro 0 ~ 0 ..,. C'I ...... 0 t<":> 0 l~ e: e: ~ e: e: ""~ to h"':> 0 ...0 .,.; c ...... to ..,. ro .... to t- ro ..,. c lO .- 0'" 0 C'l ...... "'" ~ '" '" <:'I :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: ::: :: C'1 ~ ...... <0 .... t- ...... 0> <0 ..,. OCJ lO 0 ..... '"to <:'I I:- ..... c: c 8 <0 ...... <:) <:) 0 ""0 0 0 0 ""0 c ..,. ..,. ro t- t- O> to t- ~ C>:) OCJ ..... <':' <0 t- 0 t- ...... ro ~ ~ a; "': ~ ~ ": ,....; '" "': ~ l- C'I 0 C':> 0 0 ...... "" c 00 ..-._ ~ I .t;jf: u c; .:;: "'0=' ~ b.O c; Q,;~'. ... 0 ..-.. ~ ..... tJ .9 ...... 0 ~ <:) ..... 00 .... ~ ~ • ..c o1:l .... E-< .... c::: U 00 :::l ~ ..... ~ 0 0 ~ b.O c: c::: 00 u ~ U c::: 0 ..0 Z "'0 ~ b.O 0 c::: ~ '-' ...... ;§ .~ .... :§ ..... ~ c::: ... c::: ~ c::: 00 0:1 ~ 00 o :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: ~ o :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: t- o 00 <:'I a> ~ t ~ o o t- o o o o o o o o :: :: :: ,...., t ~ ...... ,...., t o o ~ ~ o o o o 10 ! ~ :: :: :: :: :: ,; ,....,a> ! , . 0 o LQ C'I ...... a> LQ o o o o o o o I~ I I <:'I ...... C IC'l o 00 8 c: t- o o o o o II~ :: :: :: :: :: :: ...-... c;j .... C'";) to t- 'X. l- 00 t- h":> ...... ,...... 00 t- C; C; ~ 00 ..,; G'l ....; G'l ..,; 0 ...... 0.0 to ...... ;; : : : :: : ; : : :: : : I OO C'I 0 t- o <:,1 00 t- 0";> 0 "'. 0 ...;0 C; ...... 0: ~ ~ ,....; C'";) t- t- G'l '" c..i C ...... ci ..." G'l >0 ...."'" to '" h":> :: : : : :: : : :: "d= ....= "d C'";) 00 0";> Q ...;0 ex 0";> ...... to C'";) C'I <=> CO -.cl 0) t- ~. "" .., 0 .Q <:'1 ...... : ..... 0 0 ..... '" =Q == ~ C'I : :: :: : : : :: :: : :: : :: ..; : 0 ..... 0) 00 G'l to ...... 00 ..... >0 <;'j ..... ~ ~ ""! G'l ~ G'l ~ C'I 0 .Q ..,; .Q G'l 0 0 0.0 '" '" ...... 0) 0) C'";) C'";) ...... G'l ~ <;'j ~ ...... G'l '<1" ..... '"c-. 0 ,..,~ 0 ci 0 0 ci 0 C ~ <0 0) 0> r:f~ ..... t- 0.0 ..." .... 0 ...... t- t- o: c: to ~ 0::: o: ": 0 C'0 ...... 0 ..... 0 <;'j G'l "" (f) :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: : 00 0 .~ +-> ...... '"... '" ...... 00 o ...... C'l ,...; :: l: ..,j< t- o o I 00 ~ (/) ::r:..d :: :: :: :: :: :: :: t <0o :: :: :: L":l t t- o :: :: :: :: ::: ...... ,j< o * :: t- t- t t 10 ...... -t-- 10 o OO t- o 10 - o o o O ,...; o l: o o I:- t C'l o ,.., o :: :: ::: ::: ::: :: ..-.. ~.... (1) Q, C o c ,_..Z o I .~ "'Cl u o ::s o "'Cl ~ ~ TABLES 81 TABLE XXII Households and Development Ar.t.ivities ------Secured ".------j... --.---. ------_._------., Land Improvement Total Number Bett0r i\Ieasnre'l like of Irrigational Better BetteI' Better Use of Redamation Soil Households Fa<::ilities Seecl~ I!]] plements i\Ianure Pesticides Conservation Oonsolidation 1 3 4 5 7 -'-- - -.------. _.. _--_._--_._------.----.--.-...------218 4 17 3 TABLE XXIII Indebtedness by Tncome Groups Total No. of No. of Amount Percentage Average indebtedness Income group Househnlds Households cf for Household in debt. indebted Rs. 001. 3 to 001. 2 Rs. P. 1 2 3 5 G ------_. ------.------~------.------.----.-- Rs. 25 and below :2;1 1 1,650 4.01) ] ,650 00 TIs. 26 to 50 (-)2 12 5,545 19.35 462 08 Rs. 51 to 75 38 19 15,U8(l 50. f)O 793 68 Rs. 76 to 100 17 8 9,930 1,7 .06 1,241 25 Rs. 100 and ahove 76 46 71,670 60.53 1,558 04 Total 218 1,03,875 SfJ.J5 5,705 05 ._-----_._--_._-_._-----_._------ 11 GOVINAKOVI 'l'ABLE XXIII-A Indebtedness by Causes _- ~--~ ~---- ~---~~ ------o\... -~~~-~ --- ~--- _------~--.- - ""'" Cause :'1mOllllt in drht N"o. of f>u!lilirs Proportion of debt in debt ,111(' tu (·.all~f' to the Hemarks total amount of debt --~-----.----_-----~------~------.-~--.----~------ .) ') u 4 PUfchf1Re of land ancl improvement 151,')3c' 47 17.70 House constrmtiol1, repairs to existing huildillgS 1 1i,3;-)() 11 9.96 }Iarriage 1:3, 1 ()!J 14 12.01 Funer.'ll" To give dowry To dear outstanding debts 10, f);)(1 !Ulij Sicknes'l ~l! )f ) 1 U.39 Ordinary wall ts l~,Hr} 2·j 12.4G Hou~ehold cultivation :1,2()0 \) 3.08 Industry run by Lhe li(JIlsehold \)U() 2 0.87 Business 1'1111 bv the \ion~ebold ~).4011 3 :~L 27 Total 1,()~),S7:J lHi IOU.OO T;\BLE XXIII-B Sources of Credit Cultivators having land ,....-- --~----A---_~_._._ -----.- --~~- )i'oll-cultivatoIH Below 3 Acres 3 to 10 Acres 10 Acres and aboye r-----...A.---, ,..-____~.A. __ ._____ ,--~--- ... -----~._.. Souret) of Tndebtedlle~s r------A--~-,"-" Amount Amount Alllount Amoullt Amount Amollnt Amount c\lllouut hOfl'O,,'ed out- hUITow('Q out- borrowed out- horrowed (JUt- ~t'liiding: ~tallJing standllli:( s ta mlin!.; 1 3 4 (i 7 8 9 N.E.~. Block 1:)0 130 40() 40(1 J.,)!) 350 Co-operative Society 1':)0(\ 1,050 10,10(1 0,380 17,100 13,21!11 2,80() 2,800 In(l ustrial Co-operative Soeiety 750 73(1 Land Mortgage Bank. 2,:WO 1,930 8,O()(1 .-).730 1,0100 1,400 Cananl. Bank ;,)00 e,l)! ) L.D.N. 200 70 Other,'! (Friends & Rplati ves etc.) 5,9:)0 5,930 2S,U;:" 23,7 !:) ,1O,JO(l 33,700 5,100 3,7[.0 ~.-~-. --- ~~- -- -, .. --~------'------.~ ------~.---.- ~----.-- Total 7,nOO 7,150 11,57C' 33,2o:i 6(;,200 :):i,22() 9,850 3,300 ---~ -~~------~------.------~---.------TABLES 83 r : I I I .1;:)AO "PI ;:)JUllIBH I p;:);:)S .to] p;:)A.t::lS::l'H I , ~ ~ ,I ...... I I~ lU::l.t Sll P~P.d ! : ~ ~ .... I i PIllS Al~lUl'.nD : o .....* I1 .....c ,I I uopdumsuOJ I :l!lS::llUOP I .tOJ Al!lUlmD 1 1 o 00 l C'> r I 1;:).\0 "PI ;:):lUl'.IP.H I j I I ',..... I 'fl i~ I I ~ I I : - J lU;;).t SB plBd I 10 i ~") . I , ~ I ..... 1 I o PI os Al!lUBnD i 10...... I I I I I ...... I 00 I ,0 ~ - -...... , ! ., I o - 10 .~.. l I:>Il 0«: :: ._ 0 0. ~ S ~ 0 :::: t<:I "0 .... 00 8 .... bJJ 0 ...... >. .... c: 'l) "'u "'0 CIl ;::l rn bJJ Z "'0 '5:(; 0 .... :5 a ~ .... 0 :..a CIl I=l-."" ,._,0 IX:'" 0 ::r:: u ~ 84 GOVINAKOVI 'l'AnU~ XXV Households owning or possessing Land or have ~iven out Land to others for Cultivatil..n ------.----_------Nuwber of Households and !'xtent of lanel ,-______.. _.A.. ______.. ______. ______~ !\o. N:ttme of No. of 50-100 No. (If l-~.ci!) No. of 2.i'i-,1.!)!) Ko. of 5-10 No. of 10 Acres Comm'mity lanel interest Hhs. Cents Hhs. Acr('s Hh~. AfT(,s Hhs. Acres Hhs. l1wl ahoye on lnn 1* 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ------.------.----.----~------~------~ ... --~ HINDU- Lingayat 10 A 2 1.95 2 3.00 7 ;}7.17 19 135.33 35 709.29 B 2 1.96 5 10.00 ~, 22.00 G 4l.3:2 1 10 .on A+B 16.00 A+ 0 2 8.23 8 CO.14 11 IG9.00 Adi-karnataka 7 A 19 28.32 4 ],3.00 n 1 0.92t 4 4.00 AtC 2 13.00 Halnmalha 4 A 1 O.92i 1 2.20 i) 38.05 3 30.20 n 1 O.92t 2 3.00 3.00 1 [i.00 A+C 2 10.06 B+O 5.00 Vi~wakarma 2 A 2 7.30 1 9.10 2 23.00 B 1 4.16 A+O 1 7.00 Gangalllat ha 2 A 2 12.35 B 1 4.00 A+O 5.00 Chippigaru 2 B 1 0.92t Brabmin 2 B 1 2.00 Maharashtra 1 A 1 8.00 Reddy 1 Vaisya 1 Bhavasar Kshatriya B 1 1.06 Bhovi 1 MUSLI1\I- 2 A -1 'L10 1 1.00 2 12.00 R 1 1.00 2 7.20 1 11.20 .\.+0 3.17 1 0.11 ._------.------._------TotaJ 35 8 7.61 40 58.08 28 103.25 53 367.4;) 54 971.69 ------ * Natllre of interest on lqnd.' A: Lands owned and self cllltivated. B.' Lands owned but leaslJd out. 0: Lunds taken on lea,e lor cultivation. TABU'S 85 TABLE XXV-A Ownership of Land in Village by Residents of Govinakovi ----_._._------_._. ------Number of Households awl exent, of land __ ..A. ___ . ____. --.------~ Community ._ ._ '+-< o o o o o o Z Z Z 1 2 ,) 4- 5 (i 8 9 10 11 12 13 --~.------_._-_._- HINDF- 4 :),70 Ii 9.25 19 67.5n 17 100.10 14 121.02 11 129 50 31 749.22 Adi-karnataka 1 0.92 18 25.92 6 19.37 1 ().50 Haiumatha 2 1.85 2 3.00 5 16.90 3 26.12 :3 30. GO Yiswakarma 1 2.0U 3 11.25 1 9.25 2 23.0(1 Gangamatha 2 8.00 1 ').32 1 7.5f) Chippigaru 1 0.92 B!'ahrmn 1 2.00 1 8.00 Reddy Vaisya Bhavasar Kshatriya 1 1.15 Bhm-i MUSLIM- 1 0.92 5 5.25 4 15.50 2 12.00 ---_._---- Total 8.31 34 48.57 39 138.57 'H 139.92 20 171 \)4 14 197 :)0 33 749.22 ._-----_--_._------86 GOVINAKOVI TARLE XXV·B Ownership of I,and in Govin:lKOvi Village ------_------._------_.---_ Numher of Householils 'tun extent of h'H] .-.A__ -_. .. r------. __ ----.~ if} en 'Xl en Q;) ~ ~ If: cr 0.' 'lJ. ~ Ul rn ,..d ""~ ,..d ,_, ,..d ... ""c.o 0 ""c.o ~ ...... ~ '"' C:l ~ ;:c: c: c.o "" Commnnitv i::= 53 ~ 2a <0 ~ 0; ~ 2 ,._ Q) ,...., ,._ ,...., 0""...... a> .... 0 .£ 0 0 c C> 0 c: 0 'Ie) '"=' 0 C,i ..,: ~." ::r: ..., '" '"' ..0 , 0<3 0 ~ 0 ""C',i 0 ':' L'C 0 ~ .. 0 t--;- C l~ :r: z ,....; ;Z; C'i Z lC':l Z ~ Z .-; ~ ,....; 1 2 3 4 (j 7 8 1U 11 12 13 14 15 ---_----_.. - ... _------_- HINDU- Lingavat ·1 3.70 9 ]4.25 21 71.3;) 17 89.10 \i 1\9.02 17 188.00 27 1)30.42 A,li-k'l.ruataka 0.91 lR 2f) .91 (j 19.37 1 5.5(' ., If:tlumat.ba 2 1.85 •.J 4. C'O fi IG.90 3 17 .00 ;) 26.1:l 2 ;\0.50 Yiswakarma 2 2.0U ·l.oO 1 9.25 ~ 22.00 Ga:1g;;]matha 2 11.55 1 ::>.32 Chipplgam 0.91 Brahmin 2.00 Jl a11a rashtra 1 8.00 ReMy Yai,3lJ.va Rhavasar Kshatriya 1 1.15 Bhovi :JTVSLIl\1- 2 1.1'0 ;j 5.2fi 4 15.00 2 12.00 ------.-~-_------.. _._-_---- Total 10 9.17 39 5£).06 39 13G.fl7 24 128.\J2 14 112.39 21 221.fiO 27 (;30.42 ______• ______• ______• ~. ______• ______~ __M ___ • ___ TABLES 87 TABLE XXV-C Table showing the Land owned outside the Village Community 2 3 8 9 ----_- --~-~-----~ --~--~------Lingayat 23 85.50 4 15.00 1 15.00 5.00 Halumatha 2 8.50 Viswakarma 5 9.75 Gangamatha 1 400 Muslim 2 14.15 Total 33 121.90 4 15.00 1 15.00 5.00 TABLE XXVI General ~------Number of Households Total No. of _------~---- ______-----.A..------~---- ______--... Households Reading daily Member or members Member or members Member or members newspaper of which work for of which take active of which have joined social uplift part in politics Co-operative Societies 1 2 3 4 5 _--~---- -~------ 218 4 Nil Nil 109 88 GOVINAKOVI TABLE 1 Caste/Tribe or Community and Nature of Family --_- -~------~ --.- -_------_-_ ~ - - -~------~ - -~--- - ~ Types of families living in the Households Caste Tribe or Total No. of ------__..A.. ______-_ ---., Remarks Community Households Simple Intermediate Joint Others 1 2 3 4: 5 6 7 ------_ - --- HINDU- Lingayat 117 62 14 33 8 Adi-karnataka 37 26 3 6 2 Halumatha 22 13 1 8 Viswakarma 9 2 2 4 1 Gangamatha 6 3 2 1 Chippigaru 3 2 I Brahmin 3 3 lVIaratha 2 1 1 Reddy 1 1 Vaisva 1 1 Bha~asar Kshatriya 1 I Bhovi 1 1 MUSLIM- 15 12 1 2 Total 218 127 23 57 11 -~------_------_ ------ TABLE 3 Awareness of Untouchability Otlences Act. No. of persons aware of No. of persons Caste prohibition of Remarks interviewed untouchability under Law 1 2 3 4: ------~------HINOU Lingayat 117 68 Adi-karnataka 37 16 Halumatha 22 13 Viswakarma 9 5 Gr.ngamatha 6 3 Chippigaru 3 3 Brahmin 3 3 Maratha 2 Reddy 1 1 Vaisya 1 1 Bhavasar Ksh~triya r Bhovi 1 MUSLIl\'I- 15 11 Total 218 124 -_------_ --- 'tABLES TABLE 4: Contravention of Marriage Rules No. of marriages Frequencies of each type of contravention Caste/Tribe in contravention of r------.A------, Caste/Tribal Law Type I Type II Type III Type IV Type V Type VI ------1 2 3 4: 5 6 7 8 All the 218 Households Nil in the village were interviewed TABLE -l-A Permissibility of Intercaste Marriage Remarks including No. of persons who consider it is permissible to form running note on No. of marital ties with background of the Caste/Tribe persons ...------__..._------"""\ persons iiving affir- interviewed Caste/Tribe Caste/Tribe Caste/Tribe Caste/Tribe mative reply (educated I II III IV young man) Name Name Name Name Panchayat Member 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 All the 218 Households in Intercaste marriages are not permitted among the village were interviewed any of the castes 12 90 GOVINAKOVI TABLE 5 Awareness of changes in Hindu Laws of Succession and Adoption ;\"umber of ~umber aware that there Number aware that there Caste I Tribe/Community persons have been changes in . have been changes in l{emarks interviewed Hindu Succession Act Hindu Adoption Act 1 2 3 4 HINDU Lingayat II7 7 7 Adi-karnataka 37 Halumatha 22 1 Viswakarma 9 Gangamatha 6 Chippigaru 3 Brahmin 3 2 2 Maharashtra 2 Reddv 1 Vaisv~ 1 1 1 Bha\~asar Kshatriya 1 Bhovi 1 MUSLIM - l[:' Total 21S 11 11 TABLE 5-A Inheritance of property as in practice Number indicating that relations of the following categories are entitled to Caste Tribe; No. of inherit property in their respective Caste/Tribe Com~nunity persons r------..A------.------~ interviewed Son Daughter Wife Mother Brother Sister's son Brother's son Others; ----1------_-_._- 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 HINDU- Lingayat 117 117 Adi-karnataka 37 37 Halumatha 2;;l 22 Viswakal'ma 9 9 Gangamatha 6 6 Chippigaru 3 3 nrnhm~ 3 3 Maratha :1 2 Reddy 1 1 Vais\a 1 1 Bha\:asar Kshatriya 1 1 Bhovi 1 1 MUSLIl\I-- ] 5 15 Total 218 218 TABLES 91 TABLE 5-B Share of property for different categories of relatives sons ~umber indicating that sons inherit property in the following manner "..------~-- -- -_ ---_.------_-"------_. --- .-~----~ "Cl en v .~ :;; '" 00 .... . ~ @ -E ~ t: ..c Q) ] '" en ...c: .9 ";i .S Caste ITri bel 5- .:: Community v £ ...... o o Z 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 ----~------~~ -- - - ~ ~~------~- ~ HINDU- Lingayat 117 117 Adi-karnataka 37 37 Halumatha 22 22 Viswakarma 9 9 Gangamatha 6 6 Chippigaru 3 3 Brahmin 3 3 Maratha 2 2 Reddy 1 1 Vaisya 1 1 Bhavasar Kshatriya 1 1 Bhovi 1 1 MUSLIM- 15 15 Total 218 218 TABLE 6 Reciprocal Aid in Agricultural Practices No. of Households No. of Households that No. of Households that take help of assist neighbours and Caste iTribe! practising agri neighbourers at the receive help at the Remarks Community· culture time of sowing or time of cultivation harvesting in the shape of manual labour ---}--- 2 3 4, 5 ---- ~------HINDU- Lingayat 87 Adi-kamataka 22 Halumatha 13 Viswakarma 6 Gangamatha 3 Chippigaru Brahmin Maharashtra 1 Reddy Vaisya Bhavasar Kshatriya Bhovi MUSLIM- 9 Total 141 92 GOVINAKOVI TABLE Livestock Statistics Cows in Cows in Adult females Working Other adult Milk dry not calved Bulls Bullocks males ,..-_..A.. __-.." Caste/Tribe/Community r--..A.--.." ,..-_--A.--, ~--.A.--.." r----"---.." r---.A.--",\ No. of Total No. of Total No. of Total No. of Total No. of Total No. of Total Hhs. No. Hhs. No. Hhs. No. Hhs. No. Hhs. No. Hhs. No. 1 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 HINDU- Lingayat 41 58 57 107 23 40 22 36 77 173 1 1 Adi-karnataka 1 1 3 6 2 2 3 4 22 38 1 1 Halumatha 4 6 6 11 2 3 11 19 Viswakatma 3 3 2 2 2 2 4 8 Gangamatha 2 2 1 1 3 6 Chippigaru Brahmin Maratha 1 2 Reddy Vaisya Bhavasar Kshatriya 1 1 ... Bhovi MUSLIM- 9 10 1 2 2 2 1 1 5 10 Total 61 81 69 128 31 49 27 42 123 256 2 2 TABLES 93 7 including Fishery Young stock Young stock He-buffaloes She-buffaloes She-buffaloes Young stock ,--__(Males).A. __ (Females) ___(Adult).A._-., in Milk Dry (buffaloes) ,..-__ .A.. _____.A._"""'\ _---"--"""'\ ,...--_ ...... -"""'\ Caste/Tribe/Community No. of Total No. of Total No. of Total No. of Total No. of Total No. of Total Hhs. No. Hhs. No. Hhs. No. Hhs. No. Hhs. No. Hhs. No. 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 HINDU- 35 51 13 16 5 6 62 85 56 84: 60 86 Lingayat 3 4 2 4 1 2 3 4 4 5 Adi-karnataka I 1 3 4 1 1 8 10 6 9 6 7 Halumatha 3 4 3 5 i 8 3 6 Viswakarma 1 1 1 1 1 I Gangamatha Chippigaru Brahmin Maratha Reddy Vaisya 1 3 Bhavasar Kshatriya Bhovi 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 MUSLIM- ~---- -_ -_------~------, 4-5 65 22 28 6 7 76 104: 70 105 74 105 Total ~.------_--- -- 94 GOVINAKOVI TABLE Livestock Statistics Horses, ponies Pj~s & ,..-_.A._Sheep _. __Goats .A. ___ ,....---"'-___, ,.....-.A.mules __ --. Donkeys Cocks Caste/Tribe/Community ,,-_.A.-_...... ,-___ .A.__ -, No. of Total No. of Total No. of Total No. of Total No. of Total No. of Total Hhs. No. Hhs. No. Hhs. No. Hhs. No. Hhs. No. Hhs. No . ...------._------_._--._--.---- .~---.- .---._------26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 --_.---- HINDU- Lingayat Adi-karnataka ... 5 7 Halumatha 1 35 6 1 1 Viswakarma Gangamatha 1 1 2 4 1 1 Chippigaru Brahmin Maratha Reddy Vaisya Bhavasar Kshatriya Bhovi MUSLIM- ----.. ------Total 2 36 8 43 7 9 TABLES 95 7 (Concld.) including Fishery ------_ Any other ani- Hens Chicken Ducks Others mals or birds Fisheries .- _.A.___ r __..A._~ ,-__ ..A. -- -.. ,-- .A._-.. _-_ I -_ r--- ..A._-., Caste/Tribe/Community No. of Total No. of Total No. of Total No. of Total No. of Total No. of Total Hhs. No. Hhs. No. Hhs. No. Hhs. No. Hhs. No. Hhs. No. 38 39 40 42 43 45 46 48 49 HINDU~ Lingayat 5 19 Adi-karnataka 4 1 10 Halumatha Viswakarma Gangamatha Chippigaru Brahmin Maratha Reddy Vaisya Bhavasar Kshatriya Bhovi MUSLIM -- 6 23 1 10 Total ------_------96 GOVINAKOVI TABLE 8 Village Industries Name of Industries r------A------~ Name of Caste Gold Smithy Black Smithy Carpentry Tailoring Manufacture of flaked rice ---i~-- 2 3 4 5 6 --~- Viswakarma 1 3 3 Chippigaru 2 Muslim 2 1 TABLE 10 Co-operative Society No. of households of the members of the Co-operative Society, S1. Name of Co-operative the heads of which belong to No. Society r------______A ______------... Remarks Lingayat Halumatha Viswakarma -l----~- 2 3 4: 5 6 ------1. Large Scale Co-operative Society 25 3 2 2. Industrial Co-operative Society 1 Total 25 3 :3 TABLE ll-A Habit of taking tea al correlated to income No. of Households taking tea with No. of Households not taking tea with Caste/Tribe/ monthly income of monthly income of Community r------A------, r------A------~ Above Rs.I01- Rs.76- Rs.51- Rs.26- Rs.25 or Above Rs.I0l- Rs.76- Rs.51- Rs.26 Rs.25 or Rs.150 150 106 75 50 less Rs.150 150 100 75 50 less 1 2 3 4: 5 6 7 8 \) 10 11 12 13 ~---~------HINDU- Lingayat 31 17 9 13 8 1 5 5 1 9 14 4 Adi-karnataka 1 1 1 5 20 9 Halumatha 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 7 3 Viswakarma 2 3 1 1 1 1 Gangamatha 1 1 1 3 Chippigaru 1 1 1 Brahmin 1 1 1 Maratha 1 1 Reddy 1 Vaisya 1 Bhavasar Kshatriya 1 Bhovi .. , 1 MUSLlM- 1 2 3 4: 1 2 2 Total 36 25 14, 20 14 5 7 8 3 18 48 20 TABLES 97 TABLE 12 Material Culture--Possession of Furniture No. of Households possessing Caste/Tribe/Community r------_.'------~ Cots Khatia Chair Table Mirror Bench Stool Jolchowki Wall-shelf 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ------_------~-.------HINDU- Lingayat 31 56 1 23 Adi-karnataka Halumatha 2 1 Viswakarma 1 3 2 Gangamatha Chippigaru Brahmin 3 1 Maratha Reddy Vaisya 1 4 Bhavasar Kshatriya Bhovi MUSLIM- 2 1 Total 34 70 2 28 TABLE 12-A Material Culture -Possession of consumer goods ,--______:.. ______No. of Households ..A.. ______possessing _ Caste/Tri be/Community Hurricane Petro max Battery torch Kerosene Bicycle Radio \Vrist Lantern or Hazak light stove set watch ------1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 HINDU- Lingayat 1 22 22 1 18 Adi-karnataka Halumatha Viswakarma Gangamatha Chippigaru Brahmin 1 1 1 Maratha Reddy Vaisya 1 • 1 1 Bhavasar Kshatriya Bhovi MUSLIM- Total 1 1 24 1 20 ------ 13 GOVINAKOVI TABLE 12-E Material Culture-Habits No. of Households that use mosquito curtain No. of Households that do not use mosquito having monthly income of curtain having monthly income of Caste/Tribe/ ---.------"------" ,..------_.__ ._-"------., Community Rs. 150 Rs. Rs. Rs. ;)1) Rs. ]f>!) Rs. Rs. Rs. 50 and above 101-150 51-100 or less and above 101-150 51-100 ur less 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 --~------_ ------_-- HINDU- Lingayat 4 32 22 31 27 Adi-karnataka 1 6 29 Halumatha 1 4 6 11 Viswakarma 2 3 3 Gangamatha 2 4 Chippigaru 1 1 Brahmin 1 1 Maratha 1 1 Reddy Vaisya 1 Bhavasar Kshatriya ... 1 Bhovi 1 MUSLIlVl- 1 6 8 Total 5 1 38 33 87 TABLES TABLE 12-B (contd.) Material Culture Habits No. of Households that use toilet No. of Households that do not use toilet / soap i washing SO'lP having monthly income washing ,;oap having monthly Income of Caste/Tribe! _------A------r- -_ ------.A.. ______------Community Rs. 150 Rs. Rs. Rs.50 Rs. 1511 Rs Rs Rs. 50 and above 101-150 51-100 or less and above 101-150 5LI00 or less 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 HINDU- Lingayat 11 6 9 25 16 ~3 19 Adi-karnataka 1 6 29 Halumatha 1 1 2 4 5 9 Viswakarma 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 Gangamatha 1 3 Chippigaru 1 1 Brahmin 1 1 I Maratha 1 1 Reddy 1 Vaisya 1 Bhavasar 1 Kshatriya 1 MUSLIM- 3 1 3 7 Total 15 7 15 16 26 40 71 100 GOVINAKOVI TABLE 12-B (concld.) Material Culture Habits No. of Households that send clothes to No. of Households that do not send clothes Caste/Tribe,' washerman having monthly income of to washerman having monthly income of ~ ______..A.. ______,-- ______..A.. ______~ Community Rs. 150 Rs. Rs. Rs. 50 Rs. 150 Rs. Rs. Rs. 50 and above 101-150 51-100 or less and above 101-150 51-100 or less 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 ------~ ------HINDU- Lingayat 36 22 32 27 Adi-karnataka 1 1 6 29 Halumatha 1 4 6 11 Viswakarma 2 3 1 3 Gangamatha 2 4 Chippigaru 1 1 1 Brahmin 1 1 1 Maratha 1 1 Reddy 1 Vaisya 1 Bhavasar 1 Kshatriya • Bhovi 1 MUSLIM- 1 6 8 _____~ ___~ ______~ __ - ~ ______• __ • ______------______0- ___ Total 43 33 55 87 TABLES 101 JOOl JU~'l 4l!A\ 's4H JO 'oN JOOl SSEl!) ,....., (MUllS 4l!M ,....., ...... ,....., 00 'S4H JO 'ON JOOl U;:) -pOOM 41!M ,.....,o 's4H JO 'oN (1;:);:)4S ;)U!Z) JOOl U!J, 4l!M 's4H JO 'oN ...... ,....., C'Io JOOl SOl -s:;,qsV 4l!A\ 's4H JO 'oN JOOl laaqs 'I 'J 4l!M 's4H JO 'oN JOOl u;);)nd ql!A\ ..... 'sqH JO 'oN JOOl pnw ql!A\ 'sllH JO 'oN 'SljH JO 'oN ,....., I p o z -::t: 102 GOVfNAKOVI ( I Ij1:l·\\ JO S;)d·\l .1;)q10 I I I I I I I I I 11':l! IIP.·\\ pJ;)'d" p;>.lOls p'}d pnJ\I 00 -c; ~ St ...... :, j:2,~ ~ ;... ~ Eo< S;)qJUlUq pUB o::::l CI) S~!Aq JO IP~.\\ ~ rIl E-< =:=Q lIP-Ai P;)P -111.\\ ooqwug P;)l;}lSl1Id pnI'" IIB.\\ P;)Plt::.\\ ooqmp.H I j l t-t-G"=l~~~~~-,_...j""""""" _ ~ Col ...... til>, ·C ~ til ..c ..... ~