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Handbook of Hydraulic Resistance

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Handbook of Hydraulic Resistance 7 / ° " ° ."t. /9EC-lr 4" / a. 11c) C / ý-i Ct Q 4 ~, LE. ldel'chik HANDBOOK OF HYDRAULIC. RESISTANCE Coefficients of Local Resistance and of Friction C LEEAR IN G H 0 U S E AND FOR FEDERAL SCIENTIFIC Novi 4 ?; TECHNICAL INFORMATION Hard~opMicrofiche I/ ~~OU~~9E @~3PP Translated from Russian •Published for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations Reproduced by NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE. :Springfield, Va. 22151 : : - -T, --!, I.E.. IDELCCHIK HANDBOOK I OF HYDRAULIC RESISTANCE Coefficients of Local Resistance and of Friction (Spravochnik po gidravlicheskim soprotivleniyam. Koeffitsienty rnestnykh. soprotivlenii i soprotivleniya treniya) Gosudarstvennoe Energeticheskoe Izdatel'stvo Moskva-Leningrad 1960 Translated from Russian ,0 £ Israel Program for Scientific Translations Jerusalem 1966 i AEC-tr- 6630 Published Pursuant to an Agreement with THE U. S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION and THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION, WASHINGTON, D.C. Copyright (0 1966 Israel Program for Scientific Translations Ltd. IPST Cat. No. 1505 Translated by A. Barouch, M. Sc. Edited by D. Grunaer, P. E. and IPST Staff Printed in Jerusalem by S. Monson Price: $8.28 Available from the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information Springfield, Va. 22151 x/S Table of Contents FOREWORD ............ vii Sect ion One. GENERAL INFORMATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR USING THE HANDBOOK ......... 1 1-1. List of general symbols used th.rouglhout the book .1 1-2. General directions .......... ... .• .• .. .. .. ......I ......... 2 1-3. Properties of fluids ......... ................ 3 a. Specific gravity ......... ................ 3 b. Viscosity ............ ° , oo , • . .° .. .•.. .. ................ 4 1-4. Equilibrium of fluids ........ ................ 12 .............. o.........°•,°.. 1-5. Motion of fluids ........ .ocity .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ................ 14 a. Discharge, and mean stream ve ................ 14 am it ..... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. b. Equation of continuity of a strea ................ 15 c. Bernoulli equation. Head loss . e ...... ..... 16 .... .......... .°. ...... .° °.. 1-6. The flow of fluids through an orific ................ 21 °. ................. ° .•.... ... a. Flow of an incompressible fluid ................ 21 b. Discharge of a compressible gas e ...... .•....... ..• ...... .,. °.. ................ 25 1-7. Fluid-flow states .......... ....... ...... .. 26 1-8. Fluid resistance .......... ................ 29 1-9. Work of a compressor in systems .......... 32 1-10. Examples of the calculations of the fluid resistance of systems ........... .. .... ... 35 Section Two. STREAM FLOW THROUGH STRAIGHT PIPES AND CHANNELS (FRICTION COEFFICIENTS AND ROUGHNESS) .. ................................................... 53 2-1. List of sym bols ......................................................... 53 2-2. Explanations and; practical recommendations ...................................... 53 2-3. Roughness of pip•s and channels .............................................. 62 2-4. List of the diagrams of friction coefficients of section II ...... ............................... 65 2-5. Diagrams of friction coefficients ............................................. 66 Section Three. STREAM INTAKE IN PIPES AND CHANNELS (RESISTANCE COEFFICIENTS OF INLET SECTIONS) .................................................. So 3-1. List of sym bols ....................................................... 80 3-2. Explanations and recommendations ............................................ 81 3-3. List of the diagrams of resistance coefficients of section III ........................... 91 3-4. Diagrams ofresistance coefficients ............................... ............. 92 Section Four. SUDDEN VARIATION OF VELOCITY IN 'STREAM PASSAGE THROUGH AN ORIFICE (RESISTANCE COEFFICIENTS OF STRETCHES WITH SUDDEN EXPANSION, ORIFICE 2,. PLATES, APERTURES, ETC.) • . ............ ............ ....... ........... 112 4-1. List of sym bols ...................................................... 112 4-2. Explanations and practical recommendations ...................................... 112 4-3. List of diagrams -of resistance coefficients of section IV ...... ........................ 127 4-4. Diagrams of resistance coefficients. ........................................... 128 Section Five. SMOOTH VELOCITY VARIATION (RESISTANCE COEFFICIENTS OF DIFFUSERS) ......... 151 5-1. List of sym bols .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. 151 5-2. Explanations and recommendations ........................................... 151 iii 5-3. List of the diagrams of resistance coefficients of section V ....... ..... .......................... 165 5-4. Diagrams of resistance coefficients ................................................... 166 Section Six. VARIATION OF THE STREAM DIRECTION (RESISTANCE COEFFICIENT OF CURVES STRETCHES-BRANCHES, ELBOWS, ETC.) ............................................ 189 6-1. List of symbols.............................. .... .......................... 189 6-2. Explanations and recommendations .......................................... 190 6-3. List of the diagrams of resistance coefficients of section VI ................................. 204 6-4. Diagrams of resistance coefffcients . ............................................ 206 Section Seven. STREAM JUNCTIONS AND DIVISIONS (RESISTANCE COEFFICIENTS OF WYES, TEES, AND CROSSES) ............... ................................................... 247 7-1. List of symbols .......................................................... ........... 247 7-2. Explanations and recommendations ...... .... ............. .................... 247 7-3. List of diagrams for resistance coefficients of section VII . ........................... 258 7-4. Diagrams of resistance coefficients ....................................................... 260 Section Eight. FLOW PAST OBSTRUCTIONS UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED OVER CONDUIT CROSS SECTIONS (RESISTANCE COEFFICIENTS OF GRIDS, SCREENS, PIPE BUNDLES, PACKINGS, ETC.)) ................................................. 305 8-1. List of sym bols . ....................................................... 305 8-2. Explanations and recommendations .... ; ................................................. 306 8-3. List of the diagrams of resistance coefficients of section VIII .................................. 319 8-4. Diagrams of resistance coefficients ....................................................... 321 Section Nine. STREAM FLOW THROUGH PIPE FITTINGS AND LABYRINTH SEALS (RESISTANCE COEFFICIENTS OF THROTTLES, VALVES, LABYRINTHS, ETC.) ....................... 350 9-1. List of symbols ..................................................................... 350 9-2. Explanations and recommendations .. .................................................... 350 9-3. List of the diagrams of resistance coefficients of section IX ...................................... 358 9-4. Diagrams of resistance coefficients ...................................................... 359 Section Ten. FLOW PAST OBSTRUCTIONS IN A CONDUIT (RESISTANCE COEFFIC1ENTS OF STRETCHES WITH PROJECTIONS, TRUSSES, GIRDERS, AND OTHER OBSTRUCTIONS) ............... 379 10-1. List of symbols .......................................................... 379 10-2. Explanations and recommendations ...................................................... 379 10-3. List of the diagrams of resistance coefficients of section X ........................... 387 10-4. Diagrams of resistance coefficients . ............................ .............. 388 Section Eleven. STREAM DISCHARGE FROM PIPES AND CHANNELS (RESISTANCE COEFFICIENTS OF EXIT STRETCHES) ............................................................ 400 11-1. List of symbols ....................................................................... 400 11-2. Explanations and recommendations .......................................... ........... 400 11-3. List of the diagrams of resistance coefficients of section XI ........... .................. 414 11-4. Diagrams of resistance coefficients . .......................................... 416 Section Twelve. STREAM FLOW THROUGH VARIOUS APPARATUS (RESISTANCE COEFFICIENTS OF APPARATUS AND OTHER DEVICES) ................... .............. 442 12-1. List of symbols ................... I . ............................................... 442 12-2. Explanations and recommendations ............................ .............. 442 12-3. List of the diagrams of resistance coefficients (or resistance magnitudes) of section XII ........ 456 12-4. Diagrams of resistance coefficients ...................................................... 458 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................ 492 INDEX . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ....... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... 509 iv a This handbook contains data on the friction coefficients of straight pipes and channels and the coefficients of fluid resistance of fittings. throttles, obstructions, elements of hydraulic or gas-air lines, and several devices used in industrial systems for gas purification, heat exct ange, and ventilation. The handbook is divided into twelve sections. The first section contains general informationon hydraulics and mechanics of fluids. The other sections are each devoted to a definite group of fittings or other elements
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