In 2004, Two Famous Scholars Published a Pioneering Book On

CEU eTD Collection Second Reader: Professor Balázs Trencsényi Balázs Professor Reader: Second Janowski Maciej Professor Supervisor: Between Democracy and Authoritarianism: Political Catholicism in interwar in Catholicism Political and Authoritarianism: Democracy Between In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of degree for the of requirements the fulfillment partial In Central EuropeanUniversity Central History DepartmentHistory Budapest, Hungary Budapest, Gvidas Venckaitis Master of Arts Master Submitted to Submitted Lithuania 2010 By

CEU eTD Collection must form a part of any such copies made. Further copies made in accordance with such with accordance in made Author. permission ofthe written without the made may not be instruction copies Further made. copies such any of part a form must page This librarian. the from obtained be may Details Library. European Central the in lodged and Author the by given instructions the with accordance in only made be may part, or full Copyright in the text of this thesis rests with Author. Copies by any process, either in either process, any by Copies Author. with rests thesis this of text the in Copyright Notice Copyright ii

CEU eTD Collection features of political Catholicism. ofpolitical features distinguished the of one was 1920’s, mid the in politics Catholic the for unusual still Party, order in made case. ofthe Lithuanian trends distinct illustrate is Europe in movements political Catholic analogous asymmetrical between an comparison addition, In years. interwar the throughout politics radical and structures liberal towards held stance its on focusing by the Lithuania in analyzes Catholicism paper political of this evolution of author The sates. fascist and liberal both to hostile ways, many in force, political which distinct a constituted it 1920’s, the in parties, Europe of part significant a in emerged confessional other with Together Europe. interwar in Catholicism political The Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party was one of most principal examples of examples principal most of one was Party Democratic Christian Lithuanian The Abstract The paper reveals that rather early radicalization of the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Christian Lithuanian the of radicalization early rather that reveals paper The iii

CEU eTD Collection ...... Bibliography Conclusion (1926-1939) state authoritarian and the Opposition:generation new in 4. Catholics (1918-1926) state and a democratic radicalization Power: in 3. Catholics and authoritarianism lensofdemocracy through the Europe 1918–1939: Parties in 2. Catholic Phenomenon as Catholicism 1. Political Introduction

1.4. Literature Review 1.4. Literature Catholicism and Unity ofPolitical 1.3. Diversity Novarum and Rerum 1.2. Modernity Democracy Christian as Catholicism 1.1. Political Table of contents of Table ...... iv ......

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8 6 5 1 CEU eTD Collection (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996). Clarendon (Oxford: 2 2004). and New Routledge, York: (London 1 the period the in held elections four the of out when parliamentarism democratic the of period the with coincided largely LCDP the of success The exist. to ceased Lithuania independent Parliamentary 1926, In when 1940, until lasted which regime right-wing authoritarian an with transitions. replaced was democracy significant underwent system political the countries, European interwar many in as Lithuania, In attention. serious deserves Party the of history The state. Lithuanian born newly a in religion and politics fuse to tried which force the was LCDP) work. profound this from absent is which case an the of as analysis in-depth me more the served start to study inspiration informative this contrary, the On work. splendid to this neither on parties, comment Catholic the of analysis over-arching an provide to not was goal whose authors the criticize to unfair be would It period. interwar political the during successful Europe of in Catholicism examples principal most the of one is included not was which case the Ironically, work. brilliant this to addition valuable a been have could study case one least framework. comparative a in Catholicism political European put to attempts similar in omitted usually were which Europe East-Central of forces political confessional the the on chapters addition, included In authors perspective. comparative pan-European systematic a in treated are period Catholicism. Introduction Tom Buchnanan and Martin Conway eds., andeds., Martin Conway Buchnanan Tom Wolfram Kaiser and Wohnout Helmut eds., Helmut Wohnout and Kaiser Wolfram n 20, to fmu coas pbihd a poern ok o newr political interwar on book pioneering a published scholars famous two 2004, In The Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party (Lietuvių Krikščionių Demokratų Partija, Demokratų Krikščionių (Lietuvių Party Democratic Christian Lithuanian The 2 However, even a quick glance at the map of the interwar Europe illustrates that at that illustrates Europe interwar the of map the at glance quick a even However, 1 This study is one of the very rare cases when the Catholic parties of the interwar the of parties Catholic the when cases rare very the of one is study This Political Catholicism in Europe1918–1965 Catholicism in Political 1 Political Catholicism in Europe 1918 – 45 – 1918 Europe in Catholicism Political

CEU eTD Collection extent, forming a distant political force and in many countries and being at the core of liberal of core the at right-wing being and countries many in and force secular political distant a large forming extent, a primarily to parties, Catholic the solution, rightist the for by opted Europe of challenged most As dictatorships. were democracies liberal as difficult period, more the by followed was 1920s early the in enjoyed success electoral significant Europe. ofinterwar circumstances geopolitical the changed under themselves formed newly a Partei Chritlichsoziale like Catholicism in 19 being the of into traditions strong came the with Šramek, parties addition, In Jan state. Czechoslovak chairman serving - long its by led Lidova, Strana Československa the while Italy in established was Sturzo, Luigo priest Sicilian instance, For faith. Catholic the from inspiration its drew which force political a of emergence the witnessed denomination, primary the was Catholicism Roman which in period, I War World post of country every Almost context. European general state. Lithuanian independent an of years forthcoming the during role minor a to resign to LCDP the forced parties, non-governmental the of restrictions to lead which 1926, of d’état coup the especially and 1926, of elections Parliamentary the However, LCDP. the by shown success the match could identity confessional a with party political interwar other any hardly that suggests LCDP the of example the context, national particular within had force political another or one which influence the measure the to challenge great in a is it common Although 1920s. the so of Europe interwar were which coalitions broad form to need further without country, the absolute the being of policy to the shape two enabled LCDP success electoral This extraordinary victories. majority with them, of all win to managed organizations heir its with Party Moreover, the evolution of the Confessional Parties largely followed the same path. The path. same the followed largely Parties Confessional the of evolution the Moreover, the from deviate not does Party Democratic Christian Lithuanian the of emergence The

in Austria or Zentrumspartai or Austria in 2 Partio Popalare Italiano Popalare Partio

in Germany repossessed Germany in th century social century , , led by the by led

CEU eTD Collection bloc, still unusual for the Catholic politics in the mid 1920’s, was one of the distinguished the Lithuanian case. ofthe features of one was 1920’s, mid the in politics Catholic the for unusual still bloc, Catholic Lithuanian the of radicalization early rather European that argue of will framework I Catholicism. broader Political a in it positioning case, Lithuanian the of trends distinct illustrate to seek will I Catholicism, political of context European general and camp political Catholic Lithuanian the between comparison asymmetrical making By analyzed. be will 1930’s and 1920’s throughout nationalism right-wing and state liberal towards stance its way, same the In organizations. heir its and Party Democratic Christian the by represented camp Catholic the 1930’sbe discussed. from the will parties confessional of reorientation rightist the to led which factors the addition, In 1930’s. and 1920’s the in state liberal and nationalism right-wing towards held parties Catholic stance the on be will research my of focus central the Herein, parties. Catholic the of evolution the of trends general analyze will I paper, this of part first the In done. The be will spans time Europe. two between comparison ‘Catholic’ and Lithuania in state liberal towards stance their and nationalism Catholicism. Political interwar ofthe feature the inevitable was right political into plunged state the as forefront from extremes emerged’ ‘newly the with confrontation the sense, broader a In the authoritarianism. in itself found LCDP Lithuania in way, same the In countries. in many fate to ofdemocracies the factor an important state was to a liberal loyalty and nationalism right-wing towards stance Their position. crucial a in themselves found system, The second part of this paper will deal with the case study of the Lithuanian political Lithuanian the of study case the with deal will paper this of part second The right-wing parties with -oriented Catholic ofthe onthe focus interaction paper will This 3

CEU eTD Collection 1998) p.130. 5 4 character. confessional their to stress reluctant were ofthese parties form. Most in a simplified etc. party Catholic-oriented inspiration, ofCatholic party confessional party, party, Catholic Iuse terms way, Inthethe same politics. 3 be analyzed. will parties Catholic the between relative comparison a establishing in difficulties the way, same the in Democracy; Christian as Catholicism political phenomenon: the of strategy interpretative frequent most the paper, this in employed Catholicism political of definition the discuss will I Herein, Catholicism. political studying encounter might one politics. the Catholic on influence had Party historical Centre to due and population, the of third one constituted which minority Catholic the of number significant its to due included is Germany However, denomination. countries European on only concentrates study this addition, In blocs. political Catholic the to tied closely were they parties) in membership and action Catholic to belonging between tossing were they (usually parties political to belonged officially rarely organizations these of members the Although 1930s. the in organizations youth Catholic the of emergence as developments such discussing by boundaries these exceed will See: Frank J. Coppa, J. Frank See: Italy. Austria, Portugal, France, Spain, Ireland, Belgium, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and between religion onthe connection debates broad intellectual paper, Iavoid Inthis This paper narrows itself roughly to a party-level analysis, party-level a to roughly itself narrows paper This The Modern Papacy since 1789 Papacy Modern The 5 The research begins with addressing broader problems broader addressing with begins research The 4 (London and New Longman, York: (London 4 hr ahlcs a h primary the was Catholicism where 3 nevertheless, occasionally, I occasionally, nevertheless,

CEU eTD Collection 8 7 Monographs, 1995)p.8. Science Social York: (New 6 organizations socio-economic of range wide as well as intellectuals parties, political encompass actions. their for inspiration Catholic exclusively, necessarily not though significant, a claimed which <…> movements ‘political as understood be can Catholicism political that claims author the politics, Catholic on essays his of one In Catholicism. political of scholars leading the of one Conway, Martin affairs. its in meddle to and life public pervade to Churchendeavours the emphasizes ‘political’ the whereas adjective trend <…> philosophical and society.” social political, cultural the in positions Church’s strengthening to lead and mission religious its overstep which Church Catholic Roman the of activities that to name a gives Catholicism’ term. ofthe usage appropriate most the find to crucial is it subject, the on studies theoretical the to contribution of pretensions reaching - far any making without Nevertheless, definition. satisfactory single a into it place to Catholicism political of phenomenon the to attached be may and action their for inspiration Catholic have to claimed individuals and movements organizations, social and political diverse of range wide Rather irrelevant. as phenomenon ambiguous and complex this define to attempt an find might one However, paper. this in employed be will which definition as Phenomenon Catholicism 1. Political Martin Conway “Introduction” in “Introduction” Conway Martin Ibid. Trapl, Miloš The term Political Catholicism, loosely used in the introduction, demands some working some demands introduction, the inused loosely Catholicism, Political term The As one scholar on the phenomenon suggests, in the broadest sense “the term ‘Political term “the sense broadest the in suggests, phenomenon the on scholar one As Political Catholicism and The Czechoslovak People’s Party in Czechoslovakia in Party People’s Czechoslovak The and Catholicism Political 6 n ti en te nu Ctoiim <> mas a rlgos and religious a means <…> ‘Catholicism noun “the vein, this In 8 n a bods es, acrig t owy h em may term the Conway, to according sense, broadest a In Political Catholicism in Europe 1918–1965 in Europe Catholicism Political 7 5 Alternative definitive account was provided by provided was account definitive Alternative , p.2.

CEU eTD Collection 11 10 9 War.” World Second after Europe Western of much of politics Catholic democratic the in force dominant a as emerged it until strength in grew gradually and century 19 the in emerged first which tradition Democratic Christian “distinct the see theory this of followers the argues, Conway Martin As Democracy.’ of ‘Christian phenomenon the to it attach Democracy Christian as Catholicism 1.1. Political phenomenon. the of label common most the being democracy Christian with school), Marxist the by used nationalism, Catholic as phenomenon this label (predominantly Clerical-fascism’ Catholicism, ultramontane conservatism, Catholic clericalism, to attempts the across come easily can One study. to subject complicated a Catholicism political interwar the makes which problem basis politics. ofparty on a only to referred be will and form narrowest its in understood be will Catholicism political term the paper, this of scope the in phenomenon) the of complexity the account into (taking notes loosely or tightly clubs and associated.” societies groups, interests other many controls (machinery) Milo as because, Catholicism” political of elements important analysis.party-level others. and Ibid. Martin Conway, “Introduction…” p.10. “Introduction…” Conway, Martin Trapl Miloš eetees t i rube ta Ctoi-retd pris ae oe o h most the of one are parties “Catholic-oriented that arguable is it Nevertheless, One of the most frequently used approaches to the interwar Political Catholicism is to is Catholicism Political interwar the to approaches used frequently most the of One another is movements political Catholic of traditions interpretative of variety The 9 In other words, political Catholicism is too broad phenomenon to limit it only to a to only it limit to phenomenon broad too is Catholicism political words, other In 10 Thus, in order not to create the ambiguity by flooding the text with explanatory with text the flooding by ambiguity the create to not order in Thus, Political Catholicism… Catholicism… Political p. 8. 6 š Trapl suggests, “their apparat “their suggests, Trapl š 11 One of the pioneering the of One th

CEU eTD Collection 14 1994)pp.3-4. Publishers, Pinter Perspective Europe.A Comparative in Democracy 13 1957). Routledge, 12 popular political democratic the a of “demonstrate principles the to with identification “signify only to than tended rather orientation” cases, the of most in name, party official their in including) (Lithuanian parties Catholic-oriented some by adopted historically Democratic,’ the that argues politics, Catholic on study his in Conway, Martin instance, politics Catholic interwar years. the throughout within dominant not was stream democratic’ ‘Christian that indicate also in politicians Catholic ‘moderate’ among term even Democrat,’ the ‘Christian of usage the on agreement an strike to inability The structures. democratic liberal the to hostile extent, large a to were, they period, interwar the during words, other In 1945. paper) this of part first the after thosewhichemerged to sharedonlysimilarities few period ofthe interwar parties Catholic in shown be will it (as extent, larger much a To Catholicism. Political interwar of the elements certain with only be possible could traditions war post and pre between continuity linear the of bridging Nevertheless, Democracy. Christian modern war post ideals the as same roughly shared the parties Catholic groupsinterwar ‘progressive’ ofthe some ofthe phenomenon. character democratic to stress predominantly and Democracy Christian to Catholicism political attach to reservations, some with albeit tend, who scientists political some by argued also is legitimate is phenomenon the to approach this that to belongs field this in works in Phenomenon” a Political as Democracy Christian Hanley, “Introduction: David International Secretariat of Democratic Parties of Christian Inspiration. ofChristian Parties ofDemocratic Secretariat International Forgaty, P. Martin It is probably true that at least some individuals, Luigo Sturzo for instance, or even or instance, for Sturzo Luigo individuals, some least at that true probably is It The recent studies also stressed the anti-democratic character of the phenomenon. For phenomenon. the of character anti-democratic the stressed also studies recent The Christian Democracy in Western Europe1820–1953 in Western Democracy Christian M. P. Fogarty P. M. 12 who followed this interpretative theory. The fact The theory. interpretative this followed who 7 . David Hanley ed. (London and New Hanley ed.York: (London . David 13

SIPDIC (London: 14 term ‘Christian term meetings, may meetings, Christian

CEU eTD Collection Nineteenth Century” in Century” Nineteenth 18 17 16 1997) p.24. Catholic 15 traditional defended and world pre-modern the for nostalgic still were movements 19 the in force significant a became Belgium, of Catholic or Germany which, of Zentrumspartai as century,” such foundations next Catholic earlier with the together over Europe across movements Catholic serious valorised that dilemma”social 19 the of problems social the acknowledged 19 the of diseases manifold ‘the renounced still XII Leo Although modernity. encouraged with terms world,’ better to modern come to finally, ‘the Catholics, condemn to Papacy the by attempts previous numerous encyclical famous his with XIII, widely Leo is Pope It that circumstances. accepted changed the to adapt to Papacy the and intellectuals Catholic encouraged Church, the on attacks anti-clerical liberal as well as socialism, militant of birth 19 half second ofthe in the ofCatholicism structures established and Novarum Rerum 1.2. Modernity 19 throughofthe developments understood best be can and terms own its in addressed be to has it Catholicism, political interwar within government. of type any favour not system.” John W. Boyer, “Catholics, Christians and the Challenges of Democracy: The Heritage ofthe The Heritage ofDemocracy: the Challenges Christiansand W. Boyer, “Catholics, John Coppa, J. Frank Coppa, J. Frank Conway, Martin In many ways, it was Leo’s XIII encyclical which produced “an intellectual platform intellectual “an produced which encyclical XIII Leo’s was it ways, many In the for challenge great presented which modernity the with accommodation the was It 15 In many cases, it was derived from encyclical encyclical from derived was it cases, many In 17 which provided the alternative for both liberalism and socialism. forboth liberalism the alternative whichprovided The Modern… Modern… The Catholic Politics in Europe1918-1945 Politics Catholic The Modern… Modern… The Political Catholicism in Europe 1918–45 in Europe Catholicism Political p. 131. p. 132. th century’ as anti-Christian political doctrines, he already he doctrines, political anti-Christian as century’ 16

Thus, not to neglect the Christian Democratic currents Democratic Christian the neglect to not Thus, th century. th century and offered “a Christian solution to the to solution Christian “a offered and century 8 th century politics. century (London and New Routledge, York: (London Graves de communi de Graves eu Novarum Rerum th century. Urbanization and the Urbanization century. , p.25. 18 To a large extent, these extent, large a To 1901 which did which 1901 n 19, after 1891, in

CEU eTD Collection 23 22 21 20 19 19 the of end the By parties. Catholic-oriented their to trends distinct added that countries these regimes. the existing to hostility the shared still politics Catholic Republic) Third the with terms to come to managed never Mun, De Albert France the by led as Catholics, (French such places other in however, politics; parliamentary of proponents strong were 1918. to prior Europe of part significant a in dominant became which system the – parliamentarism” liberal of “structures with identified necessarily however, them, of all Not system. political regimes,” constitutional liberal-authoritarian and liberal “various to adjusted already were parties oriented - Catholic conflict, military a of eve the on Europe, of most in time, same the At inspiration. Catholic of force political possessed exception) an as seen be could Peninsula Iberian (the Europe Western and Central in country necessarily) (not ‘Catholic’ every Almost Europe. in phenomenon broad a already was century, responsibilities.” ethno-historian preconceived enforcing and maintaining in responsibilities interventionist powerful state that to accorded and state), liberal the of institutions the with mobilization party mass “coupled modernity.” of variant third “a represented century 19 the in Catholicism political suggests, Boyer As politics. of and type new a system to adjusted became political modern of rules the accepted they time, same the at however, values; Ibid. Conway, Martin p.35. W. Boyer, “Catholics…” John Ibid. p. 34. W. Boyer, “Catholics…” John hth century, political Catholicism was both local and universal. Much the same can be said be can same the Much universal. and local both was Catholicism political century, 22 In some countries (especially the Catholic Party in Belgium), Catholic-oriented parties Catholic-oriented Belgium), in Party Catholic the (especially countries some In Those were predominantly different traditions and historical role of the Catholic faith in faith Catholic the of role historical and traditions different predominantly were Those 19 the in called usually was it as Catholicism, social or political I, War World to Prior Catholic Politics… Politics… Catholic p. 27.

9 21 19 and became the integral part of existent of part integral the became and This modernity, according to the scholar, the to according modernity, This 20

Rechtsstaat 23

(constitutional th th

CEU eTD Collection 24 in emerged already parties Catholic strong Germany, and Austria as such countries in instance, cooperation. striking the with difficulty had party Peoples’ Czechoslovak pro-centralist and Party People’s Slovak autonomist Therefore, vision. state secular Masaryk’s and Hus Jan of the cult the in by undermined faith was society Catholic the of role the lands, Czech in hand, other the On Prague. ‘atheist’ or instance, for project, building ‘protestant’ on attacks clergy’s without imagined be hardly could years, interwar the throughout national Slovak role. dividing a played Catholicism level, state the on even cases, some In bureaucracy. Orthodox Russian the of attempts assimilatory 19 the throughout in faith where Catholic Poland, the of tradition inherited about made be could statement the Similar in domination former. English the to resistance the of symbol the became and latter the in rule Hapsburg the with associated was it where Hungary in Catholicism from differed instance, for Ireland, in Catholicism environments. national different completely a in being into came they however, Europe, ‘Catholic’ of country every almost in emerged parties oriented - Catholic War. World First the of beneficiaries surprising Catholicism and ofPolitical Unity 1.3. Diversity period. interwar Catholicismofthe divide political and extremely in emerged unite which factors the analyze will sub-chapter following which The environments. national different movements political Catholic of expansion new in resulted I War World after states nation new of emergence the Moreover, period. interwar the about Martin Conway, Conway, Martin Moreover, the starting positions of the Catholic political movements differed. For differed. movements political Catholic the of positions starting the Moreover, more the of one was Catholicism essays, his of one in concluded Conway Martin As Catholic Politics… Politics… Catholic th etr oa ahlc ceg lce lot all almost blocked clergy Catholic Roman century p. 31. 10 24 As it has been mentioned in the introduction, the in mentioned been has it As

CEU eTD Collection Political Catholicism” in Catholicism” Political 27 26 p.165-166. Press): Christianity. Of History Cambridge 25 a whole.” as society ofthe needs 19 the of Catholicism politics. in benational involved to Catholics Italian proposed had who X Pius precursor his unlike Popolare, Partito Catholic of formation the encouraged)” not (if “permitted who XV policy. Benedict Pope Vatican’s predominantly was fluctuating it instance, ever against themselves accommodate to had parties oriented – Catholic and community, Catholic international of leaders ultimate as themselves establish to wanted they morality,” and faith of “questions beyond extended which guidance encyclical numerous By way. own their in politics Catholic steer to tried Popes determined 19 the from Starting politics. in involvement papal the on dependant significantly were parties Catholic importantly, more even Moreover,probably agendas. the fortheir as inpriority schools, to ofreligion teaching marriage civil to resisting life—from of spheres all in interests, Church the of defence the saw parties political Catholic all peculiarities, national various despite all, of First Catholicism. political nationalenvironments. their offfrom parties Catholic-oriented to tear makedifficult it which factors the are societies interwar the of temperaments and mentalities in even stratification, class religion, of practice in differences the important, most is what all, Above phenomenon. 19 the Martin Conway, “Catholic Politics or Christian Democracy? The Evolutionof Inter-war orChristian Democracy? Politics “Catholic Conway, Martin Coppa, J. atn Cna, “h hita hrhs ad Pltc n Erp 9413” i in 1914-1939” Europe in Politics and Churches Christian “The Conway, Martin th However, sharp differences do not conceal the common trends which were shared by shared were which trends common the conceal not do differences sharp However, Finally, as recent studies have stressed, interwar political Catholicism, unlike social unlike Catholicism, political interwar stressed, have studies recent as Finally, etr, wees i tes uh a tl, i a ny te ps-ol a I War post-World the only was it Italy, as such others, in whereas century, The Modern… Modern… The th century, “proposed programmes and policies that were relevant to the to relevant were that policies and programmes “proposed century, Political Catholicism in Europe 1918–45 in Europe Catholicism Political p. 167. 27 th In many ways, political Catholicism marched to the turbulent Catholicism marched ways, political Inmany century and throughout the interwar period, a number of number a period, interwar the throughout and century Hugh McLeod ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Cambridge (Cambridge: ed. McLeod Hugh 26 11 ,

p. 236. 25

For The

CEU eTD Collection 31 30 29 28 work comparative in-depth most the study this of makes chapters summarizing in parties Catholic trends common on analysis profound the Moreover, broaden. was Catholicism political of scope geographical the Czechoslovakia) Poland, (Hungary, Europe Central East of states the of studies case the of inclusion the with however, above, mentioned work the as approach Wohnout Helmut and Kaiser Wolfram by studyedited The build. was movements political Catholic of picture over-embracing an represent to attempt the stress to first next the which on the platform the was It Catholicism. political interwar of was character distinguished and phenomenon the of interpretation democratic’ ‘Christian the of tradition the criticized scholars of project joint the importantly, More Europe. Western Conway. Martin and Buchanan Tom by edited work mentioned already the to belongs field this in study pioneering The framework. wide – European a in treated be to started was Europe interwar the of Catholicism political when 1990’s middle the only was it historiographies, national within parties Catholic on publications numerous Despite limited. been have perspective comparative Review 1.4. Literature politics. European players in modern key the of one as themselves established truly period interwar the during parties Catholic-oriented ideas. economic and social political, its of advancement with more concerned were 19 the of movements social Catholic to contrast in and, confidence” of tone new a “with 1930’s and 1920’s of years Tom Buchnanan and Martin Conway eds., andeds., Martin Conway Buchnanan Tom Ibid. Ibid. Wolfram Kaiser and Helmut Wohnout eds., Wohnout and Helmut Kaiser Wolfram eetees oee, te atmt o pt itra oiia ahlcs n a in Catholicism political interwar put to attempts the however, Nevertheless, 30 This work included case studies on all major Catholic political movements of movements political Catholic major all on studies case included work This th century, which were still predominantly defensive in their character, their in defensive predominantly still were which century, 29 Political Catholicism in Europe1918–1965. Catholicism in Political Political Catholicism in Europe 1918–45 in Europe Catholicism Political 12 31

ple h iia comparative similar the applied 28 Above all, Above .

CEU eTD Collection Constitutional Law) (Vilnius: Mintis,1995). Law)(Vilnius: Constitutional 35 1789 Coppa, J. Frank 1985); Press, University Pollard, Cambridge (Cambridge: F. John 1996); Press, University 34 178. 33 32 a with contributed them of none however, groups; distinct two into divided be can 1940-1990 the from attention deserved already scholars. history contemporary its politics interwar Lithuania’s in players broader perspective. put yetin has a to be Party Democratic Christian Lithuanian the way, same the In researched. under extent large a to been have cases European Central East Europe; Western on focused predominantly is Catholicism 20 19 late andthroughout evolution emergence ortheir movements political on Catholic research. ofthis focus central the are which nationalism right-wing and state liberal towards held parties Catholic of stance the to attention significant a paid them of all addition, In perspective. European - pan systematic a in treated been have period interwar the of parties political Catholic when cases political three These years. interwar interwar the throughout evolution its and the Catholicism to Catholicism social 1 War pre-World the from politics Catholic of transition the showed author The periods. chronological different between movements political monograph his in who field, the in scholar productive most the probably Conway, Martin was it However, far. so written Catholicism political on Mykolas Rėmeris, Rėmeris, Mykolas Conway, Martin See: S. N. Kalyvas, Kalyvas, N. S. See: p. 1914-1939” Europe in Politics and Churches Christian “The Conway, Martin also: See th centuries have been profoundly researched. profoundly been have centuries (London and New 1998). Longman, York: (London On the other hand, the literature on the party’s history is rich. Being one of the major the of one Being rich. is history party’s the on literature the hand, other the On impact Papal the as such Catholicism political interwar the of aspects certain However, Catholic Politics in Europe1918-1945 Politics Catholic Lietuvos konstitucinės teisės paskaitos paskaitos teisės konstitucinės Lietuvos The 35 Subsequently, the attempts to analyze LCDP in the period of the of period the in LCDP analyze to attempts the Subsequently,

Rise

Of

Christian

Democracy h aia n tla acs 99 – 1932 – 1929 Fascism Italian and Vatican The 13 34 However, the historiography on political on historiography the However,

in 32 . established comparison of Catholic of comparison established

Europe (The Lectures ofthe Lithuanian Lectures (The (Ithaca and London: Cornell London: and (Ithaca The Modern Papacy since Papacy Modern The 33 studies are the major the are studies th and early and

CEU eTD Collection radikalėjimas XX a. 4 – ame dešimtmetyje” XX a. 4–ame radikalėjimas 39 2009). Routledge, York: New 1996) Aidai, in 1920) – 1917 Genesis its and Party Democratic Christian Lithuanian the of Emergence (The m.“ 1920 – 38 (Vilnius, Mintis,1978). in Lithuania) Church 37 Krupavičius, Mykolas 36 Tamo T. Svarauskas. and by discussed have politicians Catholic of generation younger respectively Balkelis T. and Bučelis, D. by analyzed been have 1920 - 1917 in party the of emergence the and Lithuania in Catholicism political the of origins the following: the are research this for important most the possible. However, not is literatures of analysis thorough the paper, this of limitations to with Due dealt LCDP. indirectly and directly which Lithuania in politics party on publications various of expansion great the witnessed 1990’s after years The critically. analyzed be to started were sources. relevant as studies to viewthese obstacle main the is LCDP. doze ofprecaution. with a thiscertain work treat mayto ofbiases, suggest a huge doze in resulting republic, Lithuanian first the to nostalgia felt strongly and views outdated as described be might that something as well as d’état, coup 1926 in Party the of role the as such facts, of interpretation uncritical however, Lithuania, of Catholicism political on monograph largest the Party. Democratic Christian the of members former and scholars émigré by written works the attached be may group first the To study. profound Artūras Svarauskas and Tamošiūnas Mindaugas, “Lietuvos politinių partijų jaunosios kartos jaunosios partijų politinių “Lietuvos Mindaugas, and Tamošiūnas Svarauskas Artūras al. et Aničas, J. See: See: See: Algirdas J. Kasulaitis, Kasulaitis, J. Algirdas 37 Darius Bučelis “Lietuvių Krikščionių Demokratijos partijos sukūrimas ir jos raida 1917 raida jos ir sukūrimas partijos Demokratijos Krikščionių “Lietuvių Bučelis Darius It was only the years after the fall of communism when certain aspects of LCDP history LCDP of aspects certain when communism of fall the after years the only was It on historiography the of group second the forms historians soviet by written works The However, orthodox Marxist interpretation of history, despite profound factual analysis, profoundfactual ofhistory, despite orthodox interpretation Marxist However, 39 itvsKtlk osoAaeio erši II VIII. Metraštis Akademijos Mokslo Katalikų Lietuvos

The latter author also published an important essay on the internal conflict in the in conflict internal the on essay important an published also author latter The 1 7;571; – 512 Klerikalizmas ir katalikų bažnyčia Lietuvoje Lietuvoje katalikųbažnyčia ir Klerikalizmas Atsiminimai oa akls Balkelis, Tomas Lithuanian Christian Democracy Christian Lithuanian (Memoirs) (Chicago: Lietuviškos knygos klubas,1972). knygos Lietuviškos (Chicago: (Memoirs) 38

(The Trends of Radicalism in the Younger in (The TrendsofRadicalism the of radicalization of trends the addition, In . The Making of Modern Lithuania Modern of Making The 14 36 Although the study by A.J. Kasulaitis A.J. by study the Although (Chicago: Leo XII 1976); Leo Fond, (Chicago: (Clericalism and Catholic and (Clericalism Liudas Jovaiša ed. Jovaiša Liudas (Abingdon and (Abingdon ins ad and šiūnas

(Vinius:

A.

is

CEU eTD Collection tematrteCu f12)i in 1926) ed., Jovaiša Liudas of Coup the after Stream perversmo” m. 1926 40 Papers Research Universities’ of Lithuanian Collection ofthe 20 first half Parties, the Political ofLithuania’s Generation liberal towards stance LCDP material). archival press, (Catholic sources primary the on heavily really late the of bloc Catholic

Artūras Svarauskas “Lietuvos Darbo Federacijos nesutarimai su katalikų politine srove po srove politine katalikų su nesutarimai Federacijos Darbo “Lietuvos Svarauskas Artūras state and right-wing nationalism throughout 1920’s and 1930’s received little attention. attention. little and 1930’s 1920’s nationalismreceived throughout and right-wing state

(Vinius: Aidai, 2009),48–76. (Vinius:

(The Conflict between the Lithuanian Labor Federation and the Catholic the and Federation Labor Lithuanian the between Conflict (The 1920’s. 40 Nevertheless, the second part of this paper is compelled to compelled is paper this of part second the Nevertheless, Lietuvos Katalikų Mokslo Akademijos Metraštis XXXI. Metraštis Akademijos Mokslo Katalikų Lietuvos 15 , (68/2007): pp.43–57. , (68/2007): th century) in century) History. A History.

CEU eTD Collection 44 43 257. 42 2007): p.208. N.2(June in an Introduction” Europe: interwar 41 Bavaria.’ in Party Zentrum to happened what saw We well. as us strike would it democrats, social Czech against terror allow we ‘If politics: anti- Catholic on radical of dangers possible reflecting the of warned party Šramek, own its within tendencies J. democratic (ČŠL), Party People’s Czechoslovak the of leader serving - long the Czechoslovakia neighbouring in year, same the In exist. to ceased it later months few party; the for punishment capital a was It regime. Hitler’s of empowerment legal the for voted and Nazis the to concealed Party Center the of members pressure, political and psychological it. passing for needed majority two-third a for vital were votes its as position, key a in itself found Zentrumspartai the through, go to plenary dictatorial the 20 1937) P.Prudendi July (I. a is fascist!’ ‘God in Europe Parties 2. Catholic 1918– 1939: Miloš Trapl, Trapl, Miloš Kalyvas, Stathis N. from: taken is Quotation Karl-Egon from: taken is Quotation authoritarianism authoritarianism When in 1933 Hitler was striving for additional votes to enable the law which would let would which law the enable to votes additional for striving was Hitler 1933 in When Lönne, “Germany” in “Germany” Lönne, Political Catholicism, Political 41 Matthew Feldman and Marius Turda and Marius Feldman Matthew Political Catholicism in Europe1918–1965, Catholicism in Political p. 87. Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions Religions andPolitical Movements Totalitarian The founders of Christian Democracy Democracy were not democrats. Christian founders of The 44 16 The Rise of Christian Democracy in Europe, Democracy of Christian Rise The It seems the party listened to its leader; for the for leader; its to listened party the seems It through of and thedemocracy lens , “ ‘Clerical Fascism’ in ‘ClericalFascism’ , “ 43 Under enormously strong enormously Under pp. 170-171. (Joseph Hours) (Joseph 8

p.

42

CEU eTD Collection Center Party in Germany” in Germany” Party in Center 46 45 attitude cautious rather a upheld cases, the of most in parties, these hand, one the On situation. ambivalent an in themselves found parties oriented - Catholic Europe, interwar crushing were right and left political both from extremes totalitarian and authoritarian of kinds different As nationalism. right-wing towards stance party’s Catholic-inspired the of example archetypical an solutions’ ofthe authoritarian proposed the demands with in its compliance ofthe time crisis the fire at the to fuel added G.V.] Party [Center ‘It heavily: facts historical the distort not does probably lines following the in downfall Weimar’s the on stance Party’s Center the evaluates who historian the however, controversial; all are judgments retrospective as proposal, Hitler’s against voting by machine Nazi the restricted really have could party Catholic the whether debatable highly still is It question. in 1933 the of events crucial the before already was republic Weimar’s the to loyalty firm its and vivid was 1920’s late the from Party Center the of reorientation rightist the Nevertheless, Socialism. National the opposed it ways, many In true. was opposite the Rather right. political the to party the shifted parties Catholic for copy master the 1927, and 1925 in Party People’s National German the with coalitions former and chairman party’s the as Kaas Prelate of election the with 1928, in Already time. that of typical more is example Party Center The politics. European of radicalization continuous of decade a 1930’s, the in structures democratic to loyal remained of members core the of one remained ČŠL the camp. democratic Czechoslovakia’s republic, the of years forthcoming Karl-Egon Karl-Egon J ürgen Elvert, “A Microcosm of Society or the Key to a Majority in the Reichstag? The Reichstag? the in Majority a to Key the or Society of Microcosm “A Elvert, ürgen oee, ČL ws oe o h ey rr ae hn te Ctoi-retd party Catholic-oriented the when cases rare very the of one was ČŠL However, The Center party’s position during the Weimar crisis, to a large extent, might serve as serve might extent, large a to crisis, Weimar the during position party’s Center The 46 Lönne, “Germany” in in Lönne, “Germany” 45 Definitely it would never go as far as becoming fellow traveller to Hitler. to traveller fellow becoming as far as go never would it Definitely Political Catholicism in Europe 1918–1945 in Europe Catholicism Political Political Catholicism in Europe 1918–1965, in Europe Catholicism Political 17 , p . 58. pp. 162-163.

CEU eTD Collection friendly Portugal – Vatican see: Martin Conway, “Introduction…” p.14. “Introduction…” Conway, see: Martin –Vatican Portugal friendly 48 47 domestic dominated Party Social Christian the where Austria, like parties Catholic strong were Portugal and Hungary in See. Holy the by as welcomed intact interests Catholic guarantee to managed which regimes beginning, very the from Therefore, turmoil. anti-clerical of kind any prevent to hoped Vatican government,’ supportfor‘strong bypledging thus, tooverthrow; communist vulnerable and unstable also was state liberal a view, of point his In interests. Catholic upholding in mean bibliophile ‘A Pope. new a as politics,’ party elected of suspicious was XI) (Pius Ratti Achille 1922 In Papacy. the Horthy. protestant the with closely collaborated and system Nationalism’ ‘Christian of part became Hungary in Catholics in engaged politically Catholicism whereas regime political Salazar’s under flourished Franco, Portugal and Rivera de Primo dictators, the both for support their pledged numbers great in Catholics Spanish parties. confessional mass produce to failed which countries the in seen more even is nationalist with merge to tempted were politics Catholic That best. at coy usually was parties Catholic the from answer were the nationalists, structures the democratic by challenged the when Thus, right. the with lay certainly loyalties Catholic the position; Church’s the threatened rarely elements secular even rightist, the as and them for concern greater the far by caused turmoil leftist possible of danger perceived the hand, other the On chauvinism. radical ultra saluted openly ranks, Catholic the within numbers limited only movements; right-wing the by advocated nationalism racial moreover, or, radical towards For friendly Hungary – Vatican relations see: Frank J. Coppa, J. Frank Coppa, see: relations –Vatican Hungary friendly For Coppa, J. Frank The anti - democratic nature of Catholic political movements was also encouraged by encouraged also was movements political Catholic of nature democratic - anti The The Modern… Modern… The 48 In contrast, parliamentary democracies, even though controlled by controlled though even democracies, parliamentary contrast, In 47 Pius XI saw stable authoritarian regime as the most efficient most the as regime authoritarian stable saw XI Pius p. 171. 18 The Modern…The 172; For172;

CEU eTD Collection 52 Press, 1996) p.81 Clarendon (Oxford: Martin eds. Conway and 51 Press, 1985)p.29. University 50 personal a 49 ‘in it in participate to members its of some to light green PPI’s the the gave government, leadership new his form to called was Mussolini Rome’ to ‘March fascist the chaos. further into country the plunged act, this by and, refused party the position; minister’s prime on take to PPI,’ the of caucus parliamentary the of leader the and politician Catholic ‘veteran Meda, Felippo asked King the when 1922 July and February both renounced. were however, front democratic Italian government; the of core the the becoming of chances in positions leading the on taking of opportunity an with twice presented was party The republic. the of values basic the on stance firmer the take not Pope’s the of victim a did Germany, in being party Center with case the was it as PPI, that remains accusation the ‘betrayal,’ notwithstanding However, survival. state’s liberal the for chances the token, same the by from and, PPI the buried which Catholics, Italian among domination protection and peace social stability, ‘political communism,’ for guarantee a as Mussolini, to support Papacy’s the predominantly was It attitude. Vatican changed the of results the witness interwar years. evolvethe throughout to continued politics of Catholic course the leaning, authoritarian the to contributing part; supporting a were they 1920’s) early the in least (at which of systems democratic to and parties Catholic both to blow huge a was policy This Catholicism. of proponents active all unite to had which organization an as action distrust. with seen were politics, Ibid. F. “Italy”in John Pollard, See: Pollard, F. John Coppa, J. Frank With the fascist experiment starting in Italy, the People’s Party (PPI) was the first to first the was (PPI) Party People’s the Italy, in starting experiment fascist the With 50 rather than to moderate Luigo Sturzo, a perceived obstacle for the Pope’s the for obstacle perceived a Sturzo, Luigo moderate to than rather The Vatican and Italian Fascism andItalian 1929 –1932 Vatican The Modern… The Political Catholicism in Europe 1918–1965. in Europe Catholicism Political p. 172. 49 Instead of a political party, the Vatican treated Catholic treated Vatican the party, political a of Instead 19 (Cambridge: Cambridge(Cambridge: 52 Ironically, when after when Ironically, 51 Tom Buchanan It happened in happened It

CEU eTD Collection parties have alsoemerged. have parties strong where and Belgium Germany, Austria as such in countries greater same oreven the 56 55 54 143. Party in in Italy” The Popular Perspective: 53 the throughout rising was antagonism socialist – Catholic increasing after right, anti-democratic with ally to temptation the although and system, democratic the of part sustaining a remained parties Catholic-oriented arise, not did movements nationalist strong where countries the In forces. centre - left moderate these with alliances up build to attempts Catholic the by marked were 1920’s the Thus, liberalism. and socialism to alternatives democratic as foremost, and first themselves, presented and politics European the of components key became they camps, liberal and socialist with Together sound. were democracies parliamentary to loyalties their elections, success significant a enjoyed parties Catholic-oriented the while Europe, interwar yearsofthe early in the least and at forthem beneficial extent, to a Warlarge Iwas, World after emerged which environment liberal New The 1920’s. the in parties political Catholic the by taken was which line democratic predominantly the overshadow not should structures liberal to earlier. decided already being liberalstate ofthe the fate with democracy’s for minimal. opportunity became survival the time, same the at and, PPI’s resign. for to chances forced the withdrawal, was PPI, of leader anti-fascist firmly the Sturzo, and Luigi Mussolini from Vatican, pressure increasing under Law Acerbo the on debates crucial the of eve the on year, following the In price. high a pay PPI made fascism opposing in endeavours capacity.’ PPI received 20 percent of the vote in the first democratic elections; the Catholic success was success Catholic elections;the democratic the votefirst in ofthe 20 percent received PPI Ibid. a Democratic and Fascism LiberalState, theof Crisis “Between di Maio, Tiziana See: John F. Pollard. F. See: John However, the early dispersal of the PPI and the ambivalence of some of its components its of some of ambivalence the and PPI the of dispersal early the However, 53 The unwillingness to take the responsibly into its own hands and half–hearted and hands own its into responsibly the take to unwillingness The The Vatican… Vatican… The 55 The party vanished from Italian political life at the end of 1926, of end the at life political Italian from vanished party The p. 29. Political Catholicism in Europe 1918–1945 in Europe Catholicism Political 20 54 ih his With

56 , p. in the in

CEU eTD Collection 59 58 57 the for support politics, democratic of principles pluralist the to hostility and right the to moved empathically had Catholicism political of gravity of centre “the 1930’s: of politics Catholic on reflected historian one As spectrum. political the of right the on alliances political the for looked and forces social-liberal with alliances their deserted movements) Catholic other (and encyclical famous the society’ modern to unity lost and a ‘restore and capitalism’ workers of conflict class of the replace ‘to had representatives employers the together bringing institutions, ‘corporatist way, same restored. be would order the values spiritual Catholic and under which in structure political social new the advocated youngsters the governments, coalition short-lived of Instead liberalism.’ and fascism ‘between way” “third a of as Catholicism’ of spoke and divisions as such circles, intellectual his and and Mounier students Emmanuel Catholic of generation younger the in echoed foremost, and first was, rhetoric anti-democratic new This 1930’s. the from namely, stance, the or depression economic as such Catholic more militant a significantly resulted in right movements ofthe radical new emergence factors European happening – was pan which the 1920’s, process the gradual throughout a was parties political Catholic of the radicalization Although too. politics Catholic affected inevitably 1930’s, in Europe in pace gathering Party in Austria. Social Christian inorthe Belgium Party Catholic the about made be could statement similar coalition; Weimar each almost of core the at was Party Centre The 1930’s. the till structures liberal the supporting on kept they 1920’s, Martin Conway “The Christian Churches and Politics in Europe 1914–1939” p.168. in Europe and Politics Christian Churches “The Conway Martin Ibid. Conway, Matin eetees h nraigy rdcl tnece f Erpa oiis hc were which politics, European of tendencies radical increasingly the Nevertheless, 59 . Similar ideas of Christian corporatism and of the ‘third way’ were also expressed in expressed also were way’ ‘third the of and corporatism Christian of ideas Similar . Catholic Politics…Catholic Quadragesimo Anno Quadragesimo sii Espirit , p.53. journal. (1931). Thus, in the 1930’s, many Catholic parties Catholic many 1930’s, the in Thus, (1931).

21 They proposed to ‘reject conventional political conventional ‘reject to proposed They 58 In the In 57

CEU eTD Collection 64 63 62 in Church” 61 60 CSP some of support the with Dollfuss, 1933, of crisis governmental the and democrats Social Austrian with confrontation increasing to due However, Engelbert Chancellor. Socialist the becoming Christian Dollfuss the with government a form to managed CSP Nevertheless, the positions. its weakened which leaving 1930 of elections the into marched CSP circumstances, these In ‘considered Movement) Workers’ policies.’ Christian pro-Heimwehr the against protest in Socialists Christian the of group parliamentary and Reither Joseph by led farmers Austrian (Lower sections party the as split a of verge the on even was party the 1930, In discourses. authoritarian liberal and was thebetween tossing CSP parties, other Catholic with pro-democratic. remained still party the within groups some although ally, paramilitary the on rely increasingly proletariat.” the of “dictatorship against democracy” “true set ‘to to began party the 1920’s, the of part second the in back Already intensified. Socialists Christian the within tendencies radical the decade, the of turn the at However, system. parliamentary the of members core the of one remained republic. the about enthusiastic too never was one, Catholic a for typically party, The 1930’s. the of agenda Catholic changed the 1930’s. during movements Catholic of policies and rhetoric the of features prominent all were anti-communism strong a and corporations socio-economic of structure a by parliaments elected directly of replacement Helmut Wohnout “Middle-class…” p.183. “Middle-class…” Wohnout Helmut Ibid. p.181. “Middle-class…” Wohnout Helmut ofthe Arm Catholic Secular Party and Governmental “Middle-class Wohnout Helmut Conway, Matin The Christian Social Party (CSP) in Austria might serve as the prime example of the of example prime the as serve might Austria in (CSP) Party Social Christian The Political Catholicism in Europe1918–1945, Catholicism in Political 62 Catholic PoliticsCatholic started Seipel Ignaz leader its as right, drifted further has party The 60

61 Nevertheless, constantly providing Chancellors for it, CSP it, for Chancellors providing constantly Nevertheless, … p.52. Heimwehr (Home Guard) movement as the anti-socialist the as movement Guard) (Home Heimwehr 22 p. 178.

63 As was in the case the in was As

64

CEU eTD Collection Political Catholicism in Europe1918–1945 Catholicism in Political 69 “Catholicism…p.345) de (Bruno Wever parliament the 68 67 Europe1918– 1965, in Catholicism Religions in in Belgium” and Fascism “Catholicism Wever 66 Religions andPolitical Movements Totalitarian 65 politics. Catholic of ‘purification’ the described, leader their as at, aimed movement the into drawn members the and style’ fascist support. significant a period, received short the for rhetoric, anti-democratic militant its with which, movement King) the (Christ Rex Christus new founded and CP the from split supporters, the his with from Dergelle party inside, the radicalize to words, other in or, renewal’ ‘spiritual a organize to failure After militant. most the was course Party’s Catholic the change to attempts whose Dergelle, line. moderate the Party’s with along Catholic go not did political which Catholicism’ seek militant more to a radicals of ideal these their for of expression some caused Belgium outside and within both events writings. all, of (first CP the of groups inner some as currents, radical some absorbing were 1920’s, during as early as parliament, in party strongest the Democrats, Social the for Save well. as occurred Belgium of (CP) Party Front.” official“Fatherland’s the joined Catholics majority ofCSP the However, itself. dissolved CSP year Next Austria. in democracy parliamentary the ended circles, party Emmanuel Gerrard, “Religion, Class and Language: The Catholic Party in Belgium” in in Belgium” Party Catholic and The Language: Class “Religion, Gerrard, Emmanuel in 21seats and aroundwon 11%ofthe vote of1936Rexist got elections parliamentary Inthe p.201. “Belgium,” Conway Martin For Action Française’s and Mussolini’s impact on Belgium Catholic camp see: Bruno de Bruno camp see: Catholic onBelgium Mussolini’s impact Actionand For Française’s in Austria” in and ‘ClericalFascism’ Politics Cultural Encyclicals? Robert“Enacting Pyrah, About the same time, rather similar anti-democratic tendencies in the polarized Catholic polarized the in tendencies anti-democratic similar rather time, same the About 66 8 N.2(June 2007): pp. 343-352; see also: Martin Conway “Belgium” in “Belgium” Martin Conway pp.343-352; also: see 8 N.2(June 2007): These groups steadily grew in strength and, by the ‘early 1930s, the pressure of pressure the 1930s, ‘early the by and, strength in grew steadily groups These Fédération 68 Already the first meeting of the Rexists was held in ‘Italian in held was Rexists the of meeting first the Already 67 t ws a mme f a yugr Ctoi eeain L. generation, Catholic younger a of member a was It 69 However, the movement failed to capitalize on his early his on capitalize to failed movement the However, p. 200. des Cercles) drew an inspiration from Charles Maurras Charles from inspiration an drew Cercles) des , p.106. 23 8 N.2(June 2007): p.372. 8 N.2(June Totalitarian Movements andPolitical Movements Totalitarian 65 Political

CEU eTD Collection 72 in France” 71 70 significant held they them of many In faith. Catholic the from inspiration the drew which force political a possessed denomination prime was Catholicism where country European every the anti- about general said the 1930’s. in the plunged parties whichCatholic in climate democratic from be exceptions might just were Party, they People’s However, Slovak Party. People’s autonomist Czechoslovak the – heir its from split finally party the and defeated was wing radical Štasek’s J. after 1930’s, mid the from especially temptation. rightist the of signs real any showed never PDP Catholicism, Catholic party. Democratic’ ‘Christian putative moderate a of instance an as serve could politics, domestic in role minor its despite France, in (PDP) Party Democratic Popular The example, radicalism. from L. Dregelle’s Front,alienated Catholic Belgian the into itself reorganized 1936, in party, Catholic the and democracy a remained Belgium success; Ibid. Party in Popular Democratic The and Centrism: Democracy “Christian Delbreil, Jean-Claude p. 109-112. Class…” “Religion, Gerrard, Emmanuel 71 ‘Centrist’ in its political orientation, combining elements of moderate social and liberal and social moderate of elements combining orientation, political its in ‘Centrist’ However, the radicalization of Catholic politics in the 1930’s was not universal. For universal. not was 1930’s the in politics Catholic of radicalization the However, At this moment, few general observations are to be made. By the early 1920’s, almost 1920’s, early the By made. be to are observations general few moment, this At

Political Catholicism in Europe1918–1945 Catholicism in Political 24 , pp.116-135. 70

72 Much the same, the Much

CEU eTD Collection See: Helmut Wohnout, Helmut See: farmers support. on the concentrated class, middle forthe ofappealing and, instead its identity Lueger, narrowed Karl leader 75 1965, in “Ireland” O’Driscoll, Finin and Keogh Dermot See: Church the with to emerge. Catholics noroom therelinks for the was and hierarchy, close rather developed Geadheal, political Cummannan major and the Fail of both Fianna Thus, forces, nationalism. Irish the with fused was and identity’ national 74 1945 Political Authoritarian and State Unstable Regime:Church, Catholic Powerful “A Kuk, Leszek See: ‘genuine’ a environment. political in this somewhat limited party were Catholic for opportunities the and ‘Falanga’, way, to ‘Endecja’ same from movements, the right-wing all In Poland. in into integrated successfully it’ was nationalism Polish the the of component strong towards the as Catholicism for ‘conciliatory (except somewhat left were elsewhere political elements including anticlerical traditionally even parties, and authority, political Church’s threaten not all did communists), marginal addition, In neglected. be not being should Democrats Dmowski’s National R. to as sympathies hidden their however, force; particular party no any with identification strong for need no was there society, recognized the in position strong extremely an bishops Holding them. of any to Polish support unofficial merely even nor official The neither gave and Catholic, Church’s. Catholic strong historically the by explained be might party-level, the on represented as Catholicism, political Polish the of weakness The chadecja). briefly or, Democracy, Christian or Demokracija, Chrzescijanska the as form shorter in known is Party the 1925, June (From politics. domestic in role minor played 73 distinct four least at were there alone, PPI Italian within instance, For divisions. ideological dissolutions. their led to and often parties Catholic the within ofcleavage cause usual the were laymen and clergymen between tensions the however, groups; social various of electorate. broad very 19 the of Catholicism social unlike parties, these (etc.), farmers and businessmen workers, intellectuals, priests, of components also diverse as accumulate to able Being was composition. social their in divided Catholicism political divisions, geographical the Besides emerge. not did parties Poland are exceptions striking most Two positions. The exception is Christian Social Party in Austria which, after the death of its charismatic death ofits the which,after Austria Party in Social Christian is exception The the of sense the with bound inextricably long been ‘had Catholicism Poland, in as Ireland, In it 1922, in formed was (Ch-NSP) Pracy Stronictwo Chrzecijansko-Narodowe Although , pp.150-169. pp. 275-276. The amorphous nature of the Catholic parties may be even better depicted in their in depicted better even be may parties Catholic the of nature amorphous The

th The Christian Democratic Party in Poland” in in Poland” in Party Democratic Christian The century which was predominantly oriented towards nascent proletariat, appealed to a to appealed proletariat, nascent towards oriented predominantly was which century 75 It was both their strength and weakness. It helped them to gain support gain to them helped It weakness. and strength their both was It Middle-class …p. 172 25 73 Political Catholicism in Europe 1918 – 1918 Europe in Catholicism Political and Ireland, and Political Catholicism in Europe 1918- Europe in Catholicism Political 74 where strong Catholic strong where

CEU eTD Collection New York: 1996). York: New 4in his Seepage Conway. by Martin 77 “Italy”…p.79. John Pollard, F. See party’s left. onthe stood congress’ Bologna the at Proletariat” Christian the of “Party name the suggest to him inspired had leanings socialist ‘whose Miglioli Guido around circled group a Finally, PPI. the of center the represented leadership’ trade-union white the of bulk ‘the with together party,’ the in force dominant ‘the and character in Democratic Christian camp, Sturzo’s Luigi press.’ Catholic the the by controlled occupied effectively who was Crispoliti and right Santucci Grossoli, – as such center grandees moderate The clerico Milan. in University Catholic the of rector later and 76 where countries the In forces. external and internal both by challenged were they as 1930’s, in fractured more became parties Catholic way, same the In tendencies. anti-democratic radically gathering increasingly was war, general the towards marching was Europe of as politics, Catholic course the minority, in were they 1930’s, the in remained currents democratic Christian some Although 1920s. the from engaging increasingly were they which to right democratic anti- the with ally to Catholics the pushed further ways, many in anti-communism, militant and Encyclical the was It 1930’s. early the from advocated namely states, liberal and fascist both to hostile was which policy way” “third called so the on concentrate foremost, and first should, he it, of ideology. political distinct a as age an to came Europe. interwar of movements political Catholic other about said be can same the Much ranks. fascists’ the Catholic joined them of Many concerns. and beliefs their of defence the for option better the towards as interests) hostility show not did officially it as (especially regime Mussolini’s saw diverse. also were groups interests the common; in little having but other each with parallel running currents ideological That Catholicism of the interwar years might be treated as distinct political ideology argued is political distinct beas treated might interwar years ofthe Catholicism That On the right, there were the intransigents grouped around the Padre Gemelli, friend of Pius XI ofPius friend PadreGemelli, around the grouped the were intransigents there Onright, the Nevertheless, despite these differences, in many ways Catholicism in interwar period interwar in Catholicism ways many in differences, these despite Nevertheless, Quadragesimo anno Quadragesimo 76 Thus, it is barely surprising that the rightist elements of the party the of elements rightist the that surprising barely is it Thus, , published in 1931, which, with its Christian corporatist ideas corporatist Christian its with which, 1931, in published , Catholic Politics in Europe1918–1945 Politics Catholic 77 26 If one would try establishing the central feature central the establishing try would one If (London and (London

CEU eTD Collection towards liberal state and radical politics in interwar Lithuania. interwar in andpolitics radical state liberal towards stance its and camp political Catholic the with deal will which chapters two next the in account liberalstate. to the hostility increasing and parties Catholic the of (radicalization) reorientation rightist the with marked were 1930’s The it. supported reservations, some with although and, system liberal the of part were parties Catholic 1920’s the In periods. different two into unfolded be may illustrate, to aimed chapter in as case extreme some to them. not supportive compliant, if generally remained Germany, except Catholics, the dictatorships, right-wing or of one into form plunged another which countries the In values. Catholic the with compatible system liberal rotten the see not did and renewal spiritual for strove who Catholics of groups militant more and young predominantly the by challenged were they functioned, still system democratic These two different time spans of evolution of catholic politics will be taken into taken be will politics catholic of evolution of spans time different two These this as democracy, towards parties Catholic-oriented the of stance the up, sum To 27

CEU eTD Collection March 12,2010). March studijos 1 in the ofParliamentarism features The 1940) bruožai” 82 2009)p.85-104. and New York:Routledge, (London 81 party political own their finalized. finally was formation processof the ofCDP conservatives with the merged questions) formation to social close in were WWI radical the during and who revolution Catholics of Russian group the by (affected ‘leftist’ the when WWI the of end the at Only 1917. until up party political real a as functioned not did CDP problems 80 p.1. (1926): 79 78 Parliament. of the elections the in In seats the remarkable. of 52,7% received is politicians Catholic-oriented the Lithuania (1920), assembly interwar Constituent the of years early the in enjoyed Catholicism political success The decades. of couple forthcoming the for politics Lithuanian of force dominant the becoming politicians Catholic lay of number increasing gradually the Russian The state. right political the to Lithuanian balance the shifted 1905 newly-born of revolution a in position starting good a had Catholicism 1917. as late as only existence into came force political clerical real that speak may one and complicated was Party the of formation the Nevertheless, 1924) press (Catholic ofwar? mean menace the elements chauvinistofthe domination not the Would would backs? their turn of our allies that few mean not it Would <….> to] dictatorship. [and switched government right took over the the [that] assume us “Let (1918-1926) state ademocratic and Power:radicalization in 3. Catholics For electoral results see Liudas Truska ”Parlamentarizmo I Lietuvos Respublikos (1918– Respublikos ILietuvos Truska”Parlamentarizmo Liudas see results electoral For Tomas Balkelis. Lithuania see: in 1905politics post For organizational and differences ideological to due 1907 in formed was CDP the Although in Men) Our Brave karžygiams”(To mūsų “Narsiems author Anonymous ofRight) Crisis in (The “Dešiniųjų krizis” Karvelis, P. It was 1907 when the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party (CDP) was founded. was (CDP) Party Democratic Christian Lithuanian the when 1907 was It . No. 2 (2004). http://www.parlamentostudijos.lt/Nr3/Istorija_Truska.htm (accessed . No. 2(2004).http://www.parlamentostudijos.lt/Nr3/Istorija_Truska.htm 82 The elections to the first Lithuanian Parliament (1922) guaranteed 48.7 proc. 48.7 guaranteed (1922) Parliament Lithuanian first the to elections The Lithuania free<…>in the name of our society, we shout thunderous shout hurray!society, we the of our name free<…>in Lithuania To our brave and valour men, who fulfilled the will of the nation nation and the made will theof fulfilled who bravevalour To men, and our 78

(Catholic press few days after the rightist coup d’état of of coup1926) d’état rightist the days after press few (Catholic 28 st Lithuanian Republic) in Republic) Lithuanian Rytas 80 The making of modern Lithuania makingofThe modern Despite its late formation, political formation, late its Despite 81 and politically active clergy, with clergy, active politically and N. 49/60) (1924)p.3. N. Rytas N. 287/879 N. Parlamento

79

CEU eTD Collection f te pry rfr oe t h no f te Ltuna pltcl ain hrfr in Therefore nation. (political) Lithuanian the of could). Union the to more Lithuanian, refers party the of language, Lithuanian the of peculiarities the to due entire However, Union". Nationalists’ the "Lithuanian translation: English For support. significant more received 86 LCP when occasion only onunderground activity. concentrated predominantly LCP period discussed only the was Nevertheless, it. in first this seats the 5 won to and elections name changed the under in (1922-1923) Parliament participated Lithuanian organization, illegal an as LCP, Lithuania. interwar 85 84 83 Union Nationalists’ out from left 1918–1926governments. andusually were program their for support wider a win to struggled socialists society, agricultural highly a in however, politics, Lithuanian in force political third stable a was SDP 1896, in founded party, political (SDP) Party Democratic Social the by represented was left Political politics. was which (1918-1926) Lithuania forces. political Catholic-oriented forthe favourable extremely democratic of fragmentation political specific the of analysis without explained be not can 1920s, early the in favourable was which system liberal presence. Catholic without government to form the opposition unified managed the Parliament the in force political strongest the remained bloc Catholic seats the of 35,3% with although politics; Catholic for support in decline significant a marked environment, democratic seats. the of 51.3% with control full retained Catholics Parliament, (1923) second the to elections premature in whereas support Leui atnnųSjna(T) abeito (abbreviation (LTS)" Sąjunga Tautininkų "Lietuvių in left political the of representative conditional also was (LCP) Party Communist Lithuanian Ibid. Ibid. oiia ih, eteey wa eoe 12, ws ocpe y te Lithuanian the by occupied was 1926, before weak extremely right, Political Lithuanian in rivals main three found Catholic-block state, independent of eve the On towards stance their extent, large a to and, politics Catholic-oriented the of success This atnna Tautininkai 86 (LTS) led by the first democratically elected President of the Republic A. Republic the of President elected democratically first the by led (LTS) Tautininkai does not evoke any negative implications (as possibly Nationalists’ possibly (as implications negative any evoke not does 83 does not literally mean Nationalists. In Lithuanian, the name the Lithuanian, In Nationalists. mean literally not does Only the last parliamentary elections (1926), held in a fully a in held (1926), elections parliamentary last the Only 29 Tautininkai - Nationalists’) the official the Nationalists’) - 85 84 . The oldest The .

CEU eTD Collection p. 90 Parliament. in Populists the bloc aofPeasant common to used form and LVS party,LSLDP single a to merger the before Even (LVLS). Union Popular Peasant Lithuanian 1922, the December also in forces these of merger the after and (LVS), Peasants of Union Lithuanian 89 in Abroad) from 88 etc. Lithuanian writers) (famous Krėvė Tumas, V. J. awakenening) national ofthe (leader Basanavičius ofLithuania), J. minister (first prime Voldemaras 87 stance. ‘centrist’ its stressed constantly itself which bloc, a for in Lithuania.traditions least liberal weak the at of proponent conditional and, a of agenda as it of socialist speak might one the decade, forthcoming from itself alienated gradually block the 1922 as early as Nevertheless, ideas. and liberal socialist of mix a was it as bloc’s ideology the define to difficult is It parliamentarism. democratic of period the in Catholics rivalled traditionally in Lithuania. unrepresented large extent a politics. Lithuanian in right democratic anti- the of Mussolini’sproponent the as LTS of by speak might one 1923, from influenced starting and Italy, in strongly success was politicians, moderate formerly of party the LTS, constant The shown, has parliaments. study recent one As 1923. Lithuanian - 1922 in radicalization two LTS to led elections in first setbacks the in seat single a win to LTS allow not did frontiers electoral traditional its outside appeal to failure This voters. the of mass critical the constituted who peasantry among unpopular extremely was LTS reform, land towards stance ultraconservative its to due Nevertheless, elite). military bureaucracy, (state society the of strata intellectuals of party The Smetona. See: Anonymous author, Anonymous “ See: Supported Oppositionis svetur” iš (When parama gauna “Kai opozicija Butkus, Zenonas A. as such ofinterwar Lithuania figures prominent many were party members the Among

423; see Anonymous “ see author, 423; The bloc The In this political environment, the nominal political centre was taken by the Catholic the by taken was centre political nominal the environment, political this In bloc, Populist Peasant the by taken was left – centre political Conditional included the Lithuanian Socialist Popular Democratic Party (LSLDP) and the and (LSLDP) Party Democratic Popular Socialist Lithuanian the included Kultūros baraiKultūros Supraskime“ (Let's Understand) in Understand) (Let's Supraskime“ . N. 8-9 (1995): p.63. . N. 8-9(1995): Krikščionių demokratų partijos programos revizija (Revision programosrevizija partijos demokratų Krikščionių 87 , LTS was popular among the limited circles of the upper the of circles limited the among popular was LTS , 88 Nevertheless, up until late 1926, political right was to was right political 1926, late until up Nevertheless, 30 90 Nevertheless, the bloc was not was bloc the Nevertheless, Tėvynės sargasTėvynės , N. 39,(1922): N.

89 which

CEU eTD Collection L. 3. L. Party Democrats 91 in Programme) Party‘s Democratic Christian of the within members of migration free the shows bloc bloc the in Catholic unity of sense The trinomial imminent. seemed the of emergence the and ranks Catholic the within consolidation Germany. the to according force, political one into bloc Catholic the reorganize to aiming were democrats Christian future the in reveals, correspondence CDP as Moreover, bloc. Catholic the of work splendid the ensure to and FU, from ones conservative more the and LF of ideas ‘leftist’ the absorb to had CDP party, political Catholic official only the being wise, Ideological party. the of wings (FU) right the and (LF) left the as organizations political’ Party (CDP). Democratic Christian - Block Catholic the of core the by advocated line ideological Catholic official the supported generally issues, in agricultural more slightly conservative organization, the however, Union; Farmer’s the in distinctiveness ideological any dissect to difficult be would It agenda. political and list separate its with elections in participated it however, organization; political a be to intend officially not did it federation, Labour the as way same the In peasantry. the from parliament. block in Catholic joint the joining always nevertheless force, political distinct a as elections in ran Federation Labour The votes. class’ working the for democrats Social with compete to obliged Christian was for it workers, organization professional a as 1919 in Founded (LF). Federation Labour the by represented was left Catholic The currents. ideological major three of consisted It uniform.

ė suvienijimo Dėl The Catholic centre, as the CDP officially identified itself, treated the mentioned ‘non- mentioned the treated itself, identified officially CDP the as centre, Catholic The support gain to Catholics the by used was Union, Farmers’ the force, political Another 91 The success in the elections to the Constituent assembly in 1918 also increased also 1918 in assembly Constituent the to elections the in success The ), ), Lithuanian Central Sate Archive (hereinafter – LCSA), F. 1114, Ap. 1, B. 3, B. 1, Ap. 1114, F. LCSA), – (hereinafter Archive Sate Central Lithuanian O ntn) rkčoi eort atjs byla partijos demokratų Krikščionių Uniting), (On 31

Rytas , N . 95/106, (1924): p. 1-2.; etc.95/106, (1924): p.1-2.; Zentrumspartei

( ie o Christian on File model in model

CEU eTD Collection 07 srisi rinkinys straipsnių April 15,2010). (accessed http://www.lzuu.lt/jaunasis_mokslininkas/smk_2007/ekonomika/Stalgiene_Aldona.pdf 2007 in 1922) year the Political to Lithuanian up Parties of Programmes the in Reform Agrarian the of Concept (The metų” 1922 94 93 in congregation) to letter pastoral Bishops’ 92 the with CDP; to close bureaucracy to fell apparatus administrative state’s the elections, the in victories first that the with addition, In rivals. secular their guaranteed against top on come would lists Catholic organizations branch its or CDP for support his person, luminary only the bloc. Catholic the as solutions similar for argued Populists, Peasant opponents, main the instance, for reform, land as such spheres other in anticlericalism, militant Despite not alternatives. viable did any provide parties other the SDP, for except policy, economic In domination. Catholic ensure to enough was this environment political Lithuanian the in period long a For work. political and pastoral in both active were which clergy Catholic Roman of number great a possessed win. Catholic the for campaigned actively pulpits the from priests lists. bloc’s Catholic the for agitated indirectly and directly they which in bishops Lithuanian of release official the published always CDP of press official form bloc. a joint strictly would they Parliament, the in unity; Catholic for agitate would and candidates others each support separate, three as functioned traditionally would it they campaign, electoral the moment In forces. political bound closely the nevertheless for and happened, never bloc Catholic the organization the change of unification to full the However, possible. also was membership double used often; very membership reasons tactical the to due individuals distinct ranks; its Liudas Truska, Liudas “ author, Anonymous See: Aldona Stalgienė, “Agrarinės reformos koncepcija Lietuvos politinių partijų programuose iki programuose partijų politinių Lietuvos koncepcija reformos “Agrarinės Stalgienė, Aldona The Catholic bloc relied heavily on Church hierarchy support. Before the elections, the elections, the Before support. hierarchy Church on heavily relied bloc Catholic The 94 In a peasant - agricultural society where the local priest was in many aspects many in was priest local the where society agricultural - peasant a In Parlamentarizmo I… I… Parlamentarizmo Ganytojiškas Lietuvos vyskupų raštas tikintiesiems” (Lituanian tikintiesiems” raštas vyskupų Lietuvos Ganytojiškas Studentų mokslinės konferencijos JAUNASIS MOKSLININKAS JAUNASIS konferencijos mokslinės Studentų p. 75. Tėvynės sargas Tėvynės 32 , N. 92 In the same way, on a lower lever, lower a on way, same the In 17(1923): p.189. 17(1923): 93 Moreover, CDP itself CDP Moreover,

,

CEU eTD Collection University Press) pp.5-6. University 97 423. 96 Representative Parish to (Instruction Catholic all LCSA file), democrats’ to (Christian 7 Nr. (Instruction See: 1922. from network 95 national to mild relatively in institutions, Jewish legal on pressure and prejudices old and terms economic on based anti-Semitism moderate However, LTS. secular the benefited have would nationalism extreme of bursts the as rhetoric patriotic about cautious were Catholics the Thus, revolution: Russian ofthe influence the to it convincingly) fully not (although attached who Sabaliūnas historian émigré Lithuanian the by noticed was radicalism leftist by the affected climate, political whole the like somewhat, was and forces nationalist conservative with ally to tempted not were 1920’s early the in Catholics Catholic ones. right’ the from order social and ‘new parties’ left-wing the from Church of freedom the ‘defend to sought claimed, periodical official CDP the as and, too. appeal ofpatriotic the owned monopoly bloc Catholic 1926, the late till threat any posing not LTS rightist unpopular With opponents. leftist their dominate representatives regional and organizations Catholic of range wide a gathering, people Furthermore, opposition. of the activity the constrain to Catholics enabled regions of the control on put being restrictions the and law martial constant following country Leonas Sabaliūnas, Sabaliūnas, Leonas “ author, Anonymous representatives’ of importance the stress to started CDP documents, archival the to According

left an imprint upon their attitudes and political behaviour. These factors explain why would it explain that conditions. disrupted havebeen under less progressive factors more was These war, behaviour. the after political soon Catholicism, and political Lithuania’s attitudes their upon imprint an left country that in spent they years The revolution. the and war the during Russia a in lived had of radicalism The who men young relatively were politicians Catholic many quandary. Moreover, polls. the at defeat its a in themselves found augured thus and reaction with synonymous virtually conservatism made period democratic leaders Catholic war the After In the midst of these circumstances, the Catholic bloc took on a broad centrist stance centrist broad a on took bloc Catholic the circumstances, these of midst the In Lithuania in crisis 1939-1940 in crisis Lithuania Supraskime“ (Let's Understand (Let's Supraskime“ ntucj Nr. Instrukcija .

s F. 1184 F. ) , P LCSA. F. LCSA. 1184 rs arish

, , Vses prpj aaių ikm komitetams rinkimų katalikų parapijų Visiems 7 97

Ap. 33 R epresenatives) 1, (London and Bloomington: Indiana (London and Bloomington: B. 3 B. ) , in Ap. , Tėvynės sargasTėvynės L. 47; 47; L. 1, B. 3,L. 1,B. , rkčoi eort byla demokratų Krikščionių Instrukcija kaimo įgaliotinis kaimo Instrukcija 95 enabled the Catholics to Catholics the enabled 7-8 , 96 . N. 39, N. That the Lithuanian the That

( 1922): p.

CEU eTD Collection politika politika in Democrats) Christian of Lithuanian (The Conference Konferencija” Demokratų 100 99 98 was rejected. radicalism rightist state; independent the of days first the in Democrats proclaimed was Christian which stance 1924, ideological same in the repeated policy basically CDP of overview annual the in instance, For to them. obliged was bloc Catholic all and CDP the 1926, early - 1925 late until up seems it And of defence the - policy. CDP principles of principles fundamental three the of one as proclaimed democratic was values democratic moderate with flooded was CDP force. of moderate programme truly a as bloc Catholic the presented traditions parliamentary nascent breaching of threat the and chauvinism militant of possible menace the as well as overthrow, anti-democratic the of case the in isolation international power. anti- being anti-national of dictatorship, and of introduction constitutional the advocating of LTS the accused fashion, modern surprising a in periodicals, Catholic in publications similar and right’ the of ‘crisis The radicalism. with politics the flooding of possibility any rejected press press LTS Catholic the in appeared, nationalism antidemocratic of waves first the of one 1924 in when instance, For patriots.’ ‘pseudo them labelling by them belittling right secular the mock always would press Catholic the onwards, 1923 from LTS with case the was as establishment, democratic the of appeared critique any If policies. radical of dangers possible the of warn always would CDP the as exaggerated be not should this Nevertheless, trio. dominant the of force intolerant most the as bloc Catholic the distinguished 1920’s, of climate political Lithuanian minorities’ Ibid. in (TheofRight) Crisis krizis” Karvelis,”Dešiniųjų P. See: The other two were the defense of Christianity and Nationality, see “ see and ofChristianity Nationality, the defense other were two The sides <…> Christian Democrats must be extremely careful in this regard and base their base and regard be not should Democrats Christian this reason this For <...> Constitution. current in the on actions careful extremely be must Democrats Christian <…> sides G.V.] [LTS “progressive” and red the among especially right, the to rather go to tendency <....> when looking more carefully at the Lithuanian political relations, there seems to be a be to seems there relations, political Lithuanian the at carefully more looking when <....> (Our Policy) (Kaunas: 1921)p.2. (Our (Kaunas: Policy) 98 h pt-ae agmnain o imminent of argumentation up-to-date The 34 99 t te sm ie h official the time, same the At Rytas : N. 49/60: (1924): N. p.3. Lietuvių Krikščionių Mūsų

100

CEU eTD Collection 106 105 104 103 block. stepforthe successful Catholic a be to seems voters of group particular a to appeal direct The list. single under participated have would block Catholic joint the if votes of amount same the expect to difficult been have would it that suggest might one and CDP, core the than greater even cases some in support, significant 102 in programme“ Party‘s Democratic 101 dominant former on up build inert the to only attributed was elections in victory the all, of First declared. was strategy’ “Catholic called was what in change serious a for need the important, announced. also were CDP with Union Farmers and Federation Labor of merger a with Party Center Catholic a establishing for plans the ones; bigger the into units Catholic small the of unification by demanded was organizations Catholic of shake-up elections. the for unprepared being of bloc Catholic the accused style, militant organizations. Catholic all to addressed was which instruction the published CDP of section organizational the parliament, Lithuanian second the to elections successful the after months few A 1923. as early as traced be can politics Catholic of radicalization of trends first The dominated. bloc Catholic the within jointly was policy ‘balance’ or 3bloc byall members. campaigned ‘centrist’ so-called the and strategy electoral unitary the a to appeal established bloc Catholic direct the class), working – the LF peasantry, – (FU Despite voters of group particular well. as organizations branch CDP the in prevailed ideas moderate rather politics, Lithuanian dominated bloc Catholic trinomial the While Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. „ Karvelis, P. As the results to parliamentary elections reveals the CDP’s branch organizations received a received organizations branch CDP’s the reveals elections parliamentary to results the As Dėl suvienijimo Dėl fascinated neither with conservatism nor radicalism, but to adhere to a rational policy, to policy, rational purposes all measures meeting for most appropriate thefor seek a to adhere to but radicalism, nor conservatism with neither fascinated However, late 1925 and early 1926 was the last period when the moderate ideas moderate the when period last the was 1926 early and 1925 late However, Krikščionių demokratų partijos programos revizija (Revision of the Christian (Revision ofthe programosrevizija partijos Krikščionių demokratų , LCSA, F. 3,L. 1, B. , LCSA, 3. 1114,Ap. 103 Despite the absolute majority victory, this document, written in a in written document, this victory, majority absolute the Despite

102 Rytas

, N . 95/106 (1924): p.1-2 35 101 105 Moreover, what is more is what Moreover, 104 The serious The

106

CEU eTD Collection 109 Mintis,1995)pp.156-158. law)(Vilnius: Constitutional 108 107 the of midst the In politics. domestic on impact great a had Concordat Polish-Vatican the of ratification the same way, diplomacy.Inthe to blow Lithuanian asgreat wasa perceived Poland to Vilnius) - Lithuanian Wilno, - (Polish Vilna of province Church the granted which treaty The signed. was Poland and Vatican the between Concordat the 1925, February in all, of First several. be might radicalization this for reasons The 1926. - 1925 of period the to traced be can abolished. affairs was without forJewish portfolio minister organizations. and communities Jewish new of establishment on regulations harsher new introduced which passed was law a 1925, in all, of First minority. Jewish the of situation legal the undermined gradually government theCatholic onwards, 1924 from However, agenda. their in shift any of identification enable would which campaign electoral early the begin to Catholics for need no was there thus, and minor, was elections premature of threat the Parliament, the controlling bloc Catholic With 1926). to 1923 (from term year - three full a during function to managed parliament the when history Lithuanian interwar in period only the marked 1926 – 1923 years the that fact the by explained be might rhetoric Catholic moderate in continuity this However, 1925. late of rhetoric Catholic in change any suggest not does press Catholic the of analysis the mentioned, been has as way, same the In divisions. territorial CDP of meetings forthcoming the in detail in discussed be to had tactics Catholic of revision the as defined vaguely was What document. this of affect the to defensive offensive’. ‘from switched been have must which tactics successful on not but positions, Ibid. Rėmeris, Mykolas Ibid. However, the most dramatic shift to radicalism and rightist reorientation ofthe Catholics reorientation and rightist shift to radicalism most dramatic the However, 107 Unfortunately, data evidence does not allow providing any reliable conclusion on conclusion reliable any providing allow not does evidence data Unfortunately, Lietuvos konstitucinės teisės paskaitos paskaitos teisės konstitucinės Lietuvos 108 36 In addition, in early 1924, the position of the of position the 1924, early in addition, In 109 (The Lectures ofthe Lithuanian Lectures (The

CEU eTD Collection 115 114 sargas Tėvynės 113 112 111 XXV. Akademijos Metraštis Mokslo Period) in in The Foreign Policy Interwar Lithuanian SeeOn Holy The TheOf Or Imporance Relations –Vatican (Lithuanian politikai užsienio Lietuvos tarpukario 110 society;’ Lithuanian of form ‘fundamental a but ‘confessional’, press. Catholic the of headlines the covered front Christian anti- mystical the against fight a for cry rallying The enough’. patriotic not ‘became suddenly it Parliament, third the to elections the before nationalism radical for criticized formerly was press. CDP of slogans frequent became block Bolshevik – Judeo against the and fight Masonry The rhetoric. Catholic third in the change to dramatic a up witnessed elections Parliament the Lithuanian before campaign electoral the Nevertheless, bloc. Catholic still is the of It radicalization the influence could alone concordat elections. Vatican - Polish the whether arguable parliamentary regular into marched country the circumstances, these nation’ the of heart the out ‘cutting for Vatican the against protesting by press opposition official CDP The crisis. the solving in impotence their for relations. Vatican – Lithuanian in break a for advocated and pressure, occurring the by affected dramatically was votes, bloc’s Catholicby the Stulginskis, elected A. president the Even government. the destabilized pressure opposition. the by organized ministers CDP anti-Vatican to of interpellations wave and the protests by challenged was government Catholic the elections, looming Anonymous author, “Tauta ir religija” (Nation and Religion) in in and Religion) (Nation ir “Tauta religija” author, Anonymous “ author, Anonymous “ author, Anonymous Ibid. Ibid. reikšmė Sosto arba Šventojo Vatikano santykiai, ir “Lietuvos Kasperavičius, Algimantas N.

7 (1926): p.135. 7 (1926): Susmulkėjimas” Susmulkėjimas” in Elections) ofParliament (FrontLine Seimo frontas” rinkimų Liudas Jovaiša ed., (Vinius: Aidai, 2003 ed., (Vinius:Aidai, Liudas Jovaiša 111 (Going Petty) in Petty) (Going The opposition press fiercely attacked “the clericals” “the attacked fiercely press opposition The 37

Rytas Rytas 114 Rytas Catholicism was no longer just a just longer no was Catholicism 87/679 (1926): p.3. 115 Rytas also joined the ranks of the of ranks the joined also the struggle against internal against struggle the Lietuvos Katalikų

N. 76/688(1926): p.3. )

pp. 312-330 110 The growing The 113 . If LTS If .

de jure de

112

In

CEU eTD Collection 1926” (The Problems of Political Culture and Parliamentarism in Lithuania 1920– in Lithuania and Parliamentarism Culture (The Problems ofPolitical 1926” 125 124 123 122 121 7 120 119 p.1. 93/685(1926): 118 117 p.1. 7/601(1926): 116 point, one at fascism. onItalian publications nationalist in the outnumbered press even fight, Catholic election the in that, notice to interesting is It victory]. Catholic the for Lithuania.” in reign butchers Socialist survival Lithuania’s for fight and to ready and armed be to declared ‘Fascists’ Lithuanian “Jewish let to not swore fighters Fascist Catholics. ruling the but forces political all fighters” attacked Committee fascist Lithuanian of “Committee known barely formerly and ‘diseases’ leftist on publications ‘microbes’. quasi-scientific with up came press Catholic when was Lithuania independent the for declared. minorities and Socialists Populists, as such enemies /666 (1926),p.2. /666 Algirdas Kasperavičius, “Parlamentarizmo ir politinės kultūros problemos Lietuvoje 1920– Lietuvoje kultūros problemos ir politinės “Parlamentarizmo Kasperavičius, Algirdas Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. author Anonymous - Party Farmers’ vidaus priešai “Kas author, yra Anonymous Algimantas Kasperavičius, “Kunigas Mykolas Krupavičius…” p.448n. Mykolas “Kunigas Kasperavičius, Algimantas Anonymous author, “ author, Anonymous Anonymous by the socialism apostles apostles by socialism the played are roles main the where forces gaucherie and darkness of accumulation the is line front Another life. this of welfare the and Christianity of ideals eternal the for struggle its and society, Christian the of line front the is it - insurmountable persistent, and constant is them of One lines. front major two into itself divided has society our fight, electoral the In be nation, off! the of Traitors Nationalists). themselves (calling Progressive “The – followers Smetona allies coalition their for concern a not is nation the nation, the for care not do they coalition a in G.V.] [LTS Farmers and Union Popular Progress Peasant the with National of Party The Catholic! the Lithuanian, The Full of hatred, the campaign organized by the Catholic bloc, reached new extremes new reached bloc, Catholic the by organized campaign the hatred, of Full 116 118 Catholic press Catholic

120 Above all, the Catholic campaign was ‘strengthened’ by the proclamations of the of proclamations the by ‘strengthened’ was campaign Catholic the all, Above author,

not influential liberal political party founded in party political liberal not influential , “ “Rasti kairumo mikrobai” (‘Leftist’ Microbes are Found) in Found) are Microbes mikrobai”(‘Leftist’ kairumo “Rasti Susmulkėjimas” Susmulkėjimas” Lietuvi, katalike!"

would campaign for the Catholic bloc in the following ways: ways: the blocfollowing in forthe Catholic campaign would 119 (Going Petty) in Petty) (Going ( The Lithuanian, the Catholic Lithuanian, The ? 38

” (Who are the Internal Enemies?) in the Enemies?) Internal ” (Who are 117 has repudiated its people. For as Socialists, as For people. its repudiated has

Rytas Rytas 87/679 (1926): p3. 122 1926. By using militant rhetoric, militant using By ) in 121 n is apa, the appeal, its In . Rytas , N 125

Rytas Rytas

124 [that is [that , Nr.

N.

123

CEU eTD Collection Constitutional Law) (Vilnius: Mintis,1995)p.204. Law)(Vilnius: Constitutional 128 127 Liudas Truska, problems. See: economic significant encountered 126 12, 2010). March (accessed http://www.parlamentostudijos.lt/Nr6/6_Istorija_Kasparavicius.htm 1926), leftist its carrying on continued government the Nevertheless, severe opposition. the provoked from measures protests These followed. soon law martial of off call the and apparatus police political of reduction The activists. Communist of number a amnestied which passed was law a all, of First few change. significant a in resulted first power in bloc left - centre The the of months government. the of out left was Parliament, in largest the still bloc, the Catholic that ensured it and parties minority the by supported was it the however have majority; not absolute did coalition This government. the over took Populists and democrats Social left. political to the ashift significant showed results — the them” hated everyone hegemony, Catholic the with up fed were currents political all enemies, sworn their became Nationalists as well as Populists lengthy G.V.]; [Catholics them “the to hatred situation: much evoked bloc 1926 Catholic the of the domination on concluded Lithuania, in intellectuals contemporary M. As Catholics. the for unfavourable was climate political victory. straight fourth the achieve to chances Catholic undermined officers, rank high among cases corruption revealed and organizations Catholic the for support financial crisis economic the of affects as well as policy, foreign in setback mentioned the prolonged; be would hegemony bloc Catholic of years eight that doubted few a only elections of eve the On end. an to come would reign Catholic Mykolas Rėmeris, Rėmeris, Mykolas Truska, Liudas Lithuania agricultural this the badto harvest. Due fortheir known 1924–1926is Years

Parlamento studijos Parlamento Thereafter, for the first time in the history of interwar Lithuania, a leftist coalition of coalition leftist a Lithuania, interwar of history the in time first the for Thereafter, the last, at that, feeling the with finished it elections, for run demagogic this Despite Parlamentarizmo I… I… Parlamentarizmo Lietuvos konstitucinės teisės paskaitos paskaitos teisės konstitucinės Lietuvos . No. 6(2006). . No. p. 6.

126 128 of 1924 - 1926, together with inadequate state inadequate with together 1926, - 1924 of . The outcome of the elections was not surprising not was elections the of outcome The . 39 (The Lectures ofthe Lithuanian Lectures (The Parlamentarizmo I… I… Parlamentarizmo R ö e, oe o h brightest the of one mer, 127 The whole The p. 75n.

CEU eTD Collection 133 132 131 130 129 A ideas antidemocratic of proponents active most example. the of one became politician moderate formerly Krupavičius, M. leaders’, CDP of one by illustrated best be can bloc Catholic newspaper. this to financially contributed Stulginskis weekly pro-fascist the evident. than more was establishment among Catholic reorientation rightist directly–radical even more democracy the into moved the Catholics bemoaned moderate Lithuania, opposition. formerly in after action society’ Catholic Catholic of the ‘disorientation of leader unofficial S. instance, an For intellectuals. Šalkauskis, contemporary by noticed indirectly also Catholic was bloc and Catholic officers military between held. been have might takeover representatives governmental possible on meeting secret first very the announced, were election the of results the after day second the as early as their since especially influence, shows, publication their recent one As questionable. already were system democratic for sympathies retain to opportunity the with Catholics defeated officers. military was of number forces certain a of dismissal in military resulting reduced, was army the for of budget The introduced. program modernization the addition, In announced. were priests to budget state the from payment wage ban to plans Church; Catholic the for support financial cutting at aiming was and schools minorities’ of network the expanded coalition The policy. Ibid. p.455. Mykolas…” “Kunigas Kasperavičius, Algimantas Mykola “Kunigas Kasperavičius, Algimantas p.451. Mykolas…” “Kunigas Kasperavičius, Algimantas p.449. Mykolas…” “Kunigas Kasperavičius, Algimantas The discontent in society as well as in the opposition grew rapidly. This presented the presented This rapidly. grew opposition the in as well as society in discontent The 130 In their private conversions Catholic leaders expressed their disillusion with disillusion their expressed leaders Catholic conversions private their In 131 For instance, several influential members of CDP became co-editors of co-editors became CDP of members influential several instance, For Will of the Nation Nation the of Will 129 The fact that the radical tendencies took over in the in over took tendencies radical the that fact The (Tautos valia). (Tautos 40 s …” p.452. …” 133 However, the drift to the right of the of right the to drift the However, 132 Even former Catholic President A. President Catholic former Even

CEU eTD Collection e: Rmad J iins Fsit Tnece n Ltuna n in Lithuania” 135 in Tendencies “Fascist Review European Misiunas, J. Romuald M. fascists. See: being of students the accused press the protestors. defended Krupavičius leftist The Parliament. in elements other rightist and Democrats Christian the from police the against This protests wounded. elicited were immediately some clash mêlée ensuing the In police. mounted Kaunas the into ran Soldier 134 to authoritarianism. switched Lithuania 1926, 17, December of putsch bloodless a in Finally, takeover. the of details last the ordinating co- finished nationalists and LTS inCatholics power, government democratic ofthe weeks final the During power. to returning of way possible only the as government contemporary the of in Parliament: defensive speech a delivered ofAgriculture Minister demonstrations student rightist the of one After bloc. Catholic the of Romuald J. Misiunas, “Fascist Tendencies in Lithuania,” p.93. in Lithuania,” Tendencies “Fascist Misiunas, J. Romuald Unknown of tomb the to procession 1926. Student November in occurred demonstration This right). a make the from applause (Thunderous fascists! I are nationalists Lithuanians us of all And fascist. a But states. also am I all sense this in – fascist in being of ideals national and organization patriotism, self-consciousness, legal a national accuse you If system]. is a [as fascism and ideology] Fascism [as fascism between difference Today doom. its to state or government socialist against reaction a right), the on ‘bravo’ shouts and applause (strong movement nationalist wholesome a is itself in Fascism M. Krupavičius was only one of many Catholics who saw the antidemocratic overthrow antidemocratic the saw who Catholics many of one only was Krupavičius M. 135 , N. (48/110) p.92-93. , N. (48/110) 41 Kerenshina Kerenshina which are leading the leading are which 134 h lvnc ad East and Slavonic The in Kaunas, the former the Kaunas, in

CEU eTD Collection 138 2005) Aidai, in 1940) m.) 1940 137 136 government. nationalist LTS the support to continued Federation Labor leftist the coalition, the leaving in CDP the joined has into opposition. moved officially CDP the and off, called were of ministers year Catholic the a government, of the in half work than common less after Finally, followed. soon policy foreign on disagreements The two. the between tensions of beginning the was It them. for (even minimal where procedures conditional) democratic through elected be to opportunity the as decrees presidential with ruling on kept contrary, the on Nationalists, legally. power to return to chances high had bloc Catholic the weak, traditionally LTS and compromised the already as Socialists case, and Populists this In held. be to elections new for hoped numerous, more and popular more the as Catholics, The dominance. their establish to maneuvered M. entities political both scenes, CDP forces. of political the leader of unification the suggested independence; turn, in Lithuania’s Krupavičius, of core the hailed Voldemaras, as A. Democrats nationalist Christian Minister, Prime new the conference, CDP the During (1926- state authoritarian the and generation new Opposition: in Catholics 4. Labour federation moved to opposition in 1928. to opposition moved federation Labour Leonas Sabaliūnas, from: taken is Quotation

rūa vruks Svarauskas, Artūras 1939) This move has marked the end of unity in the Catholic bloc. If the Farmers’ Union Farmers’ the If bloc. Catholic the in unity of end the marked has move This unity. LTS – Catholic declared the with marked were regime the of months first The Lietuvos Katalikų Mokslo Akademijos Metraštis XXVII. XXVII. Metraštis Akademijos Mokslo Katalikų Lietuvos (The Activities of Priest Mykolas Krupavičius Opposing the State Authorities (1927 – (1927 Authorities State the Opposing Krupavičius Mykolas Priest of Activities (The “So far…the young Christian Democrats lack an intelligibly political ideology. It is not clear not is It ideology. political an intelligibly lack Democrats young Christian “So far…the

p. 500. Kunigo M. Krupavičius opozicinė veikla valstybinei valdžiai (1927 – (1927 valdžiai valstybinei veikla opozicinė Krupavičius M. Kunigo 138 In the same way, this fragmentation broadened the spectrum of spectrum the broadened fragmentation this way, same the In whether they tend toward an authoritarian or a democratic ora regime”democratic antowardauthoritarian tend they whether 42 Lithuania… p. 41. (Liudas Jovaiša ed., Jovaiša (Liudas 137 oee, bhn the behind However, (Nationalist press, 1939) press, (Nationalist

Vinius: 136

CEU eTD Collection 143 142 141 140 139 (applause). Catholicism and brave fighting intensions: its militant declared LLYO conference, first the during Already LF. of agenda incoherent yet radical, continued (LLYO) Organization Youth Labor Lithuanian new established Ambrozaitis, K. LF, of chairman ambiguous 1932, In more. even fractured wing left Catholic former influence, real no With aally. possible as it LTS rejected ruling whereas unreliable partner, the as to it see start it norcriticized. supported openly neither – regime (authoritarian) existing the towards stance any provide not did LF the press. nationalist the from publications reprinting kept spirit.” liberal the by “polluted being of accused were press LF in FU and CDP partners coalition and allies Former radical ultra mentioned the of member active an became himself fascism.” “Lithuanian of formation the saluted openly it Italy; Mussolini’s for praise of full was press LF The 1926. since dramatically changed rhetoric LF the however, proletariat, among popular not traditionally LTS the and marginalized now socialists as government, nationalist the in class’ working of representatives only the become to order in LTS ruling the appease to move tactical a only was it whether arguable still is it Although, agenda. nationalist extreme on taking bloc, Catholic united the from split federation Labor leftist formerly instance, For Lithuania. in Catholicism political by represented ideas Lithuanian – Lietuvos Darbo Jaunimo Sąjunga. Jaunimo Darbo –Lietuvos Lithuanian Ibid. Ibid. Artūras Svarauskas, “Lietuvos Darbo “Lietuvos Svarauskas, Artūras p.53. Darbo…” ”Lietuvos Svarauskas, Artūras “We are in need for pure spirit fighters. Fighters! We do not need silent Christianity – we need we – Christianity silent need not do We Fighters! fighters. spirit pure for need in are “We would Catholics LF. the of marginalization to led gradually Nationalists with flirt This 141 The demarche of the LF against its heir organizations continued as they as continued organizations heir its against LF the of demarche The 144 … ”

p. 57. 43 142 139 However, despite chauvinist rhetoric, chauvinist despite However, The leader of the LF K. Ambrozaitis K. LF the of leader The Will of the nation nation the of Will weekly. 143 which 140

CEU eTD Collection Svarauskas, “Lietuvos Darbo “Lietuvos Svarauskas, See: ‘bad Catholics’. beat a stick to presented was Ambrozaitis K. meetings LLYO 149 148 147 146 145 Darbininkas, nr.23,1932)p.2. (Kaunas: Organization) sąjungos suvažiavimas I-asis jaunimo successful most the was 144 which LLYO, and LF not historiography, Lithuanian in known mainstream the to Party. Democratic Christian opposite quite platform, political their build to and mature to Catholics radical relatively of generations younger for opportunities the provided LF earlier and LLYO Both camp. Catholic re- Lithuanian the and for impulse establishment new gave organization Catholic lay into old orientation the from alienation (involuntary) this identity. Nevertheless, confessional its stress to reluctant even was temporary, yet LLY0, Consequently, marginals. the support to continued priests radical few only while support, hierarchy Church ranks. ofarethem. we proud and socialists idealist within comrades have many communist.’ ‘Christian even or socialist’ “Christian as itself identify occasionally would itself organization the theory; socialist with combined was Nationalism Catholic The ideas. self-contradicting rhetoric. LLYO in The conflict between the Catholic establishment and LLYO was reached in 1934 as in one of in 1934as one reached was and LLYO establishment Catholic the conflictbetween The Ibid. Artūras Svarauskas, “Lietuvos Darbo “Lietuvos Svarauskas, Artūras Darbo “Lietuvos Svarauskas, Artūras Darbo Lietuvos Svarauskas, Artūras Darbo “Lietuvos Svarauskas, Artūras 148 It was the Movement of Young Catholics (Jaunųjų Katalikų Sąjūdis, JKS), as it is it as JKS), Sąjūdis, Katalikų (Jaunųjų Catholics Young of Movement the was It its to activists Communist some attracted even LLYO of obscurity ideological The we and socialism of ideas brightest the accept openly we socialism, slander to need not do We dominant the were leader’ the to ‘obedience the and idea’ an for ‘death of slogans The Moreover, in a toss between ruling LTS and the Catholics, LLYO completely lost completely LLYO Catholics, the and LTS ruling between toss a in Moreover, 146 For instance, in one of the articles LLYO press suggested: press LLYO articles in one ofthe instance, For 145 However, contrary to LF, LLYO managed to incorporate wide spectrum of wide spectrum incorporate to managed LLYO LF, to contrary However, … ”

p. 67. (The first Meeting of Lithuanian Labor Youth Labor Meeting ofLithuanian (The first … … … … p. 61. ” ” ”

p. 64. p. 62. author also: Anonymous p. 57.See 44 147 Lietuvos darbo Lietuvos Artūras

149

CEU eTD Collection 249. Ramūnas Labanauskas, See ofCDP. members the without official being even legislation their discussions, pass in CDP participate to They able meetings. were Committee Central 151 150 difficulties. economic encountering internally were who Nationalists the by welcomed been have would Catholics some least at from support the Europe, in crisis economic of year the was it As two. the between cooperation new reinitiate to tried and camp Catholic to energy new fuse to hoped Catholics young CDP, the to bound closely not Being before. ever than dim seemed to power returning of chances their and LTS, the opposing unsuccessfully were and opposition in were mentioned, been has it as LLYO, heir its and LF ambiguous for except bloc, Catholic The they period, force. single-party this strong a as themselves during establish to and power and their consolidate to managed government, the over took Nationalists the since years five in politics. involved became JKS gradually Party, ambitions. political reserve, have not did first at Catholics journals, cultural two around Circled CDP. from clericals’ ‘provincial predominantly to old, to attached than more developments political were Western and universities Catholic European leading at education got them of many moreover, Russia; Tsarist the of memory living short only with is that environment Lithuanian fully a in matured who youth Catholic predominantly of movement the was and 1930 around existence into came first It Lithuania. 1930’s in radicalism Catholic of proponent CDP invited senior students who belonged to the Catholic Youth Organizations to CDP to Organizations Youth Catholic to the belonged who seniorstudents invited CDP ofthe movement. character the cultural to used stress LKS This engagement into politics can be explained by two factors. First of all, it was already it ofall, First was factors. bebytwo explained can politics engagementinto This 151 that is most of the young Catholics did not officially belong to Christian Democratic Christian to belong officially not did Catholics young the of most is that Jaunųjų Katalikų Sąjūdis Jaunųjų Katalikų Naujoji Romuva Romuva Naujoji 45 (The Movement of Young Catholics) p. Catholics) ofYoung (The Movement and and 150 eetees et a h CDP the as kept Nevertheless, XX amžius, XX young generation of lay of generation young

CEU eTD Collection 153 843. 152 which encyclical, the of interpretation similar Rather structure. democratic the with compatible struggle. and class ofsocial question one, elimination including liberal over the has Romuva Naujoji state?” corporative or “liberal named 1933 in articles the of one in instance, For press. their in ideas corporatist of discussion to space of lot a devoted LKS the and felt, strongly was impact 1930’s, early corporative the in Christian least at Although, of system. implication possible and regime current the debate to ideologists Nationalist the challenged youngsters LKS The level. intellectual an to moved Nationalist and authoritarianism. current the to alternatives own their providing by regime current the improve to possibility in believed youngsters the Lithuania, interwar the in group Catholic strongest intellectually the far by Being LKS. the by followed thoroughly were Europe in pace gathering meaning their of interpretations various and society, organic and corporatism Christian on discussions The life. modern of problems manifold to solution the provide to seemed it groups, Catholic some Europe. in changes significant Ibid. in society) new (towards visoumenę’ naująją Juodeika “Į V. return to the times destroyed by the French Revolution and its children – capitalism and capitalism – children its organic toeconomy. organic tostate, society, the organic Weneed to return to liberalism. and Revolution French unconditionally the by group destroyed times One the to take. return to have to We solution. the have path We <…> it denies which other the system, liberal knowing old the defends not crossroads, on stand we “ The question of form of government is very important to us. It has been few years since years few been has It us. to important very is government of form of question The It is interesting to notice that the corporative system of LKS did not seem to be to seem not did LKS of system corporative the that notice to interesting is It state corporative the that advantages numerous of naming with continuous article The Catholics between relations the LKS of emergence the with 1930’s early the from Thus, underwent climate intellectual Catholic when being into came youngsters Secondly, suggested: Quadragesimo anno Quadragesimo 46 Quadregesimo anno anno Quadregesimo was published in 1931 and, at least for least at and, 1931 in published was Naujoji Romuva Romuva Naujoji was barely mentioned, its mentioned, barely was N. 40(1932):p. 153

152

CEU eTD Collection (1932):p. 842. (1932):p. the 156 time, same the At 155 power. consolidating on kept of 154 who chance LTS, any ruling had the have might opposition overthrowing strong and unified only as forces left - these center with re-rapprochement the sough 1926, after marginalized who, democrats Christian the from already time, the at and, Populists Socialists, from is circles—that democratic from coming already were LTS ruling the to opposition ideological main the as power, to return to system: democratic on liberal critiques numerous and rhetoric their from clear is solutions authoritarian the of proponents the were they that fact the regime, existing the to concessions time, same the at and, hint the give would democratic which democracy’) “improved term the the impose usually would to (JKS ‘authoritarianism’ returning term the avoid not to tended time, Catholics young the that manifests, their in at Although parliamentarism. was, that system liberal of destruction being as system corporatist the see not democracy.’ to parliamentary contradictory ‘did instance, for Gundlach, G. and Breuning time’. that whom until up existed for Seiper, Ignaz which state democratic the of leader undoing the with hand in ‘hand went contemporary ideas anno Quadregesimo their and Socialists Christian Austrian by chosen was government, of form the of implication an propose not did and abstract an was V. Juodeika “Į naująją visoumenę” (Towards New Society) in Society) New (Towards visoumenę” naująją Juodeika “Į V. Ibid. p.182. “Middle-class…” Wohnout Helmut legacy of the French revolution is being removed and there is nothing to to regret. and there nothing is removed revolution being Frenchis ofthe legacy The catastrophe. in are government] [of forms old The crisis. deep In in is England. it countries, and other France in functions passably isstill demagogy democracy Their Liberal decency. countries… any killing beyond goes parties political of fight internal The <...> The critique of liberal system, however, did not give any chances for the Catholic bloc Catholic the for chances any give not did however, system, liberal of critique The the meant automatically corporatism of implication the JKS, the for However, 154 The leading Catholic theorists in Germany such as O. Nell- O. as such Germany in theorists Catholic leading The 155

47 Naujoji Romuva Romuva Naujoji 156

N. 40

CEU eTD Collection 158 996. 157 and radical. far reaching indeed JKS program was the as two, between cleavage internal of cause the was This reforms. overwhelming the execute to ‘enthusiasm’ their on coy and radical were too sawas the JKSCatholics CDP Onother hand, the Lithuania. contemporary of problems social the solving of capable as establishment CDP ‘ageing’ see not did questions, social on radical more and 20’s) their in were movement the of members (many young being JKS, the and politicians, matured already the were 1930’s the in elite CDP the of members Many party. the of members old the of questions social the on conservatism perceived the was force: political Catholic unified have the ofnecessity to convinced not were LKS the Democrats, Christian of heir being Despite LKS. of emergence with 1930’s in only started it Lithuania, in policy XI Pius and 1922 since Catholics European for dilemma constant a was party, Catholic one to belonging their and politics - party in participation Catholic of question this Although parties. confessional towards held reservations their was Catholics, young the by advocated structures, democratic in distrust besides government, in participation Catholic some incorporating groups. LTS, Populist’ and ruling Catholic’ of the representatives expand to only proposed and regime, authoritarian alterative. possible the as only democracy parliamentary saw Catholics, and liberals putative socialists, as components diverse such of consisting and, authoritarianism, current the to different ideologically something propose to had opposition Ibid. in Greater Bloc) blokas” (The “Didysis T. Kaunas E. ae ol n at f Ctoi-hita nprto. <> o n ad Christian hand, one on of rivals <…> the Catholics…. them all with mix democrats sometimes Christian hand, other inspiration. the On Catholics. all Catholic-Christian with themselves identify of to tend democrats party we one because occur only misunderstandings the have elsewhere, than frequently more Lithuania, In Another reason for this JKS half-hearted supported for the Christian Democratic Party Democratic Christian the for supported half-hearted JKS this for reason Another the with satisfied general, in were, however, state, liberal the to hostile being LKS, The 48 157 One of the reasons of this conditional this of reasons the of One Naujoji Romuva Romuva Naujoji 158 N. 42 (1931):pp. 995- N. 42(1931):pp.

CEU eTD Collection 163 162 161 160 159 periodicals JKS the years, these around movement, distinct a of as JKS of speak to difficult still is it time, that at Although, 1933. around press JKS the of slogans frequent became youth the through nation the of rebirth spiritual and reforms social radical the for strive Catholicism, in Renewal agenda. own their form to started 1934) from (especially gradually Catholics young and first itself, saw JKS one. political 1930s, than a movementrather a cultural as foremost, early in addition, In party. the of members became even them of some CDP, with ties close kept members JKS the thus, prevailed; has unity Catholic questions, social on views different despite and, close still were CDP and JKS as 1930’s, mid ‘incomprehensible.’ proposals radical find would these of clergymen, reactions; contradictory evoked youth Catholic the from proclamations of kinds these society agricultural conservative a In bourgeoisie.’ religious backward century a ‘half as clergymen the label even would Church, the of wealth criticizing Maceina, hierarchy; Church’s of critical highly were organization, society. the in ‘balance’ right the ensure order to [the Jews]’ in ofthe ‘foreigners’ program,’‘blooding suggested equality on JKS‘social elaborating Catholics, young of member another Pakštas, K. agenda. their in elements Semitic estates. richest the lands. Church’s the confiscating by justice’ Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Artūras Svarauskas and Mindaugas Tamošiūnas, “Lietuvos politinių partijų…”p.54. politinių “Lietuvos Tamošiūnas, and Mindaugas Svarauskas Artūras Nevertheless, increasingly frustrated by the conservatism of the old CDP members, CDP old the of conservatism the by frustrated increasingly Nevertheless, the till least at being, time the for as exaggerated be not should cleavage this However, ‘social pursue to proposed Maceina A. JKS of ideologists chief the of one instance, For 160 Moreover, it seems that from the late 1930’s JKS incorporated anti- incorporated JKS 1930’s late the from that seems it Moreover, 163 old CDP members, among whom were a significant number significant a were whom among members, CDP old 159 161 Other JKS members advocated nationalization of nationalization advocated members JKS Other 49 n adto, te JS s peoiaty lay predominantly as JKS, the addition, In 162

CEU eTD Collection Naujoji Romuva Romuva Naujoji 166 Labanauskas, Ramūnas See Rexists. as to LKS referred occasionally, parties, oppositional in Lithuania, known widely the were towards Rexists sympathies studying abroad They inwhile person Dergelle L. 165 Romuva Naujoji 164 contradictive with ideas corporative combined which principals its of realization the in join to invited were entities political all and programme, a as proclaimed form, open an in written manifest. state” Organic of Creation the “Towards political truly and distinct first influenced certainly has enjoyed it success time, this Around early force. The unit. political own its formed and Party Catholic the from split Belgium in movement political separate a of formation to closest came the take to readiness manifested JKS the andcountry: to transform own to their arms responsibility of leaders the of one Lithuania, of anniversary of 15 the independence on 1933, in instance, For 1933-1934. of years the in pace was gathering away’ ‘break the for preparation the that suspect my one later, bit a made be will LKS the by bloc Catholic the from split the of attempt real the though and demanded was system ofthe old change forthe Militantrhetoric matters. with political concerned increasingly became A. Maceina et al et Maceina A. with even met JKS members someofthe Belgium, events in followed the closely JKSpress in Life) ofIndependent Years Metų” (Fifteen Gyvenimo Laisvo “Penkioliką Keliuotis J. of of life… spheres all in reforms radical and values new need heads…we your Youth…raise The <...> nation! talented the are heroic…we be to have place…we taking are cultures Western and in Eastern between fight somewhere eternal the where region] live the in live [we Russians would Poles, Germans, - we If Enough! <…> neighbors huge by surrounded live we but that, like exist still could we maybe Scandinavia, enthusiasm and idealism the for time is It parasites. other and ‘Germanophiles’ and them…just Russophiles of of see the many in drowning are are there they And Lithuania. of air fresh the in matured and the by born only youth, done be can spirit…This youthful its retained must It life. new the for reborn brutal to has [Lithuania] It genius. of nation’s the of birth the nails see not would we be otherwise reformed to the needs It exist. <…> fruitfully cannot Lithuania life deteriorating…This and breathless prosaic are we our in disappeared <…> blood our sucking are parasites other and Careerists nation. the has tearing is materialism heroism of spirit “The However, it was the period 1935-1936 when the JKS reached its peak of influence and influence of peak its reached JKS the when 1935-1936 period the was it However, 164 N. 8 (1936):pp. 169-173. N. 8(1936):pp. 144-145. N. 111(1931):pp. ., ”Į organiškos valstybės kūrimą” (Towards the Creation of Organic state) in ofOrganic state) Creation the (Towards kūrimą” organiškos valstybės ”Į Jaunųjų Katalikų Sąjūdis Katalikų Jaunųjų 165 the young Catholics, and the LKS prepared their prepared LKS the and Catholics, young the 50 , p.256. hits Rex Christus 166

It was It

CEU eTD Collection 167 LTS ruling to opposition democratic the to withdrew Party, Democratic Christian the – force political Catholic main the JKS, the extent certain a to and, LLYO, the and LF the as such organizations mentioned already to contrast In ranks. its within part significant a playing clergy Catholic Roman significant with Party, Democratic Christian political of camp Lithuanian Catholicism. in influential more and more became Catholics lay the JKS, the of emergence the with Nevertheless, ambitions. political own its and front Catholic joint the between tossing current, semi-political as exist to continued It Lithuania. interwar the in force political distant a become to chance real had never has JKS the banned; officially were parties political all law, 1936 to according opposition: of repressions harsher even introduced regime nationalist LTS the state, independent of years last the in As period. authoritarian the in written resolution anti-government sophisticated, most the probably yet another, just domestic was and politics, on impact real having of chances no the had manifest under JKS the However, conditions, system. repressive political contemporary for concept alternative providing by organic into state: evolve an whichhad to ofgovernment forms transitive only as treated were both - states authoritarian and liberal both criticized JKS 1930’s, early the in unlike manifest, this in that notice to important is It elements. authoritarian and democratic Ibid. nry o h ain oee, [t a o ep ti nry foig … Liberal <…> energy. its creative kills and flowing. nation a to death energy brings authoritarianism] and this democracy [liberal Both <…> keep interests small into not energy nation’s the can of dispersal the and [it] anarchy to leads sometimes However, democracy nation. stagnant evokes the becoming sometimes of of oppression danger that energy true in is is It it oppression. government, for of apologia form particular permanent become form, transitional to a wants only it being stop when to wants authoritarianism When state. organic an to However, the main component of political Catholicism in Lithuania remained the the remained in Lithuania Catholicism ofpolitical component main the However, LTS ruling the challenged that 1930’s late of attempts few the of one was manifest, This <…> there can be a path [which goes] from liberal democracy through authoritarianism through democracy liberal from goes] [which path a be can there <…> 167 51 . Its short flirt with radical policies radical with flirt short Its .

CEU eTD Collection Krupavičius was one of the most active proponent ofthe revolt. proponent active ofthe wasmost one Krupavičius 170 169 168 Catholic true represented two of neither aspirations. Europe, interwar the of movements political Catholic many with case the was it As situation. ambivalent in themselves found Catholics influential formerly the formation, this In one. democratic predominantly oppositional, the and to power. to return forthe CDP chance only wasreal the fordemocracy pursue protests, some anti-government and in nationalist President to the in numerouspetitions ofthe CDP, goal main the was parliament the convene to and democracy liberal to return to call the Although club,” discussion a as “existed only it, summarized author Lithuanian one as and, paralyzed extent, large a to was, biggest activity CDP the the as However, authoritarianism. remain Lithuanian the of would camp opposition democratic Catholics of stream main the hierarchy, Church influential the the ‘center’ of policy its retain to proclaimed party the period), authoritarian in last the was (which 1927. in mid in ended least) at (rhetoric The biggest anti-governmental protest occurred in 1936. CDP members,such as M. as 1936.CDP occurred members,such in protest biggest anti-governmental The Artūras Svarauskas, “Lietuvos Darbo “Lietuvos Svarauskas, Artūras “ Svarauskas, Artūras The coup 1926 divided the country into two major blocs: ruling authoritarian nationalist authoritarian ruling blocs: major two into country the 1926 divided coup The 168 170 which was never officially abandoned. For the forthcoming years, with the of support Foryears,with forthcoming abandoned. the never officially whichwas the party managed to organize in the authoritarian period, one might assume that this that assume one might period, authoritarian the in to organize managed party the 169 its main practice remained the underground resistance to the nationalists. the to resistance underground the remained practice main its Kunigo M. Krupavičius…” p.503. Krupavičius…” M. Kunigo … ” In the following annual CDP conference of 1929 of conference CDP annual following the In

p. 51. 52

CEU eTD Collection Catholicism. Catholicism. political politicalEuropean of context general the extent, from much deviate not does large Lithuania in Catholicism a To values. spiritual Catholic with country the transform to sought and 1930’s the of politics Catholic the dominated who clerical, and dogmatic less intellectuals, young and students the predominantly was it militant Lithuania in more Europe, in the elsewhere As echoed rhetoric. which movement Catholic lay of emergence the witnessed and fractured more was it 1930’s, the in tendencies: European general to corresponded Lithuania interwar in Catholicism political extent, large a to wasway, same it the In – it. with Catholic ally to a tempted of typical was nationalism right-wing towards stance CDP the ways, was 1930’s, the in already and, forces. democratic with collaborating short-lived, was Democratic Christian Lithuanian the of rhetoric radical that striking is it time, same the At context. European general the from case Lithuanian the distinguishes 1926, of d’état coup the in materialized and 1926 - 1925 the from detected be might which bloc, Catholic the of radicalization early rather account, into frame time- this Taking them. of re-orientation rightist the marked which 1930’s, the and system, liberal supported still parties confessional when 1920’s the periods: distinct two into unfolded be can Catholicism political interwar of the evolution the precisely, More structures. democratic of proponents the not were Catholic-inspiration of parties the of most environments, national particular in operating despite illustrate, to aimed paper this As 1930’s. and 1920’s of years Conclusion To keep loyalty to a liberal state was a great challenge for Catholic politics in turmoil in politics Catholic for challenge great a was state liberal a to loyalty keep To However, this chronological difference does not say much about the content. In many In content. the about much say not does difference chronological this However, 53

CEU eTD Collection 54 CEU eTD Collection Bibliography 16. 15. 14. 13. 12. 11. 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. sources Primary Anonymous author. “Kas yra vidaus priešai?” (Who are the Internal Enemies?), Enemies?), the Internal (Who are vidauspriešai?” “Kas author. yra Anonymous to Congregation), Pastoral Letter Bishops’ (Lithuanian tikintiesiems” raštas vyskupų “Ganytojiškas Lietuvos author. Anonymous 40(1932): pp.843. 40(1932): New (Towards Society), visuomenę’ naująją V. “Į Juodeika, Archive Sate Central Lithuanian file), Represenatives) Parish Catholic Nr. Instrukcija Ap. Sate Archive Central Lithuanian file), democrats’ (Christian byla demokratų kaimoįgaliotinis Instrukcija 3,L. 1,B. 3. 1114,Ap. Archive, F. Sate Central Party), Lithuanian Democrats suvienijimo Dėl pp. 3. and Religion), (Nation ir “Tauta religija” author. Anonymous Petty), (Going “Susmulkėjimas” author. Anonymous pp. 423. Understand), (Let's “Supraskime“ author. Anonymous sargas Tėvynės Parliament Elections), ofthe (FrontLine “Seimo frontas” rinkimų author. Anonymous pp.1-2. 7/666(1926): No. Found), are Microbes (‘Leftist’ mikrobai” “Rasti kairumo author. Anonymous pp.1. 287/879(1926): ourBrave Men), (To karžygiams” mūsų “Narsiems author. Anonymous Organization), Youth Labor ofLithuanian Meeting (The first suvažiavimas” I-asis darbosąjungos jaunimo “Lietuvos author. Anonymous Democrats), Christian of Lithuanian (The Conference konferencija” Demokratų “Lietuvių Krikščionių author. Anonymous pp.1-2. 93/685(1926): the Catholic), Lithuanian, (The “Lietuvi, katalike!” author. Anonymous Programme), Party‘s Democratic Christian the (Revision of programosrevizija partijos “Krikščionių demokratų author. Anonymous pp.1. 7/601(1926): No. 1, B. 3,L. B.

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CEU eTD Collection 42. 41. 40. 39. 38. No. 2 (2004). http://www.parlamentostudijos.lt/Nr3/Istorija_Truska.htm (accessed 2(2004).http://www.parlamentostudijos.lt/Nr3/Istorija_Truska.htm No. Lithuanian 1st Republic), in the FeaturesofParliamentarism (The (1918–1940m.) bruožai" Respublikoje ILietuvos "Parlamentarizmo Truska, Liudas. Czechoslovakia Miloš. Trapl, XXXI Metraštis the of1926)in Coup after Stream Catholic and the Federation Labor the Lithuanian between Conflict perversmo” (The po 1926m. srove katalikųpolitine su nesutarimai Federacijos Darbo ”Lietuvos Artūras. Svarauskas, Wohnout eds., London and New York: Routledge, 2004,172-194. Routledge, York: London eds., and New Wohnout Church” ofthe Arm Catholic Secular Party and Governmental “Middle-class Helmut. Wohnout, Religions Political in Fascism Belgium,” and de. Bruno “Catholicism Wever, 12,2010). March Political Catholicism in Europe 1918–1945 in Europe Catholicism Political Political Catholicism and the Czechoslovak People’s Party in People’s Czechoslovak Catholicism andthe Political . New York: Social Science Monographs, 1995. Science Social York: . New . Liudas Jovaiša ed., Vinius: Aidai, 2009, ed., Vinius:Aidai, . Liudas Jovaiša . 8, No. 2(June 2007): pp.343-352. . 8,No. 2007): 2(June 59 Lietuvos Katalikų MoksloAkademijos Katalikų Lietuvos . Wolfram Kaiser and Helmut Kaiser . Wolfram 48 –76 Totalitarian Movements and Movements Totalitarian .

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