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Table of Contents (PDF) January 13, 2015 u vol. 112 u no. 2 u 297–630 Cover image: Pictured is a herd of African forest elephants, Loxodonta cyclotis, foraging in the savanna of La Lopé National Park, Gabon. Jeremy E. Martin et al. analyzed the ele- mental and stable isotopic composition of tooth enamel of forest elephants and 10 other mammal species in the park. The isotope ratios of magnesium, 26Mg/24Mg, were lowest in strict herbivores and highest in omnivorous species. In combination with measurements of barium/calcium ratios and carbon isotopes, measurements of magnesium isotopes may be useful in determining the dietary behavior of fossilized specimens for which dental enamel may be the only material available for analysis. See the article by Martin et al. on pages 430– 435. Image courtesy of Estel Sarroca (photographer). From the Cover 430 Mammalian diet and magnesium isotope ratios E110 Counting proteins with super-resolution microscopy 332 Ocean carbon cycling and climate change 458 Human adaptation to ethanol 500 Antibody similarities in twins Contents RETROSPECTIVE 302 Max Birnstiel 1933–2014: Gene pioneer Michael Grunstein and Adrian Bird THIS WEEK IN PNAS 297 In This Issue COMMENTARIES 304 A promising approach to molecular counting problem LETTERS (ONLINE ONLY) in superresolution microscopy Jin Wang See companion article on page E110 E99 Simple chained guide trees give poorer multiple sequence alignments than inferred trees in simulation 306 Ironing out carbon export to the deep ocean and phylogenetic benchmarks Ingrid L. Hendy Ge Tan, Manuel Gil, Ari P. Löytynoja, Nick Goldman, See companion article on page 332 and Christophe Dessimoz 308 Ferment in the family tree E101 Reply to Tan et al.: Differences between real and Nathaniel J. Dominy simulated proteins in multiple sequence alignments See companion article on page 458 Kieran Boyce, Fabian Sievers, and Desmond G. Higgins E102 Should we “reef” obsolete oil platforms? PNAS PLUS Ashley M. Fowler, Peter I. Macreadie, and David J. Booth 310 Significance Statements Brief statements written by the authors about the significance of their papers. NEWS FEATURE—An in-depth look at trending science issues 299 News Feature: The search for what sets humans apart PERSPECTIVE Robert Frederick 313 A generation at risk: Young investigators and the future of the biomedical workforce Free online through the PNAS open access option. Ronald J. Daniels PNAS u January 13, 2015 u vol. 112 u no. 2 u iii–vii Downloaded by guest on September 26, 2021 SOCIAL SCIENCES INAUGURAL ARTICLE 354 Cohort of birth modifies the association between FTO genotype and BMI 319 Kinetic pathway of 40S ribosomal subunit recruitment to James Niels Rosenquist, Steven F. Lehrer, A. James hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site O’Malley, Alan M. Zaslavsky, Jordan W. Smoller, Gabriele Fuchs, Alexey N. Petrov, Caleb D. Marceau, and Nicholas A. Christakis Lauren M. Popov, Jin Chen, Seán E. O’Leary, Richard Wang, Jan E. Carette, Peter Sarnow, and Joseph D. Puglisi 360 Measuring the effectiveness of scientific gatekeeping Kyle Siler, Kirby Lee, and Lisa Bero PHYSICAL SCIENCES BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES CHEMISTRY 326 Energetic basis for the molecular-scale organization ANTHROPOLOGY of bone Jinhui Tao, Keith C. Battle, Haihua Pan, E. Alan 366 Recent origin of low trabecular bone density in Salter, Yung-Ching Chien, Andrzej Wierzbicki, modern humans and James J. De Yoreo Habiba Chirchir, Tracy L. Kivell, Christopher B. Ruff, Jean-Jacques Hublin, Kristian J. Carlson, Bernhard Zipfel, and Brian G. Richmond EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES 332 Climate change decouples oceanic primary and export 372 Gracility of the modern Homo sapiens skeleton is the productivity and organic carbon burial result of decreased biomechanical loading Cristina Lopes, Michal Kucera, and Alan C. Mix Timothy M. Ryan and Colin N. Shaw See Commentary on page 306 APPLIED BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 336 Carbonate formation events in ALH 84001 trace the evolution of the Martian atmosphere 378 Detecting nanoscale vibrations as signature of life Robina Shaheen, Paul B. Niles, Kenneth Chong, Catherine M. Sandor Kasas, Francesco Simone Ruggeri, Carine Benadiba, Corrigan, and Mark H. Thiemens Caroline Maillard, Petar Stupar, Hélène Tournu, Giovanni Dietler, and Giovanni Longo 430 Magnesium stable isotope ecology using mammal tooth enamel BIOCHEMISTRY Jeremy E. Martin, Derek Vance, and Vincent Balter 382 Structure of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa 436 Effect of increasing CO2 on the terrestrial transamidosome reveals unique aspects of carbon cycle bacterial tRNA-dependent asparagine biosynthesis David Schimel, Britton B. Stephens, and Joshua B. Fisher Tateki Suzuki, Akiyoshi Nakamura, Koji Kato, Dieter Söll, Isao Tanaka, Kelly Sheppard, and Min Yao ENGINEERING 388 Crystal structures of alkylperoxo and anhydride E103 Oxidation-driven surface dynamics on NiAl(100) intermediates in an intradiol ring-cleaving dioxygenase Hailang Qin, Xidong Chen, Liang Li, Peter W. Sutter, Cory J. Knoot, Vincent M. Purpero, and John D. Lipscomb and Guangwen Zhou 394 Mechanism by which a recently discovered allosteric 378 Detecting nanoscale vibrations as signature of life inhibitor blocks glutamine metabolism in Sandor Kasas, Francesco Simone Ruggeri, Carine Benadiba, transformed cells Caroline Maillard, Petar Stupar, Hélène Tournu, Giovanni Clint A. Stalnecker, Scott M. Ulrich, Yunxing Li, Dietler, and Giovanni Longo Sekar Ramachandran, Mary Kate McBrayer, Ralph J. DeBerardinis, Richard A. Cerione, and Jon W. Erickson PHYSICS 400 Human mutations in methylenetetrahydrofolate 342 Granular impact cratering by liquid drops: dehydrogenase 1 impair nuclear de novo Understanding raindrop imprints through an thymidylate biosynthesis analogy to asteroid strikes Martha S. Field, Elena Kamynina, David Watkins, Runchen Zhao, Qianyun Zhang, Hendro Tjugito, David S. Rosenblatt, and Patrick J. Stover and Xiang Cheng BIOPHYSICS AND COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY SOCIAL SCIENCES E110 Stochastic approach to the molecular counting problem in superresolution microscopy ANTHROPOLOGY Geoffrey C. Rollins, Jae Yen Shin, Carlos Bustamante, and Steve Pressé 348 Warfare and reproductive success in a tribal population See Commentary on page 304 Luke Glowacki and Richard Wrangham E119 Structure of CrgA, a cell division structural and regulatory protein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, PSYCHOLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE SCIENCES in lipid bilayers 619 Direct coupling of haptic signals between hands Nabanita Das, Jian Dai, Ivan Hung, Malini R. Rajagopalan, Lucile Dupin, Vincent Hayward, and Mark Wexler Huan-Xiang Zhou, and Timothy A. Cross iv u www.pnas.org Downloaded by guest on September 26, 2021 E127 β-Helical architecture of cytoskeletal bactofilin filaments 448 Experiment, monitoring, and gradient methods used to revealed by solid-state NMR infer climate change effects on plant communities yield Suresh Vasa, Lin Lin, Chaowei Shi, Birgit Habenstein, consistent patterns Dietmar Riedel, Juliane Kühn, Martin Thanbichler, Sarah C. Elmendorf, Gregory H. R. Henry, Robert D. and Adam Lange Hollister, Anna Maria Fosaa, William A. Gould, Luise Hermanutz, Annika Hofgaard, Ingibjörg I. Jónsdóttir, 319 Kinetic pathway of 40S ribosomal subunit recruitment to Janet C. Jorgenson, Esther Lévesque, Borgþór Magnusson, hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site Ulf Molau, Isla H. Myers-Smith, Steven F. Oberbauer, Gabriele Fuchs, Alexey N. Petrov, Caleb D. Marceau, Christian Rixen, Craig E. Tweedie, and Marilyn Walker Lauren M. Popov, Jin Chen, Seán E. O’Leary, Richard Wang, Jan E. Carette, Peter Sarnow, and Joseph D. Puglisi ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 406 Bacterial growth laws reflect the evolutionary importance of energy efficiency 332 Climate change decouples oceanic primary and export Arijit Maitra and Ken A. Dill productivity and organic carbon burial Cristina Lopes, Michal Kucera, and Alan C. Mix See Commentary on page 306 CELL BIOLOGY 412 Remodeling of intermediate metabolism in the 453 Cryptic carbon and sulfur cycling between surface diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum under ocean plankton nitrogen stress Bryndan P. Durham, Shalabh Sharma, Haiwei Luo, Christa B. Orly Levitan, Jorge Dinamarca, Ehud Zelzion, Smith, Shady A. Amin, Sara J. Bender, Stephen P. Dearth, Desmond S. Lun, L. Tiago Guerra, Min Kyung Kim, Benjamin A. S. Van Mooy, Shawn R. Campagna, Joomi Kim, Benjamin A. S. Van Mooy, Debashish Elizabeth B. Kujawinski, E. Virginia Armbrust, Bhattacharya, and Paul G. Falkowski and Mary Ann Moran 418 Lunapark stabilizes nascent three-way junctions in the endoplasmic reticulum EVOLUTION Shuliang Chen, Tanvi Desai, James A. McNew, Patrick 458 Hominids adapted to metabolize ethanol long before Gerard, Peter J. Novick, and Susan Ferro-Novick human-directed fermentation Matthew A. Carrigan, Oleg Uryasev, Carole B. Frye, Blair L. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY Eckman, Candace R. Myers, Thomas D. Hurley, E137 β-Catenin–related protein WRM-1 is a multifunctional and Steven A. Benner regulatory subunit of the LIT-1 MAPK complex See Commentary on page 308 Xiao-Dong Yang, Tejas R. Karhadkar, Jessica Medina, 464 Pan-vertebrate comparative genomics unmasks Scott M. Robertson, and Rueyling Lin retrovirus macroevolution 424 Fnip1 regulates skeletal muscle fiber type Alexander Hayward, Charlie K. Cornwallis, specification, fatigue resistance, and susceptibility and Patric Jern to muscular dystrophy 470 Directional selection can drive the evolution of Nicholas L. Reyes, Glen B. Banks, Mark Tsang, modularity in complex traits Daciana Margineantu, Haiwei Gu, Danijel Djukovic,
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