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War and Insurgency in the Western Sahara
Visit our website for other free publication downloads http://www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army.mil/ To rate this publication click here. STRATEGIC STUDIES INSTITUTE The Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) is part of the U.S. Army War College and is the strategic-level study agent for issues relat- ed to national security and military strategy with emphasis on geostrategic analysis. The mission of SSI is to use independent analysis to conduct strategic studies that develop policy recommendations on: • Strategy, planning, and policy for joint and combined employment of military forces; • Regional strategic appraisals; • The nature of land warfare; • Matters affecting the Army’s future; • The concepts, philosophy, and theory of strategy; and, • Other issues of importance to the leadership of the Army. Studies produced by civilian and military analysts concern topics having strategic implications for the Army, the Department of Defense, and the larger national security community. In addition to its studies, SSI publishes special reports on topics of special or immediate interest. These include edited proceedings of conferences and topically-oriented roundtables, expanded trip reports, and quick-reaction responses to senior Army leaders. The Institute provides a valuable analytical capability within the Army to address strategic and other issues in support of Army participation in national security policy formulation. Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press WAR AND INSURGENCY IN THE WESTERN SAHARA Geoffrey Jensen May 2013 The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. -
November 2012 Trends December 2012 Watchlist
112 1 December 2012 Board of Trustees Chair November 2012 Trends Thomas Pickering President and CEO Deteriorated Situations Improved Situations Louise Arbour Democratic Republic Vice-Chairs of Congo (p.2) Ayo Obe Egypt (p.11) Ghassan Salamé Executive Committee Morton Abramowitz Cheryl Carolus Maria Livanos Cattaui Unchanged Situations Yoichi Funabashi Afghanistan (p.5), Algeria (p.11), Azerbaijan (p.7), Bahrain (p.10), Bangladesh (p.5), Bosnia (p.7), Frank Giustra Burundi (p.2), Cameroon (p.2), Central African Republic (p.2), Chad (p.2), China/Japan (p.5), Mark Malloch-Brown Moisés Naím Colombia (p.9), Côte d’Ivoire (p.4), Cyprus (p.8), Ecuador (p.9), Eritrea (p.2), Ethiopia (p.2), George Soros Georgia (p.8), Guatemala (p.9), Guinea (p.4), Guinea-Bissau (p.4), Haiti (p.9), India (non- Pär Stenbäck Kashmir) (p.5), Indonesia (p.6), Iran (p.10), Iraq (p.10), Israel/Occupied Palestinian Territories (p.9), Jordan (p.11), Kashmir (p.5), Kazakhstan (p.5), Kenya (p.2), Kosovo (p.7), Kuwait (p.11), Kofi Annan Kyrgyzstan (p.5), Lebanon (p.10), Liberia (p.4), Libya (p.11), Madagascar (p.3), Mali (p.4), Nahum Barnea Samuel Berger Mauritania (p.11), Mexico (p.9), Moldova (p.8), Morocco (p.12), Myanmar (p.6), Nagorno-Karabakh Emma Bonino (Azerbaijan) (p.8), Nepal (p.6), Niger (p.4), Nigeria (p.), North Caucasus (Russia) (p.8), Northern Micheline Calmy-Rey Ireland (p.8), North Korea (p.5), Pakistan (p.6), Philippines (p.7), Rwanda (p.2), Saudi Arabia (p.11), Wesley Clark Senegal (p.4), Somalia (p.3), Somaliland (p.3), South Sudan (p.3), Sri Lanka (p.6), Sudan (p.3), Sheila Coronel Syria (p.10), Thailand (p.7), Timor-Leste (p.7), Tunisia (p.12), Turkey (p.8), Turkmenistan (p.5), Mark Eyskens Nabil Fahmy Uganda (p.3), Ukraine (p. -
Argentina-Marruecos. De Los Impulsos a La Convergencia Político-Comercial (1989-2007)
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repositorio Hipermedial de la Universidad Nacional de Rosario UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE ROSARIO Facultad de Ciencia Política y Relaciones Internacionales DOCTORADO EN RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES TESIS Argentina-Marruecos. De los impulsos a la convergencia político-comercial (1989-2007) Mgter. Juan José Vagni DIRECTORA: Dra. Gladys Lechini 21 de octubre de 2008 Este trabajo aborda las vinculaciones de Argentina con el Reino de Marruecos, en el contexto de sus relaciones con el Norte de África y África, centrando su atención en el período 1989-2007, etapa en la cual se profundizó el acercamiento entre ambos actores y, consecuentemente, el afianzamiento de los lazos bilaterales. Se pretende explicar porqué las relaciones político-diplomáticas y comerciales con Marruecos se intensificaron y avanzaron en el sentido de una convergencia político-comercial, a pesar del descenso del perfil de las relaciones argentino-africanas en la política exterior argentina. El incremento sostenido en la relación bilateral se produjo debido a la implementación de una política por impulsos, de carácter agregativo, que se sostuvo a lo largo de estos veinte años, gracias a las respuestas e insistencia del lado marroquí y a los acercamientos desarrollados por Brasil hacia la región norafricana. Mientras en los noventa se avanzó con el enfoque comercialista, animado por las coincidencias ideológicas resultantes del alineamiento con la potencia hegemónica; en el siglo XXI el enfoque comercialista se acentuó, pero ahora bajo el discurso de la cooperación Sur-Sur. 2 Argentina - Moroco. From impulses to political and commercial convergence (1989-2007) This thesis deals with the relationship between Argentina and Morocco in the broader context of the argentine relations with Africa and North Africa specifically. -
Observations and Topics to Be Included in the List of Issues
Observations and Topics to be Included in the List of Issues On the Occasion of the Human Rights Committee’s 2016 Review of the Kingdom of Morocco’s Implementation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Submitted on December 18, 2015 by: Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Collective of Sahrawi Human Rights Defenders Sahrawi Association of Victims of Grave Violations of Human Rights Committed by Morocco Action by Christians for the Abolition of Torture-France Bureau des Droits de l’Homme au Sahara Occidental Fondation Danielle Mitterrand/France Libertés French Association of Friendship and Solidarity with African Peoples AdalaUK AdalaUK Signatories of this Report Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights is a non-governmental organization based in Washington, D.C. Founded in 1968 as a living memorial, it strives to achieve Robert F. Kennedy’s vision of a more just and peaceful world. Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights’ core programs focus on the power of the individual, providing sustained advocacy, litigation, and capacity-building support to grassroots leaders to advance social justice movements around the globe. The Collective of Sahrawi Human Rights Defenders (CODESA) is a grassroots, non- governmental organization based in El-Aaiun/Western Sahara, whose registration has been denied by the Moroccan authorities. It’s members are former disappeared persons and political prisoners. CODESA’s objectives are: documenting the violations and attacks to human rights in the Western Sahara territories occupied by Morocco; disseminate and promote the culture of human rights principles and values; contribute to the construction of a modern civil society that believes in peace and peaceful non-violent resistance; and defending the legal and inalienable right of the Sahrawi people to self-determination, as recognized by international law. -
Human Rights in Western Sahara and in the Tindouf Refugee Camps
Morocco/Western Sahara/Algeria HUMAN Human Rights in Western Sahara RIGHTS and in the Tindouf Refugee Camps WATCH Human Rights in Western Sahara and in the Tindouf Refugee Camps Morocco/Western Sahara/Algeria Copyright © 2008 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-56432-420-6 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th floor New York, NY 10118-3299 USA Tel: +1 212 290 4700, Fax: +1 212 736 1300 [email protected] Poststraße 4-5 10178 Berlin, Germany Tel: +49 30 2593 06-10, Fax: +49 30 2593 0629 [email protected] Avenue des Gaulois, 7 1040 Brussels, Belgium Tel: + 32 (2) 732 2009, Fax: + 32 (2) 732 0471 [email protected] 64-66 Rue de Lausanne 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 738 0481, Fax: +41 22 738 1791 [email protected] 2-12 Pentonville Road, 2nd Floor London N1 9HF, UK Tel: +44 20 7713 1995, Fax: +44 20 7713 1800 [email protected] 27 Rue de Lisbonne 75008 Paris, France Tel: +33 (1)43 59 55 35, Fax: +33 (1) 43 59 55 22 [email protected] 1630 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 500 Washington, DC 20009 USA Tel: +1 202 612 4321, Fax: +1 202 612 4333 [email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org December 2008 1-56432-420-6 Human Rights in Western Sahara and in the Tindouf Refugee Camps Map Of North Africa ....................................................................................................... 1 Summary...................................................................................................................... 2 Western Sahara ....................................................................................................... 3 Refugee Camps near Tindouf, Algeria ...................................................................... 8 Recommendations ...................................................................................................... 12 To the UN Security Council .................................................................................... -
Insideafrica's Lastcolony
REPORTER AT LARGE Betrayed by Spain and oppressed by Morocco, the Saharawi people of Western Sahara compare themselves to the Palestinians or the black majority in apartheid South Africa. And they want the world to know their story Inside Afric a’ s last colony ByXanRice Figures in a landscape: King Mohammed VI of Morocco was visiting provinces.OnmapstheareaappearsasWestern Saharawi landmine a hammam when a genie appeared. Sahara. The UN calls it a “non-self-governing victims in the desert “I can offer you one wish,” the genie said. territory”.ItisAfrica’slastcolony,whereanear- near Smara camp, “I’d really like to see my late father, Hassan forgotten liberation war lies dormant. Algeria II,” Mohammed replied. The wall is sometimes referred to as Hassan’s “That’s a difficult request, bringing a Wall, after King Hassan II of Morocco, who an - person back from the dead,” the genie said. nexed most of what was then called Spanish “Have you got another wish?” Sahara when Spain pulled out in 1976. About “Well, I’d like Western Sahara to become half of the indigenous population, the Saha- part of Morocco,” said Mohammed. rawis, who had been promised a vote on self- “Hang on while I’ll look for your father,” determination by Spain, fled across the desert said the genie. to refugee camps in an inhospitable corner of Saharawi joke Algeria in order to escape Moroccan rule. They were assisted by the Polisario Front, a In the far western expanse of the Sahara is the poorly armed but fiercely determined national - world’s longest continuous wall. -
Aminatou Haidar’S Passport on 13 November and Expelled Her from the Country the Following Day, Leaving Her Stranded in Lanzarote Airport, in Spain’S Canary Islands
UA: 326/09 Index: mde 29/014/2009 Morocco/Western Sahara Date: 04 December 2009 URGENT ACTION ALLOW HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDER TO RETURN HOME The Moroccan authorities confiscated Sahrawi human rights defender Aminatou Haidar’s passport on 13 November and expelled her from the country the following day, leaving her stranded in Lanzarote Airport, in Spain’s Canary Islands. She has been on hunger strike since 15 November in protest. Aminatou Haidar, who is 42 and has two children, was detained at Laayoune airport, Western Sahara on 13 November when she returned from a month-long trip, to countries including the USA, where she accepted the 2009 Civil Courage Prize, which is awarded every year "for steadfast resistance to evil at great personal risk." She was questioned about why she had given her home as "Western Sahara" rather than "Moroccan Sahara" on her landing card; she was also asked about her travel, as well as her political opinions and affiliations. Her Moroccan passport and identity card were then confiscated and she was detained in the airport overnight. She said that on 14 November officials offered to release her in return for a public acknowledgement of Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara. She refused to do so, and a few hours later she was put on a flight to Lanzarote, in the Canary Islands. Aminatou Haidar has been on hunger strike since 15 November in protest. According to her family, she has grown quite weak; her health is at particular risk because she suffers from anaemia and a stomach ulcer. She is refusing to take her regular ulcer medication, as part of her hunger strike. -
Maroc Les Officiers De Sa Majeste
1 MAROC LES OFFICIERS DE SA MAJESTE Préface : page 2 Introduction : page 5 Ch I : Enfance et formation : page 8 Ch II : Ma guerre en Syrie : page 23 Ch III : Palais royaux et paillettes : page 38 Ch IV : Ma guerre au Sahara : page 45 Ch V : Sous les ordres de Dlimi : page 87 Ch VI : Les hommes de Dlimi : page 99 Ch VII : Les méthodes de Dlimi : page 115 Ch VIII : La mort de Dlimi : page 130 Ch IX : Mon arrestation : page 135 Ch X : Evasion et séjour en France : page 150 Ch XI : Retour au Maroc : page 162 Ch XII : Hosni Benslimane, successeur de Dlimi : page 174 Ch XIII : L’armée marocaine aujourd’hui : page 200 Conclusion : page 209 Je dédie ce livre à tous les cadres de l’Etat marocain et, en particulier, aux officiers, qui, malgré des traitements ou des soldes de misère et des tentations de tous les instants, continuent à exercer leur métier dans la dignité et dans l’honneur. Mahjoub Tobji PREFACE Il est certes généreux de pardonner les souffrances qu’on a subies soi-même dans sa chair, mais c’est se faire une belle âme à bon compte que d’absoudre les bourreaux des autres sans y être mandaté et pour cause par la mort en martyrs. Il y a à pardonner au nom de ceux qui ne peuvent témoigner une sorte d’usurpation intolérable. Saïd Medjkane (écrivain algérien) 2 Depuis près de trente-cinq ans, depuis que, jeune officier en garnison à Rabat, j’ai entendu Hassan II déclarer devant plusieurs centaines de cadres de l’armée marocaine : « Si j’ai un bon conseil à vous donner, c’est dorénavant de faire de l’argent et de vous éloigner de la politique », je m’interroge sur mon métier et ma carrière de militaire. -
L'emprise De La Monarchie Marocaine Entre
L'Année du Maghreb III (2007) Dossier : Justice, politique et société ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Thierry Desrues L’emprise de la monarchie marocaine entre fin du droit d’inventaire et déploiement de la « technocratie palatiale » ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Avertissement Le contenu de ce site relève de la législation française sur la propriété intellectuelle et est la propriété exclusive de l'éditeur. Les œuvres figurant sur ce site peuvent être consultées et reproduites sur un support papier ou numérique sous réserve qu'elles soient strictement réservées à un usage soit personnel, soit scientifique ou pédagogique excluant toute exploitation commerciale. La reproduction devra obligatoirement mentionner l'éditeur, le nom de la revue, l'auteur et la référence du document. Toute autre reproduction est interdite sauf accord préalable de l'éditeur, en dehors des cas prévus par la législation en vigueur en France. Revues.org est un portail de revues en sciences humaines et sociales développé par le Cléo, Centre pour l'édition électronique -
Sáhara Occidental
Voces desde la Hamada SAHARA OCCIDENTAL La Resistencia colectiva del pueblo saharaui en los territorios ocupados por Marruecos El Ghalia Djimmi en la sede de la ASVDH SAHARA OCCIDENTAL, VOCES DESDE LA HAMADA 3 Índice Introducción .....................................................................................................................................................Pág. 5 I. Una mirada histórica al Sahara Occidental para entender el presente .............................................Pág. 7 II. Vulneraciones de Derechos Humanos en Territorios Ocupados. El trabajo de las organizaciones defensoras de derechos humanos en el Sahara Occidental y los desafíos que tienen que sortear por el reconocimiento a ejercer esta labor .....................................................................Pág. 15 1. El tiempo pasa, las vulneraciones de los derechos humanos crecen ...........................................Pág. 15 2. Derechos colectivos: una Autodeterminación que no llega a hacerse realidad .........................Pág. 15 3. Derechos civiles y políticos ................................................................................................................Pág. 17 4. Limitación a los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales .......................................................Pág. 23 III. El papel de las organizaciones de Derechos Humanos. La historia del movimiento de defensa de los derechos humanos en territorio ocupado y las prácticas para ampliar la solidaridad y cooperación con las asociaciones saharauis de derechos -
Speak Truth to Power
SPEAK KERRY KENNEDY TRUTH FOTOGRAFÍAS DE EDDIE ADAMS TO POWER DEFIENDE LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS Material didáctico elaborado por el ROBERT F. KENNEDY CENTER FOR JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS Basado en el libro de KERRY KENNEDY Speak Truth to Power Incluye el guión de la obra de teatro de ARIEL DORFMAN Voces desde la oscuridad “TODO LO QUE NO QUEREMOS VER, TODO AQUELLO DE LO QUE HUIMOS, TODO LO QUE NEGAMOS, DENIGRAMOS O DESPRECIAMOS, ACABA VENCIÉNDONOS. EN CAMBIO, TODO LO QUE PARECE DURO, DOLOROSO O MALO PUEDE CONVERTIRSE EN UNA FUENTE DE BELLEZA, ALEGRÍA O FUERZA SI NOS ENFRENTAMOS A ELLO CON LA MENTE ABIERTA” RIGOBERTA MENCHÚ “EL ARMA MÁS POTENTE EN PODER DEL OPRESOR ES LA MENTE DEL OPRIMIDO” STEVE BIKO “LA PAZ, EN SU SENTIDO DE AUSENCIA DE GUERRA, NO TIENE MUCHO VALOR PARA ALGUIEN QUE ESTÁ MUERTO DE HAMBRE O DE FRÍO. NO ALIVIA EL DOLOR DE UN PRISIONERO TORTURADO. LA PAZ SÓLO TIENE SENTIDO CUANDO LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS SON RESPETADOS, CUANDO LA GENTE TIENE ALIMENTO, CUANDO LOS INDIVIDUOS O LAS NACIONES SON LIBRES” DALAI LAMA “SI NO TOMAS PARTIDO ANTE LAS SITUACIONES DE INJUSTICIA, YA ESTÁS DEL LADO DEL OPRESOR. SI UN ELEFANTE PISA CON SU PATA EL RABO DE UN RATÓN Y TÚ LE DICES QUE ERES NEUTRAL, SEGURO QUE EL RATÓN NO TE AGRADECE TU NEUTRALIDAD” DESMOND TUTU “A VECES PIENSO: ¿QUÉ ESTOY HACIENDO? NO GANO NADA CON ELLO Y NO PARECE MUY EFECTIVO PARA EVITAR EL SUFRIMIENTO A MI ALREDEDOR... PERO, SI ME DOY LA VUELTA Y LO DEJO, NO HABRÁ NADIE QUE LO INTENTE” KA HSAW WA “SON LOS INNUMERABLES ACTOS DE CORAJE Y FE LOS QUE MUEVEN LA HISTORIA HUMANA. -
Nouvelles Sahraouies No 135, Février 2010
No 135 février 2010 Paraît 4 fois par an ISSN 1016-7730 SAHARA OCCIDENTAL WASHINGTON ET AFFAIRE AMINATOU HAIDAR ECHEC DU MAROC COMITE SUISSE DE SOUTIEN AU PEUPLE SAHRAOUI – VAUROUX 2 – 2022 BEVAIX E-MAIL: [email protected] Droits humains LES 7 MILITANTS SAHRAOUIS TOUJOURS EMPRISONNES Aucune armée, aucune prison, aucun mur ne pourra les arrêter. Les sept militants sahraouis des droits c’était le cas lors de la déportation de la de l’homme célèbrent l’entrée de la nou- militante Aminatou Haidar. velle décade dans la prison de Salé en En étant confinés dans la prison de attente d’être jugés par un tribunal mili- Salé, dans la prison à ciel ouvert qu’est taire. Leur crime: avoir visité les camps devenu le territoire occupé du Sahara de réfugiés sahraouis à Tindouf. Occidental ou dans les villes entourées Pourtant, le Haut Commissariat avait par le mur de la honte, les détentions ne prévu, dans le cadre de la consolidation vont pas les affaiblir. des mesures de confiance, d’encoura- Le prix qu’ils paient ne les dissuadera ger l’échange de visites des deux côtés pas. Ils veulent que leurs enfants, leurs du mur de défense marocain. familles et toute la population sahraouie Apparemment, cela n’est pas valide ne soient pas obligés de payer le prix pour Degja Lachgar (porte-parole de avec eux. Pour eux, ils doivent poursui- l’ASVDH), Ali Salem Tamek (Vice-prési- vre la lutte pour la liberté d’expression et dent du Collectif de Défenseurs le droit à l’autodétermination. Sahraouis de DH), Brahim Dahan Les militants pacifistes sahraouis n’ont (Président de l’ASVDH), Rachid Sghair pas besoin d’armes pour faire entendre (porte-parole du Comité contre la tortu- leurs voix.