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Sahara Occidental Cuarenta Años Construyendo Resistencia PREGUNTA Ediciones

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v Sahara Occidental Cuarenta años construyendo resistencia PREGUNTA ediciones © de los textos: sus autores © de la ilustración de portada: María Barti © de la presente edición: Pregunta Ediciones, Zaragoza, 2016 Coordinación del proyecto: Observatorio Aragonés para el Sahara Occidental Corrección: Manuel Martínez Forega Diseño y maquetación: Pregunta Ediciones [email protected] preguntaediciones.blogspot.com Los textos de este libro recogen exclusivamente la opinión de sus autores, como mani- festación de su derecho a la libertad de expresión. La editorial no se hace responsable de los contenidos, opiniones, comentarios o declaraciones expuestas por los autores en la presente obra. I.S.B.N.: 978-84-945195-2-9 Depósito Legal: Z-706-2016 Edición no venal Printed in Spain. Impreso en España por: Estilo Estugraf Impresores Sahara Occidental Cuarenta años construyendo resistencia Este libro está dedicado al pueblo saharaui que, como escribió Eduardo Galeano, persigue la justicia que en el mundo de nuestro tiempo parece más esquiva que el agua en el desierto. En memoria del niño Zuber El Garhi, muerto por el ejército marroquí en octubre de 2010 cuando intentaba entrar en el campamento de Gdeim Izik. Qué hago por ti Otros días más sin ti, otros meses. ¿Otros años más sin ti? ¿Qué hago? ¿Me desespero o me radicalizo? Pintaré de verde ¡fuera de mi casa intrusos! en la fachada azul del mundo. Y si no me escuchan, otra vez, ¿qué hago? Escoge entre tu muerte sigilosa, porque no te escucharán, o las armas, las armas legales, las armas legales. Sí que te escucharán temblando sus amos porque tu razón contundente les hará morder la verdad. Bahia Awah Poeta saharaui Índice general Índice general 15 Relación de autores 21 Prólogo, por Blanca Enfedaque Losantos 25 El Estado saharaui. Viabilidad y seguridad AHMED BUJARI 26 Principios fundamentales de la Constitución de la RASD 29 Doctrina de seguridad 33 Situación actual 37 El Sahara Occidental y la Tercera Guerra Mundial LEONARDO URRUTIA SEGURA 38 La mentira global y la guerra mundial 42 Consecuencias de la actual guerra mundial 47 De Timor Oriental al Sahara Occidental 49 Después de los acuerdos de Madrid 51 1999, año clave 55 Los fosfatos y el hambre 61 El frente informativo en el conflicto del Sahara Occidental: estrategias para ocultar la verdad dentro y fuera del campo de batalla ANA CAMACHO 62 Los indicios más visibles de la batalla por la información 66 Métodos no coercitivos para lograr la sumisión y el silen- cio de los periodistas 9 Índice general 71 Pista sobre lo que gasta Marruecos para imponer su ver- sión de los hechos 76 El esfuerzo marroquí por cambiar el relato de la Historia 83 La lógica del Tribunal de La Haya ROBERTO BARRAL BLANCO Y CARLOS RUIZ MIGUEL 84 I. El Tribunal contradice los argumentos de Marruecos sobre los vínculos con «algunas, pero sólo algunas» tribus de Sáhara Occidental 87 II. El Tribunal reconoce expresamente que había tribus saharauis que eran totalmente independientes 90 III. Marruecos fracasó al intentar presentar a Ma El Ainin como representante del sultán en el norte del Sahara Occi- dental 91 IV. Marruecos alegó que su pretendida soberanía en el Sá- hara Occidental sólo alcanzó hasta Cabo Bojador 92 V. Los documentos y argumentos de Marruecos para in- tentar demostrar su dominio en el «Río de Oro» fueron rechazados por el Tribunal 94 VI. Marruecos reconoce expresamente ante el Tribunal que no tuvo vínculos de soberanía con la región entre Villa Cisneros y Cabo Blanco 96 VII. España estableció un protectorado sobre tribus saha- rauis independientes 97 VIII. El Tribunal establece que el referéndum de autode- terminación es la vía de descolonización del Sáhara Occi- dental 99 IX. Conclusiones derivadas de la lógica de La Haya 10 Índice general 103 Comentario al auto de procesamiento del Juzgado Central de Instrucción número 5 de la Audiencia Nacio- nal, en el marco de la causa incoada por el genocidio contra el pueblo saharaui Nuria García SaNz, MaNuel Ollé SeSé y SARA RUIZ CalVO 103 Resumen 104 1. Introducción 106 2. Antecedentes históricos 108 3. Contenido del Auto de Procesamiento 109 3.1. Antecedentes de hecho: hechos indiciariamente acreditados 113 3.2. Razonamientos jurídicos 113 3.2.1. Relevancia del Auto de Procesamiento 115 3.2.2. Calificación jurídica 118 3.2.3. Prueba indiciaria de la responsabilidad criminal 120 3.2.4. Personas procesadas y su situación personal 122 4. Conclusiones 125 La situación legal del Sáhara Occidental en la doctrina de la Audiencia Nacional FELIPE BRIONES VIVES 126 El Auto del Juzgado Central de Instrucción número 5 de la Audiencia Nacional de fecha 15 de abril de 2014 133 Auto del pleno de lo Penal de la Audiencia Nacional de fecha de 4 de julio de 2014 11 Índice general 147 La situación de los derechos humanos en el Sáhara Occidental ocupado carMelO Faleh Pérez y carlOS VilláN duráN 147 Introducción 150 1. Derecho de libre determinación 153 2. Derechos económicos, sociales y culturales 169 3. Ejecuciones sumarias o arbitrarias 170 4. Tortura y malos tratos 200 5. Derechos del niño 201 6. Libertad de expresión 203 7. Las desapariciones forzadas 214 8. Privación arbitraria de la libertad personal 224 9. Deficiencias en el poder judicial marroquí 231 Conclusiones 235 La explotación de los recursos del Sahara Occidental raúl iGNaciO rOdríGuez MaGdaleNO 235 I. El Sahara Occidental y su estatus como territorio pen- diente de descolonización y como territorio ocupado 238 II. El derecho de los pueblos a disponer de las riquezas de sus territorios 243 III. La explotación de los recursos del Sahara Occidental y el Derecho internacional de la libre determinación: el informe Corel 248 IV. El estatus y las obligaciones de Marruecos en el Sahara Occidental 253 V. Las consecuencias jurídicas de la ilegalidad de la explo- tación de los recursos del Sahara Occidental 12 Índice general 257 Recursos naturales y competencia desleal. Nueva opor- tunidad para acciones micropolíticas luiS MaNGraNé cueVaS 275 El delito de guerra: traslado de colonos de origen ma- rroquí al Sahara Occidental, y deportación de población saharaui fuera del mismo PEPE REVERT CALABUIG 276 1. Introducción 281 2. Legislación aplicable al Sahara Occidental 289 3. Delito de guerra 296 4. Estudio sobre la población. Censos 302 5. Deportación y expulsión 307 6. Idiomas 309 7. Política de construcción de viviendas 311 8. Políticas favorables al asentamiento de colonos marro- quíes en el Sahara Occidental 314 9. Utilización violenta de los colonos contra la población saharaui 316 10. Conclusiones 323 El derecho del pueblo saharaui a la libre determinación y el «derecho de resistencia» frente a la ocupación marroquí JaVier. a. GONzález VeGa 324 I. Introducción 324 II. ¿Un derecho de resistencia armada? El derecho interna- cional y las guerras de liberación nacional. 325 A) El estatuto de los movimientos de liberación nacional 13 Índice general 329 B) Los MLNs y el uso de la fuerza armada 329 a) La licitud del empleo de la fuerza por parte del pueblo sometido a dominación colonial 330 b) La prohibición del uso de la fuerza a la potencia colonial 333 c) La licitud del apoyo prestado por ter- ceros Estados a los movimientos de libe- ración nacional 336 d) La aplicación del jus in bello (Derecho internacional humanitario) 338 C) ¿Una desuetudo del jus ad bellum en las gue- rras de liberación nacional? 345 III. La lucha del pueblo saharaui como una «guerra de liberación nacional» 346 A) La permanente licitud del uso de la fuerza ar- mada por parte del Frente Polisario 349 B) La plena aplicación de las reglas del Derecho internacional humanitario al conflicto del Sahara Occidental: la Declaración del 23 de junio de 2015 356 IV. El derecho de resistencia pacífica 357 V. Las obligaciones de la comunidad internacional: las reglas en materia de responsabilidad internacional ante la violación de obligaciones erga omnes. 363 VI. Conclusiones 14 Relación de autores Roberto Barral Blanco Profesor de Filosofía de Educación Secundaria, actualmente destinado en el IES de Valga (Galicia). Miembro de Western Sahara Human Rights Watch. Participa en proyectos de innovación edu- cativa sobre la didáctica de la Filosofía, la utilización de las TIC en el aula y la cooperación internacional. Felipe Briones Vives Nació en 1959 en la entonces África Occidental Española (AOE), y residió en El Aaiún, capital del Sahara Español, hasta 1975. Juez en excedencia y Fiscal desde 1985, es actualmente Fiscal Anticorrupción de la provincia de Alicante. Desde 1996 ostenta la Secretaría General de la Asociación Internacional de Juristas para el Sahara Occidental (IAJUWS). Ahmed Bujari Licenciado en Derecho durante la época colonial española. Miembro del Secretariado Nacional del Frente Polisario. Actual- mente es Representante del Frente Polisario ante Naciones Unidas en Nueva York y miembro del equipo negociador saharaui en el proceso de paz auspiciado por este organismo. Es uno de los redac- tores de la Constitución saharaui y ha ostentado cargos diplomá- ticos en representación de la RASD en diferentes países. 15 Ana Camacho Periodista e investigadora experta en conflictos de África, gran conocedora de Guinea Ecuatorial y Sahara Occidental. Ha traba- jado en diarios nacionales y en la actualidad colabora en diferentes medios digitales y radio. Autora del blog www.enarenasmovedizas.com. Carmelo Fareh Pérez Profesor de Derecho Internacional Público en el Departamento de Ciencias Jurídicas Básicas de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Asesor jurídico y Secretario general de la Asocia- ción Española para el Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Hu- manos (AEDIDH). Ha actuado como litigante y/o co-autor de informes y amicus curiae ante algunas instancias nacionales e in- ternacionales (procedimientos convencionales y extraconvencio- nales de las Naciones Unidas, Co-misión Interamericana de Dere- chos Humanos) de protección de los derechos humanos.
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  • The Age of Exploration

    The Age of Exploration

    The Age of Exploration Timeline Cards Chapter 5, Card 11 Tyler Pack Subject Matter Expert Chapter 5, Card 12 Avi Katz J. Chris Arndt, PhD, Department of History, James Madison University Chapter 5, Card 13 James Johnson Chapter 6, Card 14 Map tracing Magellan’s world voyage, once owned by Charles V, 1545 (vellum) by Battista Illustration and Photo Credits Agnese (1514–64)/John Carter Brown Library, Brown University, RI, USA/Bridgeman Images Chapter 6, Card 14 Ferdinand Magellan (1480–1521)/Pictures from History/Bridgeman Images Title Age Fotostock/SuperStock Chapter 7, Card 15 Angela Padron Chapter 1, Card 1 Martin Hargreaves Chapter 7, Card 16 Marti Major Chapter 1, Card 2 Album/Oronoz/Superstock Chapter 7, Card 17 Daniel Hughes Chapter 1, Card 2 “Portrait of Marco Polo (1254–1324), by Dolfino / Biblioteca Nazionale, Turin, Italy / Chapter 7, Card 18 Bryan Beus Bridgeman Images” Chapter 8, Card 19 Erika Baird Chapter 3, Card 3 DeAgostini / SuperStock Chapter 8, Card 20 “Lifting of the Siege of Pondicherry, 1748, engraved 1789 after work by Antoine Louis Chapter 3, Card 4 Vasco da Gama lands at Kozhikode (Calicut, India), May 20, 1498/Pictures from History/ Francois Sergent-Marceau (1751–1847) / Private Collection / The Stapleton Collection / Bridgeman Images Bridgeman Images” Chapter 3, Card 5 Christian Goupi/age fotostock/SuperStock Chapter 9, Card 21 Japan: Dejima Island, with Dutch flag flying. Chromolithograph of a painting by Johan Chapter 4 , Card 7 Dustin Mackay Maurits (1807–1874)./Pictures from History/Bridgeman Images Chapter 4, Card 8 Signing of Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal, June 7, 1494/De Agostini Chapter 9, Card 22 Scott Hammond Picture Library/G.