DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT B: STRUCTURAL AND COHESION POLICIES STRUCTURAL AND COHESION POLICIES FOR 2020: TOOLS TO OVERCOME THE CRISIS NOTE This document has been prepared at the request of the Secretary-General of the European Parliament. COORDINATION Marc THOMAS AUTHORS Albert MASSOT MARTI (Agriculture) Ana Maria NOGUEIRA (Culture and Education) Irina POPESCU (Fisheries) Esther KRAMER (Regional Policy) Marc THOMAS (Transport) Piero SOAVE (Tourism) Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies European Parliament E-mail: [email protected] EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE Nora REVESZ LINGUISTIC VERSIONS Original: EN, FR. Translation: DE. ABOUT THE EDITOR To contact the Policy Department or to subscribe to its monthly newsletter please write to: [email protected] Manuscript completed in November 2011. Brussels, © European Union, 2011. DISCLAIMER The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorized, provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy. DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT B: STRUCTURAL AND COHESION POLICIES STRUCTURAL AND COHESION POLICIES FOR 2020: TOOLS TO OVERCOME THE CRISIS NOTE Abstract This note illustrates the crucial contribution of structural and cohesion policies to the "Europe 2020" strategy. It also highlights the role that the Parliament could play in strengthening these policies, which are all subject to the ordinary legislative procedure and will all undergo a far-reaching reform by 2014. IP/B/COMM/NT/2011_04 November 2011 PE 460.074 EN Structural and cohesion policies for 2020: Tools to overcome the crisis ____________________________________________________________________________________________ CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS 5 LIST OF TABLES 7 1. STRUCTURAL AND COHESION POLICIES: CATALYSTS FOR GROWTH 9 1.1. The prosperity and cohesion of the European Union must be reinforced 9 1.2. The ‘Europe 2020’ strategy 10 1.3. The role of the European Parliament in implementing the ‘Europe 2020’ strategy 10 1.4. Structural and cohesion policies: powerful tools 11 2. AGRICULTURE 13 2.1. The 2011/2020 context: strategic directions 13 2.2. The institutional challenge: achieving the Lisbon Treaty 14 2.3. The agricultural challenge: the CAP reform in the context of the new financial perspective (CAP 2020) 16 2.4. The challenge of agricultural globalisation 18 2.5. The challenge of economic revival: from the crisis of the CAP to the CAP for the crisis 20 3. CULTURE AND EDUCATION 25 3.1. Legal basis 25 3.2. Multiannual financial framework 2014-20 - responding to Europe 2020 challenges 26 3.3. The European added value and impact of the EU Culture and Education programmes 28 3.4. Education, Training, Youth and Sport 29 3.5. Cultural policy - enhancing creativity in Europe 32 3.6. Communication policy 33 3.7. Conclusion 34 4. FISHERIES 37 4.1. Background: the main trends 37 4.2. Major challenges: reforming the CFP 38 4.3. Financial framework: the future European Maritime and Fisheries Fund 40 4.4. The role of the EP 42 3 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. REGIONAL AND COHESION POLICY 45 5.1. Legal, economic and political context 45 5.2. External challenges 45 5.3. Implications of the Budget 2020 negotiations 47 5.4. Internal challenges for cohesion policy until 2020 48 5.5. Conclusions 51 6. TRANSPORT 53 6.1. Context 53 6.2. Main challenges to 2020 54 6.3. Role of the European Parliament 58 7. TOURISM 61 7.1. Context 61 7.2. Main challenges to 2020 63 7.3. Role of the European Parliament 66 7.4. Conclusion 67 4 Structural and cohesion policies for 2020: Tools to overcome the crisis ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ABBREVIATIONS AVMS Audiovisual Media Services CAP Common Agricultural Policy CCI Cultural and Creative Industries CFP Common Fisheries Policy CO2 Carbon dioxide COM Common Organisation of the Market COMAGRI Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development CULT Committee on Culture and Education EFF European Fisheries Fund EHEA European Higher Education Area EMFF European Maritime and Fisheries Fund EQF European Qualifications Framework ERTMS European Railway Traffic Management System ESA European Space Agency ESF European Social Fund EVS European Voluntary Service FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FPAs Fishery Partnership Agreements GDP Gross domestic product ICT Information and Communication Technologies INTA Committee on International Trade ISS International Space Station LRIT Long Range Identification Tracking 5 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies ____________________________________________________________________________________________ MAGP Multiannual Guidance Plans MFF Multiannual Financial Framework MSY Maximum Sustainable Yield NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration (USA) OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development OMC Open Method of Coordination PD Policy Department RACs Regional Advisory Councils RFMOs Regional Fisheries Management Organisations RIS River information services SafeSeaNet Centralised European platform for maritime data exchange SESAR Single European Sky ATM Research SME Small and medium-sized enterprise SSM Special Safeguard Mechanism TAC Total Allowable Catch TEN-T Trans-European Transport Network TEU Treaty on European Union TFEU Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union TRAN Committee on Transport and Tourism UNWTO World Tourism Organization WTO World Trade Organization 6 Structural and cohesion policies for 2020: Tools to overcome the crisis ____________________________________________________________________________________________ LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Public debt of the main global powers 9 Table 2 Standing of the main global economies 9 Table 3 Trend in food commodity prices 2007/2011 21 Table 4 The Common Agricultural Policy and multiannual budgetary frameworks 23 Table 5 Education and culture: comparison between Financial Frameworks 2007-2013 and 2014-2020 35 Table 6 Cohesion Policy - Comparison between Financial Frameworks 2007-2013 and 2014-2020 52 Table 7 Summary of structural and cohesion policies from 2011 to 2020 69 7 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 8 Structural and cohesion policies for 2020: Tools to overcome the crisis ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. STRUCTURAL AND COHESION POLICIES: CATALYSTS FOR GROWTH 1.1. The prosperity and cohesion of the European Union must be reinforced In autumn 2011 the European Union is about to decide on the framework that will guide its action between 2014 and 2020 while facing an important financial and economic crisis the development of which is not predictable. The difficulties in recent years have in particular resulted in the loss of almost seven million jobs1, and unemployment is the primary concern of citizens2: in the middle of 2011 almost 10% of the active population is out of work, and that number doubles among people under the age of 25. Behind these statistics there are nearly 23 million men and women3. At the same time, between 2007 and 2010, public debt increased strongly from 59% to 80% of the EU’s gross domestic product (GDP)4. Table 1: Public debt of the main global economies EU USA China Japan Public debt 2010 (% of GDP)5 80% 94% 36% (?)6 200% Moreover, although the European Union’s economic importance remains higher than that of its main partners, this position has been eroding significantly: the EU accounted for 27% of the world’s gross domestic product in 1990, but just over 20% at the end of 2010. Table 2: Standing of the main global economies EU USA China Japan GDP 2010 (billion $)7 13 699 13 325 8 741 3 882 Share of global GDP (%)8 in 1990: 26.9% 22.2% 3.5% 8.9% in 2010: 20.5% 20% 13.1% 5.8% 1 At the start of 2008, 16 million Europeans were out of work, i.e. an unemployment rate of 6.7% (Eurostat, Unemployment Statistics, September 2011. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Unemployment_statistics). 2 Although there are significant differences between Member States (in summer 2011 the unemployment rate was under 5% in three Member States and over 15% in four), almost 80% of the Europeans describe the employment situation in their country as bad. (Eurostat: Eurobarometer 74, Autumn 2010, Public Opinion in the European Union). 3 Eurostat, Euroindicators 143/2011, September 2011. 4 At the end of 2010 the combined public debt of the 27 Member States was approximately EUR 9 828 232 million, i.e. 80% of the EU’s gross domestic product (at market prices) (Eurostat, Euroindicators 60/2011, April 2011). 5 As a percentage of gross domestic product at market prices (Eurostat, Euroindicators 60/2011, April 2011; OECD, Government debt, June 2011). 6 Estimate, Moody’s Agency, July 2011. 7 GDP at purchasing power parity 2005, in billion constant international dollars (Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales (CEPII), Panorama de l'économie mondiale, December 2010). 8 Over the same period (1990-2010) the share of the countries of East and South-East