Menelusuri Jejak Rupa Wayang Klasik Bali

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Menelusuri Jejak Rupa Wayang Klasik Bali Menelusuri Jejak Rupa Wayang Klasik Bali I Dewa Alit Dwija Putra Department of Visual Communication Design, School of Creative Industries Telkom University ABSTRACT The form of Balinese classical wayang ‘puppets’ through its long history, starting from primitive times, ancient Balinese, Balinese Hinduism, and colonialism until now. As a work of art of ancestral heritage with its various forms and developments, many Balinese people do not know the history of the puppet origins that became ‘pakem' in its traditional art. To find out the traces of the classical wayang ‘puppets’ of Bali have similarities form with the depiction of puppets figures that exist in the temples of Central Java and East Java. The art crossed to Bali through the conquest of Bali during the Majapahit colonialism. This research uses historical method through heuristic stages, criticism, interpretation, and historiography, to be able to describe historically the origin of classical Balinese puppets as well as analysis matrix comparison to see the similarities and differences of Balinese puppets visual that exist in the temple the studies reliefs in the two areas. Wayang puppet as a form of art in Balinese society has all aspects of value, both material values, moral values, and spiritual values. Keywords: visual, classical puppets, Bali PENDAHULUAN meliputi : jaman Jawa Hindu-Bali (1350- 1460 M) dan jaman Bali Hindu klasik Kesenian Klasik Bali adalah kesenian (1460-1550M). yang diwariskan pada masa Bali Hindu Klasik, merupakan bagaian dari Pada masa Jaman Jawa Hindu - Bali periodisasi sejarah perkembangan (1350-1460M) merupakan era kekuasaan kebudayaan Bali yang dimulai dari jaman kerajaan Majapahit di Bali. Selama Bali prasejarah (awal sampai 800 M), Jaman dijajah oleh Majapahit unsur-unsur Bali Kuno (800-1300 M), Jaman Bali budaya Hindu Jawa sangat kuat pertengahan (1400-1880 M), dan masa mempengaruhi sosial budaya kolonial (1900 M) (Ardika, Parimartha, masyarakat Bali, akulturasi yang terjadi Wirawan, 2015). Pada jaman Bali menghasilkan sintesa harmonis Hindu pertengahan ini merupakan periode Jawa dan Hindu Bali menjadi seni budaya panjang pembentukan seni budaya Bali, Bali yang bernuansa Majapahit. yang dibaga lagi dalam beberapa jaman Runtuhnya kerajaan Majapahit akibat 130 131 Menelusuri Jejak Rupa Wayang Klasik Bali masuknya Islam di di Jawa (1400 M) mengalami adaptasi dan penyesuaian kekuasaan Majapahit di Bali pun semakin agar tidak ditinggalkan oleh lemah dan Bali menjadi wilayah yang penggemarnya. Dalam seni pertunjukan merdeka, dengan pusat kerajaan di wayang, dalang sebagai aktor utama wilayah Gelgel Klungkung. Pembinaan mengadaptasi hal tersebut dengan seni-budaya terutama bidang menciptakan atau menyisipkan tokoh kesusastraan mendapat tempat yang atau karakter baru pada pementasannya. penting sehingga pada masa Biasanya tokoh-tokoh ini sebagai pemerintahan Dalem Waturenggong banyolan atau lawakan yang muncul sekitar tahun 1460 – 1550 Masehi, bersama parekan (punakawan). kesenian Bali mencapai puncak kejayaan Penggunaan lampu digital pengganti atau keemasannya. Pada masa tersebut ‘blencong’ (lampu minyak) dan audiovisual kesenian Bali juga disebut kesenian Bali memberi pertunjukan wayang kulit lebih klasik. Kesenian klasik inilah yang atraktif dan modern. Agar pesan cerita menjadi ‘pakem’ atau tolak ukur kesenian dapat tersampaikan kesemua khalayak tradisional masyarakat Bali hingga sasaran, penggunaan bahasa Indonesia sekarang. Kata pakem merupakan dan asing bercampur dengan bahasa Bali semacam konvensi aturan yang telah Kuno atau Kawi sebagai media terbangun secara turun-temurun baik komunikasi yang menghidupkan mengenai pembuatan maupun secara pertunjukan kesenian wayang tersebut. pertunjukan ( Irfansyah, 2013 : 206). Keberadaan wayang klasik atau purwa Salah satu kesenian klasik tersebut adalah yang sampai saat ini tetap berlangsung kesenian wayang yang telah mengalami sebagai suatu kesenian tradisional dalam perkembangan pesat bersama kesenian masyarakat, dikarenakan masyarakat lainnya seperti tari, musik, seni rupa, Bali masih taat akan adat dan sastra dan lain sebagainya. Wayang lebih kepercayaannya yang didasari oleh dikenal lewat seni pertunjukan memilki Agama Hindu. Adanya pertunjukan semua aspek seni tersebut seperti musik kesenian wayang biasanya mengikuti (kerawitan), seni suara (kidung atau kawih) rangkaian upacara tertentu dalam dan seni rupa berupa perwujudan figur- masyarakat Bali, apakah upacara untuk figur wayangnya. Apa yang disebut persembahan kepada Tuhan disebut wayang klasik dalam masyarakat Bali Dewa Yadnya, untuk orang suci disebut memang tak dapat dilepaskan dari Resi Yadnya, untuk manusia disebut warisan perwujudan wayang purwa Manusia Yadnya, untuk leluhur disebut yang dikenal tersebut. Citra wayang Pitra Yadnya, sedang untuk makhluk selalu tertuju pada pertunjukan bayangan alam bawah disebut Bhuta Yadnya. dengan tokoh-tokoh yang tak asing dari Namun sekarang wayang juga epos cerita Mahabharata dan Ramayana, dipentaskan sebagai seni pertunjukan demikian juga dengan karakter biasa. penokohan dari cerita-cerita rakyat yang ada dalam masyarakat Bali. Terdapat dua jenis seni pertunjukan Seiring dengan perkembangan jaman wayang di Bali yaitu pertunjukan yang akibat kemajuan pengetahuan dan diadakan malam hari disebut Wayang teknologi, kesenian wayang juga Peteng dan pertunjukan yang diadakan Jurnal Rupa Vol. 03. Edisi 2 No. 04, Desember 2018 : 130-149 132 siang hari yang disebut Wayang Lemah. Anggada, Jembawan dan lain sebagainya, Wayang lemah, ini termasuk seni semuanya merupakan pasukan Sri Rama pertunjukan yang khusus artinya dalam merebut kembali Dewi Sinta yang pementasan hanya dapat dilakukan pada di tawan oleh Rahwana. Kesenian ini waktu dan upacara tertentu seperti untuk dikategorikan jenis kesenian sakral, ruatan. Sebagai contoh apabila ada orang dipentaskan pada hari dan upacara yang lahir tepat di Tumpek Wayang, anak tertentu. Kelompok keseniann wayang tersebut harus diruat dengan wong sangat popular dikalangan menggunakan pertunjukan wayang lemah. masyarakat Bali Utara. Pertunjuka ini tidak menggunakan klir atau layar seperti pada pertunjukan Kesenian wayang dalam masyarakat Bali, wayang umumnya. Hanya menggunakan selain popular dalam seni pertunjukan seutas benang dan uang kepeng yang juga popular dalam seni rupa, seperti seni dibentangkan di pohon dadap. lukis, patung dan pada ragam hias. Pada seni lukis wayang berfungsi untuk Wayang dalam seni pertunjukan pada menghiasi ‘parba’ dan ‘pengider-ider’ pada masyarakat Bali memiliki berbagai bangunan pura. Pada bentuk seni patung bentuk kesenian, seperti wayang wong lebih banyak untuk menghiasi bangunan (orang), wayang kulit, wayang gedok, pura-pura sesuai arah mata angin atau wayang lemah, wayang cupak, wayang simbol dewata nawasanga. Figur wayang sapuleger, wayang sudamala, calonarang klasik juga dipahatkan pada tembok pura dan lain sebagainya. Kata dibelakang berpadu dengan pola ragam hias yang mengikuti wayang dapat tradisional Bali dengan tema yang tak mengidentifikasi tema atau asing yaitu Mahabharata dan penggambaran tokoh wayang. Misalnya Ramayana. wayang calonarang, merupakan wayang dengan tokoh-tokohnya diambil dari Wayang ‘Klasik,’ kata ‘klasik’ memiliki cerita tersebut, dengan latar jaman pengertian dari Kamus Besar Bahasa kerajaan Kediri. Wayang cupak, wayang Indonesia ‘klasik’ berarti : tertinggi, ini tokoh utamanya adalah Cupak yang mempunyai nilai/mutu yang diakui dan memiliki saudara kembar bernama menjadi tolak ukur kesempurnaan yang Gerantang dengan tabiat perilaku yang abadi (Tim Penyusun, 1999). Lebih lanjut bertolak belakang. Disamping itu jenis dijelaskan arti ‘klasik’ berasal dari kata gamelan atau tatabuhannya pun memilki ‘kelas’ bermakna terbaik, puncak, paling ciri kekhasan masing-masing dalam sempurna sesuai dengan ‘pakem’ baku pementasannya. dalam penciptaan. Dari dua pengertian ‘klasik’ tersebut didapat suatu Wayang Wong adalah suatu seni kesimpulan yang tertinggi dan dijadikan pertunjukan wayang dimana pelakunya patokan ukuran, dalam hal ini patokan adalah manusia (wong) yang yang dimaksud adalah perupaan atau menggunakan topeng dengan tipologi bentuk figur wayang. Demikian juga perwajahan wayang. Kelompok wayang halnya bentuk atau wanda, ikonografi, wong di Bali lebih banyak mengambil yang didasarkan pada tipologi cerita Ramayana dengan bentuk tipologi pembentukan wajah seperti : halus, keras wajah muka kera seperti tokoh Hanoman, (aeng), lucu dan lain-lainnya (Nilotama, 133 Menelusuri Jejak Rupa Wayang Klasik Bali 2012 : 145). Di Bali rupa wayang raja Erlangga yang merupakan anak dari menunjukan persamaan watak atau Udayana yang memerintah di Bali tipologi dengan wayang kulit di Jawa (Yudoseputro, 2008 : 124). (masa Islam), hanya saja dari penggayaan wayang Jawa lebih deformatif memiliki Namun kesenian wayang berkembang stilasi yang berlebih sehingga menjauh begitu pesat di perkirakan pada abad ke- dari bentuk natural di banding wayang 13 masa kejayaan Majapahit. Pada waktu Bali yang naturalistik. Penggambaran Majapahit mengalami kemundurun tipologi wayang kulit juga memiliki akibat masuknya Islam, kerajaan Bali kesamaan dengan perwatakan yang seakan mendapatkan kebebasan dan terdapat pada karya rupa topeng. kesenian di Bali berkembang pesat dan Tipologi perwatakan tersebut seperti mencapai puncak keemasanya pada masa ‘manis’, ‘aeng’, ‘keras’, ‘galak’ dan lucu pemerintahan Dalem Watu Renggong di (bondres) (punakawan). Abad ke-14, yang mendasari kesenian tradisional Bali hingga sekarang. Pada Mengenai asal-usul kesenian
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