DOCSLIB.ORG

Sistem Informasi Vegetasi Mangrove Berbasis Web Di Kota Langsa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sistem Informasi Vegetasi Mangrove Berbasis Web Di Kota Langsa SISTEM INFORMASI VEGETASI MANGROVE BERBASIS WEB DI KOTA LANGSA SKRIPSI AMANDA PUTRI OCTAVIANI 140308041 PROGRAM STUDI KETEKNIKAN PERTANIAN FAKULTAS PERTANIAN UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2019 Universitas Sumatera Utara SISTEM INFORMASI VEGETASI MANGROVE BERBASIS WEB DI KOTA LANGSA SKRIPSI OLEH : AMANDA PUTRI OCTAVIANI 140308041/KETEKNIKAN PERTANIAN Skripsi sebagai salah satu syarat untuk dapat memperoleh gelar sarjana di Program Studi Keteknikan Pertanian Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara PROGRAM STUDI KETEKNIKAN PERTANIAN FAKULTAS PERTANIAN UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2019 Universitas Sumatera Utara Universitas Sumatera Utara Panitia Penguji Skripsi Achwil Putra Munir, STP, M.Si Dr. Ir. Edi Susanto, M.Si Adian Rindang, STP, M.Si Dr. Taufik Rizaldi, STP, MP Universitas Sumatera Utara ABSTRAK AMANDA PUTRI OCTAVIANI: Sistem Informasi Vegetasi Mangrove Berbasis Web Di Kota Langsa dibimbing oleh ACHWIL PUTRA MUNIR. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang dan membangun sistem informasi berbasis web pada hutan mangrove di Kota Langsa agar membantu manajemen dalam mengumpulkan data, menyediakan data, dan mengelola data vegetasi hutan mangrove serta, memudahkan wisatawan dalam mencari informasi tentang vegetasi hutan mangrove di Kota Langsa. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa data vegetasi kurang akurat, tidak adanya klasifikasi vegetasi hutan mangrove, data gambar vegetasi tidak lengkap, dan kurang teliti dalam penyimpanan data sehingga diperlukan sistem informasi berbasis web di kawasan hutan mangrove Kota Langsa agar dapat mempermudah mengelola dan menyimpan data. Kata kunci: Sistem Informasi berbasis web, vegetasi mangrove. ABSTRACT AMANDA PUTRI OCTAVIANI: Web Based Mangrove Vegetation Information System In Langsa City supervised by ACHWIL PUTRA MUNIR. This study was aimed to design and build a web-based information system on mangrove forests in Langsa City to assist management in collecting data, providing data, and managing mangrove forest vegetation data and, making it easier for tourists to find information about mangrove forest vegetation in Langsa City.The results showed that the vegetation data was inaccurate, there was no classification of mangrove forest vegetation, the vegetation image data was incomplete, and inaccurate in data storage so that a web-based information system was needed in the mangrove forest area of Langsa City in order to facilitate managing and storing data. Keywords: web based information system, mangrove vegetations. i Universitas Sumatera Utara RIWAYAT HIDUP Amanda Putri Octaviani lahir di Bandung 02 Oktober 1996 dari bapak Rudi Riadi, A.Md. Akt. dan ibu Tiur Hotnida Berliana Sianipar, S.Bns Penulis merupakan anak pertama dari dua bersaudara. Pada tahun 2014 penulis lulus dari SMAN 8Medan dan pada tahun 2014 lulus Seleksi Nasional Masuk Perguruan Tinggi Negeri (SNMPTN) di Program Studi Keteknikan Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara. Selama masa perkuliahan, penulis aktif sebagai anggota organisasi Ikatan Mahasiswa keteknikan Pertanian (IMATETA) FP-USU. Pada tahun 2017, penulis melaksanakan Praktek Kerja Lapangan (PKL) di Aek Nabara Pabrik Supra Matra Abadi. ii Universitas Sumatera Utara KATA PENGANTAR Puji syukur penulis ucapkan kepada Allah SWT yang telah melimpahkan rahmat dan karunia-Nya, sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan skripsi dengan judul “Sistem Informasi Vegetasi Mangrove Berbasis Web di Kota Langsa” yang disusun sebagai salah satu syarat untuk dapat memperoleh gelar sarjana di Program Studi Keteknikan Pertanian, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan. Pada kesempatan kali ini, penulis mengucapkan terima kepada kedua orang tua beserta keluarga besar tercinta yang selalu mendukung penulis baik moril maupun materil, Bapak Achwil Putra Munir, STP, M.Si selaku dosen pembimbing yang telah banyak membimbing dan memberikan berbagai masukan, saran, dan kritik yang bermanfaat bagi penulis sehingga skripsi ini dapat diselesaikan dengan baik. Penulis juga mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua staf pengajar dan pegawai di Program Studi Keteknikan Pertanian, teman-teman TEP 2014, Bapak Rizwan, S.Hut, Bapak Muhammad Dahlan, S.E, Bapak Elvian, S.Hut, dan Bapak Ir. Saipul Anwar yang telah membantu saya selama penelitian di kawasan hutan mangrove Kota Langsa. Penulis menyadari bahwa skripsi ini masih jauh dari sempurna oleh karena itu penulis mengharapkan kritik dan saran dari para pembaca yang bersifat membangun untuk kesempurnaan pada masa yang akan datang. Akhir kata, penulis mengucapkan terima kasih, semoga skripsi ini bermanfaat bagi pihak yang membutuhkan. Medan, Oktober 2019 Penulis iii Universitas Sumatera Utara DAFTAR ISI Hal ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................ i ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ i RIWAYAT HIDUP ............................................................................................... ii KATA PENGANTAR .......................................................................................... iii DAFTAR ISI ......................................................................................................... iv DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................. vi DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................ vii DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ......................................................................................... viii PENDAHULUAN Latar Belakang ............................................................................................... 1 Tujuan Penelitian ........................................................................................... 2 Manfaat Penelitian ......................................................................................... 2 Batasan Masalah ............................................................................................ 3 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA Gambaran Umum Kota Langsa...................................................................... 4 Hutan .............................................................................................................. 5 Hutan Mangrove ............................................................................................ 5 Sistem Informasi ............................................................................................ 7 Basis Data ...................................................................................................... 9 Sistem Informasi Geografis ........................................................................... 11 METODOLOGI PENELITIAN Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian ........................................................................ 15 Bahan ....................................................................................................... 15 Alat ........................................................................................................... 15 Metode Penelitian .......................................................................................... 15 Metode pengumpulan data ............................................................................. 16 Metode analisa masalah ................................................................................. 16 Prosedur penelitian ......................................................................................... 16 HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Kecamatan Langsa Barat, Kotamadya Langsa, Aceh Timur ................................ 19 Analisa Masalah ............................................................................................... 20 Perancangan Sistem .......................................................................................... 22 Perancangan masukan sistem .................................................................. 22 Perancangan keluaran sistem .................................................................. 23 Perancangan basis data ........................................................................... 23 Perancangan model antarmuka ............................................................... 24 Kontruksi basis data ................................................................................ 25 Menu Utama ................................................................................................... 26 Menu Administrator ....................................................................................... 29 Halaman Dashboard Admin ........................................................................... 31 KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN Kesimpulan. ................................................................................................... 32 iv Universitas Sumatera Utara v Saran. ............................................................................................................. 32 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................... 33 LAMPIRAN .......................................................................................................... 35 Universitas Sumatera Utara DAFTAR TABEL No Hal 1. Penjabaran fishbone diagram .................................................................... 22 vi Universitas Sumatera Utara DAFTAR GAMBAR No Hal 1. Gambaran Kota Langsa ............................................................................. 4 2. Hutan mangrove .......................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Excoecaria Agallocha L
    ANNEE : 2015 THESES 2015/ TOU3/ 2020 THESE POUR LE DIPLOME D'ETAT DE DOCTEUR EN PHARMACIE Présentée et soutenue publiquement par ALBINET Lucile Excoecaria agallocha L. Le 16 Mars 2015 Directrice de thèse : VANSTEELANDT Marieke JURY Président : FABRE, Nicolas 1er assesseur : VANSTEELANDT, Marieke 2ème assesseur : AMOUROUX, Noël 1 REMERCIEMENTS Au Président du jury : Mr Fabre, Professeur des Universités à la Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques de Toulouse, je vous remercie de votre disponibilité et d’avoir accepté la présidence de ce jury. Aux membres du jury : Mme Vansteelandt, Maître de Conférences des Universités, et directrice de cette thèse je vous remercie de m’avoir accompagnée dans ce travail et pour votre aide précieuse tout au long de cette thèse. Mr Amouroux, Pharmacien et intervenant à la Faculté de Pharmacie, je vous remercie d’avoir accepté avec spontanéité de faire parti du jury de cette thèse ainsi que pour votre pédagogie tout au long de nos études. A mes parents, qui m’ont toujours encouragée et soutenue. A ma sœur, mon frère, Clau et Jean–Christophe merci pour votre présence et votre soutien. Et comme on dit : « La famille, c’est important la famille ! » A mes amies, Philippine et Sandrine que j’ai eu l’honneur de rencontrer grace à nos études de pharmacie, et dont l’amitié durera encore pour longtemps. Et merci à tous mes amis qui m’accompagnent au quotidien. Enfin, MERCI Rémi pour ton amour et ta grande patience qui, face à cette thèse, ont été mis à rude épreuve mais qui ne t’a pas empêché de vouloir m’épouser ! De tout mon cœur merci.
    [Show full text]
  • Acanthus Ebracteatus Leaf Extract Provides Neuronal Cell Protection Against Oxidative Stress Injury Induced by Glutamate Anchalee Prasansuklab1 and Tewin Tencomnao2*
    Prasansuklab and Tencomnao BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2018) 18:278 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2340-4 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Acanthus ebracteatus leaf extract provides neuronal cell protection against oxidative stress injury induced by glutamate Anchalee Prasansuklab1 and Tewin Tencomnao2* Abstract Background: Acanthus ebracteatus (AE), an herb native to Asia, has been recognized in traditional folk medicine not only for its antioxidant properties and various pharmacological activities but also as an ingredient of longevity formulas. However, its anti-neurodegenerative potential is not yet clearly known. This work aimed to evaluate the protective effect of AE leaf extract against glutamate-induced oxidative damage in mouse hippocampal HT22 cells, a neurodegenerative model system due to a reduction in glutathione levels and an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). Methods: Cell viability, apoptosis, and ROS assays were performed to assess the protective effect of AE leaf extract against glutamate-induced oxidative toxicity in HT22 cells. The antioxidant capacity of AE was evaluated using in vitro radical scavenging assays. The subcellular localization of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and the mRNA and protein levels of genes associated with the nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) antioxidant system were determined to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effect of AE leaf extract. Results: We demonstrated that AE leaf extract is capable of attenuating the intracellular ROS generation and HT22 cell death induced by glutamate in a concentration-dependent manner. Co-treatment of glutamate with the extract significantly reduced apoptotic cell death via inhibition of AIF nuclear translocation. The increases in Nrf2 levels in the nucleus and gene expression levels of antioxidant-related downstream genes under Nrf2 control were found to be significant in cells treated with the extract.
    [Show full text]
  • GROUP C: OTHER GROUND-DWELLING HERBS (Not Grasses Or Ferns)
    Mangrove Guidebook for Southeast Asia Part 2: DESCRIPTIONS – Other ground-dwelling herbs GROUP C: OTHER GROUND-DWELLING HERBS (not grasses or ferns) 327 Mangrove Guidebook for Southeast Asia Part 2: DESCRIPTIONS – Other ground-dwelling herbs Fig. 52. Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl. (a) Habit, (b) bud, and (c) flower. 328 Mangrove Guidebook for Southeast Asia Part 2: DESCRIPTIONS – Other ground-dwelling herbs ACANTHACEAE 52 Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl. Synonyms : Unknown. Vernacular name(s) : Sea Holly (E), Jeruju (hitam) (Mal.), Jeruju (Ind.), Ô rô (Viet.), Trohjiekcragn pkapor sar, Trohjiekcragn slekweng (Camb.), Ngueak plaamo dok muang (Thai) Description : Acanthus ebracteatus resembles Acanthus ilicifolius (see next page), but all parts are smaller. Flowers measure 2-3 cm and are (usually) white; the fruit is shorter than 2.0 cm; seeds measure 5-7 mm. Flowers have only one main enveloping leaflet, as the secondary ones are usually rapidly shed. The species described by Rumphius as the male specimen of Acanthus ilicifolius was later identified by Merrill as Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl. Some authors regard Acanthus ebracteatus, Acanthus ilicifolius and Acanthus volubilis as one highly variable species (e.g. Heyne, 1950). Note that in Acanthus young leaves or leaves on the ends of branches may be unarmed (i.e. without spines), while older specimens may be armed. Ecology : Where this species occurs together with Acanthus ilicifolius the two seem distinct in the characters used in the descriptions, but they are often confused. Flowering usually occurs in June (in Indonesia). True mangrove species. Distribution : From India to tropical Australia, Southeast Asia and the west Pacific islands (e.g. Solomon Islands).
    [Show full text]
  • Mangroves: Unusual Forests at the Seas Edge
    Tropical Forestry Handbook DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-41554-8_129-1 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 Mangroves: Unusual Forests at the Seas Edge Norman C. Dukea* and Klaus Schmittb aTropWATER – Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia bDepartment of Environment and Natural Resources, Deutsche Gesellschaft fur€ Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Quezon City, Philippines Abstract Mangroves form distinct sea-edge forested habitat of dense, undulating canopies in both wet and arid tropic regions of the world. These highly adapted, forest wetland ecosystems have many remarkable features, making them a constant source of wonder and inquiry. This chapter introduces mangrove forests, the factors that influence them, and some of their key benefits and functions. This knowledge is considered essential for those who propose to manage them sustainably. We describe key and currently recommended strategies in an accompanying article on mangrove forest management (Schmitt and Duke 2015). Keywords Mangroves; Tidal wetlands; Tidal forests; Biodiversity; Structure; Biomass; Ecology; Forest growth and development; Recruitment; Influencing factors; Human pressures; Replacement and damage Mangroves: Forested Tidal Wetlands Introduction Mangroves are trees and shrubs, uniquely adapted for tidal sea verges of mostly warmer latitudes of the world (Tomlinson 1994). Of primary significance, the tidal wetland forests they form thrive in saline and saturated soils, a domain where few other plants survive (Fig. 1). Mangrove species have been indepen- dently derived from a diverse assemblage of higher taxa. The habitat and structure created by these species are correspondingly complex, and their features vary from place to place. For instance, in temperate areas of southern Australia, forests of Avicennia mangrove species often form accessible parkland stands, notable for their openness under closed canopies (Duke 2006).
    [Show full text]
  • ACANTHACEAE 爵床科 Jue Chuang Ke Hu Jiaqi (胡嘉琪 Hu Chia-Chi)1, Deng Yunfei (邓云飞)2; John R
    ACANTHACEAE 爵床科 jue chuang ke Hu Jiaqi (胡嘉琪 Hu Chia-chi)1, Deng Yunfei (邓云飞)2; John R. I. Wood3, Thomas F. Daniel4 Prostrate, erect, or rarely climbing herbs (annual or perennial), subshrubs, shrubs, or rarely small trees, usually with cystoliths (except in following Chinese genera: Acanthus, Blepharis, Nelsonia, Ophiorrhiziphyllon, Staurogyne, and Thunbergia), isophyllous (leaf pairs of equal size at each node) or anisophyllous (leaf pairs of unequal size at each node). Branches decussate, terete to angular in cross-section, nodes often swollen, sometimes spinose with spines derived from reduced leaves, bracts, and/or bracteoles. Stipules absent. Leaves opposite [rarely alternate or whorled]; leaf blade margin entire, sinuate, crenate, dentate, or rarely pinnatifid. Inflo- rescences terminal or axillary spikes, racemes, panicles, or dense clusters, rarely of solitary flowers; bracts 1 per flower or dichasial cluster, large and brightly colored or minute and green, sometimes becoming spinose; bracteoles present or rarely absent, usually 2 per flower. Flowers sessile or pedicellate, bisexual, zygomorphic to subactinomorphic. Calyx synsepalous (at least basally), usually 4- or 5-lobed, rarely (Thunbergia) reduced to an entire cupular ring or 10–20-lobed. Corolla sympetalous, sometimes resupinate 180º by twisting of corolla tube; tube cylindric or funnelform; limb subactinomorphic (i.e., subequally 5-lobed) or zygomorphic (either 2- lipped with upper lip subentire to 2-lobed and lower lip 3-lobed, or rarely 1-lipped with 3 lobes); lobes ascending or descending cochlear, quincuncial, contorted, or open in bud. Stamens epipetalous, included in or exserted from corolla tube, 2 or 4 and didyna- mous; filaments distinct, connate in pairs, or monadelphous basally via a sheath (Strobilanthes); anthers with 1 or 2 thecae; thecae parallel to perpendicular, equally inserted to superposed, spherical to linear, base muticous or spurred, usually longitudinally dehis- cent; staminodes 0–3, consisting of minute projections or sterile filaments.
    [Show full text]
  • Study on Distribution, Taxonomy and Economic Valuation of the Mangrove Genus Acanthus L. in Bhitarkanika National Park, Odisha
    Indian Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 2319–3824(Online) An Open Access, Online International Journal Available at http://www.cibtech.org/jps.htm 2017 Vol.6 (2) April-June, pp.72-79/Panda et al. Research Article STUDY ON DISTRIBUTION, TAXONOMY AND ECONOMIC VALUATION OF THE MANGROVE GENUS ACANTHUS L. IN BHITARKANIKA NATIONAL PARK, ODISHA 1 4 1 1 2 2 *Muktipada Panda ’ , Rabindro Nath Samal , Susanta Nanda , Nikhil Lele , TVR Murthy , Ajit Kumar Pattnaik3, and Pradeep Kumar Chand4 1Chilika Development Authority, Government of Odisha, India 2Space Application Center (SAC/ISRO), Ahmadabad, Government of India 3IFS, Rtd., Ex. Chief Executive of Chilika Devlopment Authority, Govt. of Odisha, India 4Department of Botany, Utkal University, Odisha *Author for Correspondence ABSTRACT Present study is the first taxonomic identification about occurrence of three herbaceous mangrove species (i.e., Acanthus ilicifolius L., Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl., and Acanthus volubilis Wall.) from Bhitarkanika National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary (Odisha), India. Among these species, A. ilicifolius L. is most common but both Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl. and A. volubilis Wall were recorded as rare and site specific species of the genus Acanthus L.. The field investigation showed A. volubilis Wall. is frequently occur in association with other mangrove species like Heritiera fomes Buch.-Ham., Avicennia officinalis L., Excoecaria agallocha L. as it is a climber species and need a host for its growth. The global distribution of these species shows they are mostly confined to South Asian countries. The present study emphasizes on taxonomic identification, site distribution, distinguishing and differentiating among the species and analysis of habitat suitability by studying soil physico-chemical requirements of each individual species.
    [Show full text]
  • Current Status of Mangrove Forests in Singapore
    Proceedings of Nature Society, Singapore’s Conference on ‘Nature Conservation for a Sustainable Singapore’ – 16th October 2011. Pg. 99–120. THE CURRENT STATUS OF MANGROVE FORESTS IN SINGAPORE YANG Shufen1, Rachel L. F. LIM1, SHEUE Chiou-Rong2 & Jean W. H. YONG3,4* 1National Biodiversity Centre, National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569. 2Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, 250, Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan. 3Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. 4Singapore University of Technology and Design, 20 Dover Drive, Singapore 138682. (*E-mail: [email protected]) ABSTRACT Even in a small and urbanised country like Singapore, we are still able to find new plant records in our remaining 735 ha of mangrove forests. With only one notable extinction (Brownlowia argentata Kurz), a total of 35 ‘true’ mangrove species can still be found in Singapore. This is half of the world’s total ‘true’ mangrove species recognised by IUCN. The botanical results indicate that Singapore still harbours rich mangrove diversity. The IUCN 'Critically Endangered' mangrove, Bruguiera hainesii C. G. Rogers, was discovered in 2003 as a new record. Thought to be extinct, B. sexangula (Lour.) Poir. trees were re-discovered in 2002 and occur mainly in the back mangrove. In 1999, an uncertain taxon of Ceriops was discovered, and identified as the so-called C. decandra (Griff.) Ding Hou. We later confirmed that the uncertain Ceriops species should be C. zippeliana Blume. Through international collaborative research efforts, the elucidation of the taxonomic identity of Kandelia obovata Sheue, Liu & Yong (the main mangrove of China, Japan, Taiwan and Vietnam) in 2003 was assisted by our local research efforts towards protecting our own Kandelia candel (L.) Druce.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Study on Foliar and Petiole Anatomy of the Genus Bruguiera L
    Journal of Academia and Industrial Research (JAIR) Volume 5, Issue 7 December 2016 92 ISSN: 2278-5213 RESEARCH ARTICLE Comparative Study on Foliar and Petiole Anatomy of the Genus Bruguiera L. in Mangrove Forest of Kerala S. Surya* and N. Hari Department of Botany, C.M.S. College, Kottayam, Kerala-686001, India [email protected]*, [email protected]; +91 9400094355*, 8547591199 ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract Leaf and petiole anatomical profiling of three species of Bruguiera L. occurring in the mangrove forest of Kerala was investigated in this study. The study aims to search for the stable features marking out Bruguiera species. Anatomical characters in all three taxa showed similarities because of its generic closeness. Three species were distinguished based on the difference in the number of vascular bundles in midrib and petiole, number of palisade layer and type of stomata. Nevertheless the three Bruguiera species can be grouped anatomically based on the type and pattern of sclereids. Brachy sclereids present in all three taxa but the astero sclereids were found only in B. gymnorrhiza. Through this anatomical study, we concluded that all the species have some unique features to withstand extreme environmental habitat. Keywords: Anatomical characters, anticlinal walls, astero sclereids, Bruguiera, environmental habitat. Introduction Bruguiera parviflora has wide distribution in the northern Bruguiera is the largest genus in the Rhizophoraceae parts of Kerala which is not present in Trivandrum, (Hou, 1958; Tomlinson, 1986; Hogarth, 1999; Saenger, Kollam, Alappuzha and Kottayam (Mohandas, 2012). 2002; Sheue, 2003) and all six described Bruguiera Considering the above facts in view, leaf and petiole species belong to the “Indo-Malayan” group of anatomical profiling of three species of Bruguiera L.
    [Show full text]
  • Acanthus Ilicifolius
    Yang et al. BMC Genomics (2015) 16:605 DOI 10.1186/s12864-015-1813-9 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Transcriptome analysis of the Holly mangrove Acanthus ilicifolius and its terrestrial relative, Acanthus leucostachyus, provides insights into adaptation to intertidal zones Yuchen Yang1, Shuhuan Yang1, Jianfang Li1, Yunfei Deng2, Zhang Zhang1, Shaohua Xu1, Wuxia Guo1, Cairong Zhong3, Renchao Zhou1* and Suhua Shi1* Abstract Background: Acanthus is a unique genus consisting of both true mangrove and terrestrial species; thus, it represents an ideal system for studying the origin and adaptive evolution of mangrove plants to intertidal environments. However, little is known regarding the two respects of mangrove species in Acanthus. In this study, we sequenced the transcriptomes of the pooled roots and leaves tissues for a mangrove species, Acanthus ilicifolius, and its terrestrial congener, A. leucostachyus, to illustrate the origin of the mangrove species in this genus and their adaptive evolution to harsh habitats. Results: We obtained 73,039 and 69,580 contigs with N50 values of 741 and 1557 bp for A. ilicifolius and A. leucostachyus, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses based on four nuclear segments and three chloroplast fragments revealed that mangroves and terrestrial species in Acanthus fell into different clades, indicating a single origin of the mangrove species in Acanthus. Based on 6634 orthologs, A. ilicifolius and A. leucostachyus were found to be highly divergent, with a peak of synonymous substitution rate (Ks) distribution of 0.145 and an estimated divergence time of approximately 16.8 million years ago (MYA). The transgression in the Early to Middle Miocene may be the major reason for the entry of the mangrove lineage of Acanthus into intertidal environments.
    [Show full text]
  • Running Head 'Biology of Mangroves'
    BIOLOGY OF MANGROVES AND MANGROVE ECOSYSTEMS 1 Biology of Mangroves and Mangrove Ecosystems ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY VOL 40: 81-251 (2001) K. Kathiresan1 and B.L. Bingham2 1Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608 502, India 2Huxley College of Environmental Studies, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA e-mail [email protected] (correponding author) 1. Introduction.............................................................................................. 4 1.1. Preface........................................................................................ 4 1.2. Definition ................................................................................... 5 1.3. Global distribution ..................................................................... 5 2. History and Evolution ............................................................................. 10 2.1. Historical background ................................................................ 10 2.2. Evolution.................................................................................... 11 3. Biology of mangroves 3.1. Taxonomy and genetics.............................................................. 12 3.2. Anatomy..................................................................................... 15 3.3. Physiology ................................................................................. 18 3.4. Biochemistry ............................................................................. 20 3.5. Pollination
    [Show full text]
  • MANGROVES Synonyms Definition Introduction
    M MANGROVES Introduction Mangroves are one of the world’s dominant coastal eco- systems comprised chiefly of flowering trees and shrubs Norman C. Duke uniquely adapted to marine and estuarine tidal conditions School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, (Tomlinson, 1986; Duke, 1992; Hogarth, 1999; Saenger, Brisbane, QLD, Australia 2002; FAO, 2007). They form distinctly vegetated and often densely structured habitat of verdant closed canopies Synonyms (Figure 1) cloaking coastal margins and estuaries of equa- Mangrove forest; Mangrove swamp; Mangrove trees; Sea torial, tropical, and subtropical regions around the world trees; Tidal forest; Tidal swamp; Tidal wetland (Spalding et al., 1997). Mangroves are well known for their morphological and physiological adaptations coping with salt, saturated soils, and regular tidal inundation, Definition notably with specialized attributes like: exposed breathing Mangroves. A tidal habitat comprised of salt-tolerant trees roots above ground, extra stem support structures and shrubs. Comparable to rainforests, mangroves have (Figure 2), salt-excreting leaves, low water potentials a mixture of plant types. Sometimes the habitat is called and high intracellular salt concentrations to maintain a tidal forest or a mangrove forest to distinguish it from favorable water relations in saline environments, and the trees that are also called mangroves. viviparous water-dispersed propagules (Figure 3). Mangrove. A tree, shrub, palm, or ground fern, generally Mangroves have acknowledged roles in coastal produc- exceeding 0.5 m in height, that normally grows above tivity and connectivity (Mumby et al., 2004), often mean sea level in the intertidal zone of marine coastal supporting high biodiversity and biomass not possible environments and estuarine margins.
    [Show full text]
  • Flora of China (1994-2013) in English, More Than 100 New Taxa of Chinese Plants Are Still Being Published Each Year
    This Book is Sponsored by Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden 上海辰山植物园 Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences 中国科学院上海辰山植物科学研究中心 Special Fund for Scientific Research of Shanghai Landscaping ＆ City Appearance Administrative Bureau (G182415) 上海市绿化和市容管理局科研专项 (G182415) National Specimen Information Infrastructure, 2018 Special Funds 中国国家标本平台 2018 年度专项 Shanghai Sailing Program (14YF1413800) 上海市青年科技英才扬帆计划 (14YF1413800) Chinese Plant Names Index 2000-2009 DU Cheng & MA Jin-shuang Chinese Plant Names Index 2000-2009 中国植物名称索引 2000-2009 DU Cheng & MA Jin-shuang Abstract The first two volumes of the Chinese Plant Names Index (CPNI) cover the years 2000 through 2009, with entries 1 through 5,516, and 2010 through 2017, with entries 5,517 through 10,795. A unique entry is generated for the specific name of each taxon in a specific publication. Taxonomic treatments cover all novelties at the rank of family, genus, species, subspecies, variety, form and named hybrid taxa, new name changes (new combinations and new names), new records, new synonyms and new typifications for vascular plants reported or recorded from China. Detailed information on the place of publication, including author, publication name, year of publication, volume, issue, and page number, are given in detail. Type specimens and collections information for the taxa and their distribution in China, as well as worldwide, are also provided. The bibliographies were compiled from 182 journals and 138 monographs or books published worldwide. In addition, more than 400 herbaria preserve type specimens of Chinese plants are also listed as an appendix. This book can be used as a basic material for Chinese vascular plant taxonomy, and as a reference for researchers in biodiversity research, environmental protection, forestry and medicinal botany.
    [Show full text]