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. Ivan Puluj and the Development of the Science of X-Rays

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Ivan Puluj and the Development of the Science of X-Rays îÁæÏÎÁÌØÎÁ ÁËÁÄÅÍ¦Ñ ÎÁÕË õËÒÁ§ÎÉ õäë PACS q ¶×ÁÎ ðÕÌÀÊ ÔÁ ÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÎÑ ÎÁÕËÉ ÐÒÏ èÐÒÏÍÅΦ òð½ÁÊÄÁ áÎÏÔÁÃ¦Ñ òÏÚÇÌÑÎÅÎÏ ÏÄÉÎ ¦Ú ÎÁÐÒÑÍË¦× ÎÁÕËÏ×ϧ ĦÑÌØÎÏÓÔÉ ×É ¶îóôéôõô ÚÎÁÞÎÏÇÏ ÕËÒÁ§ÎÓØËÏÇÏ Æ¦ÚÉËÁ ÅÌÅËÔÒÏÔÅÈΦËÁ ÐÅÒÅËÌÁÄÁÞÁ â¦Â̦§ ÐÕÂ̦ÃÉÓÔÁ ÔÁ ÇÒÏÍÁÄÓØËÏÐÏ̦ÔÉÞÎÏÇÏ Ä¦ÑÞÁ ÐÒÏÆÅÓÏÒÁ ¶×ÁÎÁ ðÕ æ¶úéëé ÌÀÑ Á ÓÁÍÅ ÊÏÇÏ ×ÎÅÓÏË Õ ÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÎÑ Æ¦ÚÉËÉ ËÁÔÏÄÎÏÇÏ ëïîäåîóï÷áîéè ÔÁ XÐÒÏͦÎÎÑ ÷ÉËÏÒÉÓÔÁÎÏ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÌØÎÕ ÂÁÚÕ ÚÏËÒÅÍÁ ÎÅצÄÏͦ ÒÁΦÛÅ ÁÒȦ×Φ ÍÁÔÅÒ¦ÑÌÉ ðÏËÁÚÁÎÏ ÝÏ ÎÁÕËÏצ ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÉ ÏÔÒÉ óéóôåí ÍÁΦ ¶ ðÕÌÀ¤Í Õ ÷¦ÄÅÎÓØËÏÍÕ ÕΦ×ÅÒÓÉÔÅÔ¦ ÔÁ × î¦ÍÅÃØË¦Ê ÐÒÁÚØË¦Ê ÐÏ̦ÔÅÈΦæ ×ÉÓÕÎÕÌÉ ÊÏÇÏ × ÞÉÓÌÏ ÐÒÏצÄÎÉÈ Æ¦ÚÉË¦× ÓצÔÕ ÏÓÔÁÎÎØϧ Þ×ÅÒÔ¦ ÓÔÏ̦ÔÔÑ ÷¦ÄÚÎÁÞÅÎÏ ÝÏ ÎÁÕËÏצ ÄÏÓÑÇÎÅÎÎÑ ¶×ÁÎÁ ðÕÌÀÑ ÈÏÞ ¦ ÚÁƦËÓÏ×ÁÎÏ Õ ÓצÔÏ×¦Ê ÎÁÕËÏ×ϦÓÔÏÒÉÞÎ¦Ê Ì¦ÔÅÒÁÔÕÒ¦ ÐÒÏÔÅ ÄÁ ÌÅËÏ ÎÅ × ÄÏÓÔÁÔÎ¦Ê Í¦Ò¦ ëÒÉÔÉÞÎÏ ÐÒÏÁÎÁ̦ÚÏ×ÁÎÏ Ò¦ÚΦ ×ÅÒÓ¦§ ÝÏÄÏ ðÕÌÀ¤×ÏÇÏ ÐÒ¦ÏÒÉÔÅÔÕ × ÓÁÍÏÍÕ ×¦ÄËÒÉÔÔ¦ XÐÒÏÍÅÎ¦× Ivan Puluj and the development of the science of Xrays ' $ RPGaida ICMPU Abstract Professor Ivan Puluj was an outstanding Ukra inian physicist electro engineer translator of the Bible publicist and òð½ÁÊÄÁ an active public p ersonality Here his scientic activity in the eld of catho de and Xray physics is considered The do cumentary base p erused includes some formerly unknown archival materials Scientic results ob ¶÷áî ðõìàê ôá óôáîï÷ìåîîñ îáõëé ðòï èðòïíåî¶ tained by IPuluj at the University of Vienna and at the German Higher Technical Scho ol in Prague demonstrate that he b elonged to the elite of researchers of the last quater of the th century Evidence is pre sented that his extensive contributions to physics and technology are not suciently appreciated even though his name is mentioned in the historyofscience literature Claims concerning Pulujs priority in the & % discovery of Xrays are critically analysed ðÏÄÁ¤ÔØÓÑ ÑË ÒÏÚÄ¦Ì ÄÏ ÍÏÎÏÇÒÁƦ§ ¶×ÁÎ ðÕÌÀÊ Submitted as the section to monograph Ivan Puluj c ¶ÎÓÔÉÔÕÔ Æ¦ÚÉËÉ ËÏÎÄÅÎÓÏ×ÁÎÉÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ Institute for Condensed Matter Physics ìø÷¶÷ ðÒÅÐÒÉÎÔ ICMPU úͦÓÔ ÓÔ¦Ê˦ÓÔÀ ÝÏÄÏ ÓÐÒÏ ЦÄÄÁ×ÁÔÉ §È ÓÕÔÔ¤×ÏÍÕ ÐÅÒÅÇÌÑÄÏצ ÏÔÖÅ ×Ï ÎÉ ÍÁÀÔØ Ï¤ËÔÉ×ÎÕ Ã¦ÎΦÓÔØ ¶ÎÛÁ ÓÉÔÕÁÃ¦Ñ ÓÐÏÓÔÅÒ¦ÇÁ¤ÔØÓÑ × ÇÁÌÕÚ¦ ÷ÓÔÕÐ ÓÕÓЦÌØÎÉÈ ÎÁÕË ÚÏËÒÅÍÁ × ¦ÓÔÏÒ¦§ × ÔÏÍÕ ÞÉÓ̦ × ¦ÓÔÏÒ¦§ ÎÁÕËÉ ôÕÔ ÎÅÒ¦ÄËÏ ÓЦצÓÎÕÀÔØ ÎÅÓÕͦÓΦ Í¦Ö ÓÏÂÏÀ ËÏÎÃÅÐæ§ ÎÏצ ЦÄÈÏÄÉ ÚÁ ëÏÒÏÔËÁ ¦ÏÇÒÁƦÞÎÁ ÄÏצÄËÁ ÐÒÏ ¶ ðÕÌÀÑ ÐÅÒÅÞÕÀÔØ ÐÏÐÅÒÅÄΦ ÄÏÛÕËÁÔÉÓØ ¦ÓÔÉÎÉ ¦ÎËÏÌÉ ÓÐÒÁ×Á ÂÅÚÎÁÄ¦Ê ÎÁ ò¦ÚΦ ¦ÓÎÕÀÔØ ÃØÏÇÏ ÐÒÉÞÉÎÉ ÎÁ ÐÒÏÔÉ×ÁÇÕ ÄÏ ÐÒÉÒÏÄÏÚÎÁ×ÓÔ×Á XÐÒÏÍÅΦ ÔÁ §È ÒÏÌØ Õ ÎÁÕæ XX ÓÔÏ̦ÔÔÑ × ÑËÏÍÕ ÐÒÉÎÃÉÐÏ×Õ ÒÏÌØ ×¦Ä¦ÇÒÁ¤ צÄÔ×ÏÒÀ×ÁΦÓÔØ ÅËÓÐÅÒÉÍÅÎÔ¦× ¦ÓÔÏÒ¦Ñ ÐÏĦÂÎÉÈ ÍÏÖÌÉ×ÏÓÔÅÊ ÎÅ ÓÔ×ÏÒÀ¤ ϤËÔ ÄÏÓ̦ÄÖÅÎØ ÎÅ ÚÁ× ÷ÎÅÓÏË ¶ ðÕÌÀÑ × ËÁÔÏÄÎÏÐÒÏÍÅÎÅ×Õ Æ¦ÚÉËÕ ÖÄÉ ×ÄÁ¤ÔØÓÑ ÏËÒÅÓÌÉÔÉ ÔÁË ÏÄÎÏÚÎÁÞÎÏ ÑË Õ ÐÒÉÒÏÄÎÉÞÉÈ ÎÁÕËÁÈ ÎÅÐÏ×ÎÏÔÁ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎϧ ÏËÒÅÍÉÍ ÄÏÓ̦ÄÎÉËÁÍ ÄÖÅÒÅÌØÎϧ ÂÁÚÉ ÍÏÖÅ ðÕÌÀÊ ÐÏ×ÅÒÔÁ¤ÔØÓÑ ÄÏ Ó×Ï§È ËÁÔÏÄÎÉÈ ÒÕÒÏË ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÉÔÉ ÄÏ ÈÉÂÎÉÈ ×ÉÓÎÏ×Ë¦× ñËÝÏ ÄÏÄÁÔÉ ÝÅ ÔÁ˦ ÓÕ¤ËÔÉ×Φ ðÅÒÛ¦ ÐÏצÄÏÍÌÅÎÎÑ Õ ÐÒÅÓ¦ ÐÒÏ ×¦ÄËÒÉÔÔÑ XÐÒÏÍÅ ÆÁËÔÏÒÉ ÑË ÓצÔÏÇÌÑÄ ¦ÓÔÏÒÉËÁ ÊÏÇÏ ÚÁÁέÁÖÏ×ÁΦÓÔØ Õ ÎÁæÏÎÁÌØ Î¦× ÎÉÈ ÞÉ ÐÏ̦ÔÉÞÎÉÈ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁÈ ¦ 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